
Invenzioni Seconda Rivoluzione Industriale
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Quando fu inventata la dinamo?
Nel 1860
Nel 1880
Nel 1890
Chi inventò il telefono?
Friedrich Mercedes
Antonio Meucci
Karl Benz
Quando fu inventata la dinamo?
Chi inventò il telefono?
Cosa inventò Edison tra il 1876 e il 1882?
Cosa contiene questo recipiente?

Chi inventò la lampadina?
Quando fu costruita la prima centrale elettrica
Chi inventò la prima automobile?
Dove si trova questo monumento?

Chi inventò il telegrafo senza fili?
Quando Guglielmo Marconi costruì la prima radio?
Chi inventò il primo film?
Quando volò il primo aereo?
Il Simbolismo musicale in Francia La Francia è uno dei centri nevralgici della musica del ‘900. Parigi è dalla fine dell’Ottocento fino a tutta la prima metà del ‘900 il centro artistico per eccellenza. Tantissimi compositori passano per Parigi che è un centro di cultura internazionale dove si sviluppano tante delle avanguardie artistiche del periodo. Una serie di eventi particolarmente importanti che si sono svolto a Parigi nel corso della seconda metà dell’Ottocento e che ha influenzato molto anche la vita culturale sono le esposizioni Universali. Le esposizioni universali sono insieme fiere commerciali e mostre scientifico-culturali che vengono realizzate nelle più importanti città del mondo. Queste manifestazioni ricoprirono un ruolo molto significativo soprattutto nel periodo tra la seconda metà dell'Ottocento e i primissimi decenni del Novecento. Nelle grandi mostre-mercato ottocentesche venivano messi in vendita i prodotti esposti, dagli ascensori ai cannoni, dai telefoni ai motori a scoppio, ma allo stesso tempo venivano presentati ai visitatori, come si fa in un museo, i progressi scientifici raggiunti. Oltre ai progressi scientifici però vengono mostrati anche manufatti artigianali provenienti da tutte le parti del mondo. Il contatto con questi prodotti di culture diverse è un grandissimo stimolo per la cultura dei paesi che ospitano queste esposizioni e la musica risente tantissimo di questi contatti. Il primo esempio dell’influenza di questi nuovi contatti con culture lontane lo abbiamo in due compositori molto importanti che vivono tra la fine dell’800 e l’inizio del 900. Debussy e Ravel sono due esponenti di una delle correnti più importanti della musica francese il simbolismo musicale che si sviluppa in questo periodo. La musica ha come la funzione di rappresentare in maniera simbolica (quindi diciamo di evocare più che di rappresentare pedissequamente) stimoli di vario genere letterari, visivi (immagini, quadri, fotografie), uditivi (rumori ambientali, musiche tradizionali). Questo tipo di evocazione ha però il bisogno di distanziarsi dai suoni tradizionali che non sono più ritenuti adatti ad evocare delle immagini sonore forti. L’ispirazione arriva da una esposizione universale, quella del 1889. Come le Esposizioni hanno ispirato i Compositori Le strutture incredibili e le decorazioni delle esposizioni universali ispiravano i musicisti simbolisti. Opere architettoniche grandiose come la Torre Eiffel diventavano fonti di ispirazione per i compositori che cercavano di trasmettere attraverso la musica lo spirito innovativo e avventuroso di quei tempi. Questo li spingeva a esplorare nuovi suoni che potessero riflettere le meraviglie viste nelle esposizioni, creando musica che andava oltre il normale ascolto per evocare sentimenti e immagini. Il Gamelan Un momento decisivo per l’evoluzione della musica europea avviene durante l’Esposizione Universale di Parigi del 1889, quando il pubblico occidentale entra in contatto diretto con il Gamelan giavanese. Il gamelan è un insieme di strumenti prevalentemente a percussione, come gong, metallofoni e tamburi. La sua musica è organizzata in cicli ripetitivi e stratificazioni sonore, senza un sviluppo narrativo lineare. Non esiste una tensione armonica come nella musica tonale occidentale: il tempo musicale è circolare e il suono assume una funzione atmosferica. Questo incontro mostra ai compositori europei che è possibile pensare la musica in modo radicalmente diverso: senza armonia funzionale senza sviluppo tematico tradizionale privilegiando il timbro e la ripetizione L’influenza del gamelan non consiste nell’imitazione diretta, ma nell’assimilazione di un principio compositivo nuovo. La musica può essere statica, sospesa, evocativa, e tuttavia profondamente espressiva. Jardins sous la pluie Il brano Jardins Sous la Pluie è un brano per pianoforte composto da Debussy nel 1903 all’interno della raccolta denominata “Estampe” cioè stampe (in riferimento in particolare alle stampe giapponesi che si potevano ammirare nelle esposizioni universali). In questo brano attraverso l’uso di suoni molto veloci e staccati, che si ripetono a ondate sonore ora molto intense ora molto deboli, Debussy vuole rappresentare simbolicamente il rumore della pioggia sulle piante di un giardino. La musica eseguita durante le esposizioni spesso simboleggiava le speranze e le ambizioni del periodo, usando suoni che non erano tradizionalmente considerati musicali per creare atmosfere uniche. Questo tipo di musica aiutava gli ascoltatori a vedere il mondo in modi nuovi, proprio come le invenzioni e le strutture esposte durante gli eventi. Compositori come Debussy, con opere come "Prelude à l'après-midi d'un faune", mostravano come la musica potesse evocare un'atmosfera senza bisogno di parole o storie chiare, aprendo la strada a future esplorazioni musicali che continuano a influenzare i compositori anche oggi. In conclusione, le Esposizioni Universali della Belle Époque non solo mostrarono al mondo nuove tecnologie e idee, ma furono anche fondamentali per lo sviluppo di nuovi stili musicali che cercavano di esprimere pensieri e sentimenti profondi attraverso suoni innovativi e evocativi.
"Sofia e la Rete Invisibile: Una Storia di Coraggio e Consapevolezza" Sofia, una vivace adolescente di 15 anni, amava trascorrere il suo tempo libero online. Era un modo per connettersi con amici, scoprire nuove passioni e rimanere aggiornata sulle ultime tendenze. Tuttavia, Sofia non sapeva che dietro la brillantezza dello schermo si celavano pericoli che avrebbero messo alla prova la sua sicurezza e la sua forza interiore. Un giorno, Sofia ricevette una richiesta di amicizia da un ragazzo molto affascinante di nome Marco. Era il classico "ragazzo perfetto" con interessi simili ai suoi e sembrava conoscerla molto bene. Iniziarono a chattare e Marco sembrava davvero interessato a lei. Presto, i loro messaggi divennero sempre più frequenti, fino a diventare un'abitudine quotidiana. Tuttavia, Sofia non sapeva che dietro l'immagine perfetta di Marco si nascondevano pericoli nascosti. Marco era un abile truffatore virtuale che mirava a sfruttare gli adolescenti online per scopi personali. Marco iniziò ad applicare una serie di tattiche per ingannare Sofia. Utilizzò il grooming per guadagnarsi la sua fiducia, facendole credere di essere una persona di cui potersi fidare. Conquistò il cuore di Sofia e poi iniziò a spingerla a partecipare a una pericolosa sfida online, promettendo popolarità e riconoscimento tra i suoi amici virtuali(challenge) Incuriosita dalle potenziali ricompense, Sofia decise di accettare la sfida, ignara dei rischi nascosti dietro di essa. Ma ciò che sembrava un gioco innocente si trasformò rapidamente in un incubo. La sfida si rivelò manipolata da Marco per coinvolgere gli adolescenti in atti illegali, mettendo in pericolo la loro sicurezza. Successivamente, Marco sfruttò la fiducia guadagnata per spingere Sofia a inviare foto intime di sé stessa. Sostenne che fosse un modo per dimostrare il loro amore virtuale. Ignorando i pericoli del sexting, Sofia acconsentì, inconsapevole delle conseguenze che avrebbe affrontato in seguito. Ciò che Sofia non sapeva era che Marco aveva intenzione di usare quelle foto per ricattarla. Iniziò a minacciarla, dicendole che se non avesse fatto quello che voleva, avrebbe pubblicato le foto su internet. Sofia era terrorizzata e si sentiva intrappolata in una spirale di minacce e abuso emotivo. Determinata a liberarsi dalle grinfie di Marco, Sofia prese coraggio e decise di agire. Si aprì con sua madre, raccontandole l'intera storia e i pericoli a cui era esposta. Insieme, presero le misure necessarie per proteggere Sofia. Bloccarono e segnalarono Marco su tutti i suoi account di social media e di chat. Questo passo cruciale ha impedito a Marco di contattarla e di avere ulteriori influenze sulla sua vita online. Sofia non si fermò qui. Raccolse prove delle minacce, dei messaggi ingannevoli e del ricatto perpetrato da Marco. Fece screenshot delle conversazioni e salvò copie dei messaggi ricevuti, creando una solida documentazione delle azioni di Marco. Queste prove sarebbero state fondamentali per intraprendere azioni legali e proteggere se stessa. Con le prove in mano, Sofia decise di segnalare l'account di Marco alle piattaforme e ai servizi di social media che stavano utilizzando. Fornì loro tutte le prove raccolte, consentendo loro di prendere provvedimenti contro il comportamento dannoso di Marco. Rendendo le autorità competenti consapevoli della situazione, Sofia coinvolse la polizia postale o un'organizzazione specializzata in crimini informatici. Fornì loro tutte le prove e le informazioni necessarie per avviare un'indagine approfondita su Marco. Sofia sapeva che doveva anche cercare supporto da esperti di sicurezza informatica specializzati in questioni di cybercrimine. Ottenne consigli su come proteggersi meglio online e su come prevenire situazioni simili in futuro. Questa consulenza le permise di comprendere meglio i pericoli della rete e di acquisire le competenze necessarie per proteggersi e navigare in modo sicuro online. Con coraggio e determinazione, Sofia prese misure concrete per liberarsi da Marco e proteggere se stessa. La sua storia è un esempio di resilienza e consapevolezza per gli altri adolescenti che potrebbero trovarsi in situazioni simili. Sofia ha dimostrato che è possibile combattere i pericoli della rete e ottenere giustizia, cercando il sostegno delle persone fidate, utilizzando le risorse a disposizione e facendo sentire la propria voce "La Missione Digitale: Proteggere il Mondo Virtuale" C'era una volta un gruppo di studenti di 15 anni, conosciuti come "The Digital Defenders", che avevano un talento speciale per la tecnologia. Amavano esplorare il mondo digitale e sfruttarne le opportunità. Ma un giorno, un pericoloso nemico minacciò la tranquillità del loro mondo virtuale. Questo nemico malvagio era conosciuto come "Il Cacciatore Digitale". Il suo scopo era infiltrarsi nei computer degli utenti, rubare informazioni personali e diffondere caos attraverso il cyberspazio. Il Cacciatore Digitale utilizzava diverse armi per raggiungere i suoi scopi. Una delle sue armi più potenti era il "Fishing". Usava messaggi ingannevoli e siti web contraffatti per cercare di catturare le informazioni personali degli utenti. Si fingeva spesso una figura di autorità, cercando di indurre gli utenti a fornire le loro password o i dati sensibili. Ma i Digital Defenders non si sarebbero arresi facilmente. Si misero all'opera per difendere il loro mondo digitale. Si dotarono di antivirus e antimalware potenti per combattere i virus e gli spyware, che erano armi preferite del Cacciatore Digitale. I Digital Defenders si addestrarono per riconoscere le trappole del Cacciatore Digitale. Impararono a identificare gli avvisi di sicurezza, a evitare di cliccare su link sospetti e a non aprire allegati di email provenienti da mittenti non fidati. Era fondamentale essere cauti e diffidare delle richieste di inserire informazioni personali su siti web non sicuri. Un altro strumento importante nella loro difesa era l'uso di password sicure. I Digital Defenders impararono che una password sicura doveva essere lunga, contenere una combinazione di lettere maiuscole e minuscole, numeri e caratteri speciali. Evitarono di utilizzare password facili da indovinare come nomi di animali domestici o date di compleanno. I Digital Defenders erano consapevoli che i cookie, piccoli file salvati sui loro dispositivi, potevano rivelare informazioni personali e tracciare le loro attività online. Impararono a gestire le impostazioni dei cookie nei loro browser e a cancellarli regolarmente per proteggere la loro privacy. Infine, i Digital Defenders si unirono a una missione importante: educare gli altri studenti sulla sicurezza digitale. Organizzarono workshop nelle loro scuole, condivisero consigli sui social media e si impegnarono a diffondere la consapevolezza sugli attacchi digitali e le misure di sicurezza. La loro missione ebbe successo. Gli studenti impararono ad affrontare il Cacciatore Digitale con fiducia. Ognuno di loro divenne un difensore digitale, pronti a proteggere il mondo virtuale. Con il loro impegno e la loro determinazione, i Digital Defenders riuscirono a sconfiggere il Cacciatore Digitale e a proteggere il mondo virtuale. La loro storia è un monito per tutti gli studenti di 15 anni, invitandoli a essere consapevoli dei pericoli digitali e a prendere misure per proteggere la loro sicurezza e privacy online. "La Conquista della Libertà Digitale: Il Viaggio di Luca" C'era una volta un ragazzo di nome Luca, un adolescente di 15 anni, che si trovava nel bel mezzo di una sfida epica: la conquista della libertà digitale. Luca amava il mondo online, passava ore a navigare sui social media, a giocare a videogiochi e a guardare video su Internet. Ma pian piano, si rese conto che la sua passione per la tecnologia stava prendendo il controllo della sua vita. Luca iniziò a notare che stava diventando sempre più dipendente da Internet. Passava notti insonni a chattare con gli amici virtuali e a navigare senza sosta, trascurando i suoi compiti scolastici e gli hobby che un tempo lo appassionavano. La sua dipendenza stava mettendo a rischio i suoi rapporti personali e la sua salute mentale. Un giorno, Luca si imbatté in una comunità online chiamata "Digital Freedom Fighters", formata da giovani coraggiosi che cercavano di liberarsi dalla dipendenza da Internet. Si unì a loro e insieme intrapresero un viaggio di autodisciplina e consapevolezza. Luca imparò che la sua dipendenza da Internet poteva essere causata dalla sindrome di "FOMO" (Fear of Missing Out), la paura di perdere qualcosa di importante o di essere escluso, e dalla sindrome di "FoMOB" (Fear of Missing Out on Better), la paura di perdere qualcosa di ancora migliore. La costante paura di perdere o di essere escluso lo spingeva a controllare continuamente il suo telefono e a rimanere connesso in ogni momento. I Digital Freedom Fighters guidarono Luca attraverso una serie di sfide per aiutarlo a prendere il controllo della sua vita digitale. La prima sfida consisteva nel fissare degli orari specifici per l'uso di Internet e dei dispositivi digitali. Luca si impegnò a dedicare del tempo alle attività offline, come leggere un libro, fare sport o trascorrere del tempo con la famiglia e gli amici. La seconda sfida consisteva nel disconnettersi completamente per un intero giorno. Luca si rese conto di quanto fosse dipendente dai suoi dispositivi quando provò l'ansia da disconnessione. Ma, col tempo, imparò ad apprezzare la libertà che deriva dal distacco digitale e a vivere il momento presente senza la costante interferenza della tecnologia. La terza sfida era quella di creare un diario delle emozioni. Luca iniziò a tenere traccia delle sue emozioni quando era online e quando era offline. Questo gli permise di comprendere meglio il suo stato mentale e le motivazioni dietro il suo comportamento digitale. Scoprì che spesso cercava distrazione o evasione attraverso Internet, ma che poteva trovare modi più sani per gestire le sue emozioni. Affrontando questi nuovi ostacoli, Luca si rese conto di essere affetto anche da nomofobia, la paura di essere senza il suo telefono o di non poter accedere a Internet. Questa paura lo rendeva ansioso e incapace di distogliere lo sguardo dallo schermo. Inoltre, Luca scoprì di essere a rischio di sviluppare la sindrome di "hikikomori", un fenomeno in cui le persone si ritirano completamente dalla società reale e si isolano nel mondo virtuale. Si rese conto che era importante trovare un equilibrio tra la sua vita online e offline, per evitare di perdere il contatto con il mondo reale e le relazioni significative. Inoltre, Luca notò che la sua dipendenza da Internet stava influenzando anche la sua capacità di concentrarsi e di mantenere l'attenzione. Questo deficit dell'attenzione rendeva difficile per lui concentrarsi sui compiti scolastici o sulle conversazioni reali, poiché la sua mente era costantemente attratta dalle notifiche e dalle distrazioni digitali. Affrontando questi nuovi ostacoli, Luca si armò di strategie per gestire la sua nomofobia, il rischio di kikikomori e il deficit dell'attenzione. Imparò a mettere il telefono in modalità silenziosa o a disattivare le notifiche durante le attività importanti, così da ridurre le distrazioni. Utilizzò tecniche di gestione dello stress, come la meditazione e l'esercizio fisico, per controllare l'ansia e mantenersi focalizzato. Inoltre, Luca si impegnò a impegnarsi in attività offline gratificanti, come la lettura di libri, la pratica di un hobby o il volontariato, per riempire il vuoto creato dalla sua dipendenza da Internet. Trovò nuovi modi per connettersi con gli altri nella vita reale, partecipando a gruppi di interesse comune e creando legami significativi. Con il passare del tempo, Luca riuscì a ritrovare l'equilibrio tra la sua vita digitale e quella reale. Sperimentò una maggiore soddisfazione nelle sue relazioni personali, un miglioramento delle prestazioni scolastiche e una maggiore consapevolezza del tempo trascorso online. La storia di Luca è un monito per gli studenti di 15 anni, invitandoli a riflettere sull'importanza di gestire in modo sano e consapevole la propria presenza online. È essenziale trovare un equilibrio tra il mondo digitale e quello reale, evitando le trappole della dipendenza e imparando a vivere una vita piena e significativa al di là dello schermo.
Inventions Vocab quiz #2 second 5
Identify the tone and mood using this stimulus "Dazzled by so many and such marvellous inventions, the people of Macondo did not know where their amazement began. They stayed up all night looking at the pale electric bulbs fed by the plant that Aureliano Triste had brought back when the train made its second trip, and it took time and effort for them to grow accustomed to its obsessive toom-toom. They became indignant over the living images that the prosperous merchant Don Bruno Crespi projected in the theatre with the lion-head ticket windows, for a character who had died and was buried in one film, and for whose misfortune tears of affliction had been shed, would reappear alive and transformed into an Arab in the next one. The audience, who paid two centavos apiece to share the difficulties of the actors, would not tolerate that outlandish fraud and they broke up the seats. The mayor, at the urging of Don Bruno Crespi, explained by means of a proclamation that the cinema was a machine of illusions that did not merit the emotional outburst of the audience. With that discouraging explanation many felt that they had been the victims of some new and showy gypsy business and they decided not to return to the movies, considering that they already had too many troubles of their own to weep over the acted-out misfortunes of imaginary beings."
ILLINOIS PROFESSIONAL TEACHING STANDARDS (2013) Standard 1 - Teaching Diverse Students – The competent teacher understands the diverse characteristics and abilities of each student and how individuals develop and learn within the context of their social, economic, cultural, linguistic, and academic experiences. The teacher uses these experiences to create instructional opportunities that maximize student learning. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 1A) understands the spectrum of student diversity (e.g., race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, special education, gifted, English language learners (ELL), sexual orientation, gender, gender identity) and the assets that each student brings to learning across the curriculum; 1B) understands how each student constructs knowledge, acquires skills, and develops effective and efficient critical thinking and problem-solving capabilities; 1C) understands how teaching and student learning are influenced by development (physical, social and emotional, cognitive, linguistic), past experiences, talents, prior knowledge, economic circumstances and diversity within the community; 1D) understands the impact of cognitive, emotional, physical, and sensory disabilities on learning and communication pursuant to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (also referred to as “IDEA”) (20 USC 1400 et seq.), its implementing regulations (34 CFR 300; 2006), Article 14 of the School Code [105 ILCS 5/Art.14] and 23 Ill. Adm. Code 226 (Special Education); 1E) understands the impact of linguistic and cultural diversity on learning and communication; 1F) understands his or her personal perspectives and biases and their effects on one’s teaching; and 1G) understands how to identify individual needs and how to locate and access technology, services, and resources to address those needs. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 1H) analyzes and uses student information to design instruction that meets the diverse needs of students and leads to ongoing growth and achievement; 1I) stimulates prior knowledge and links new ideas to already familiar ideas and experiences; 1J) differentiates strategies, materials, pace, levels of complexity, and language to introduce concepts and principles so that they are meaningful to students at varying levels of development and to students with diverse learning needs; 1K) facilitates a learning community in which individual differences are respected; and 1L) uses information about students’ individual experiences, families, cultures, and communities to create meaningful learning opportunities and enrich instruction for all students. Standard 2 - Content Area and Pedagogical Knowledge – The competent teacher has in-depth understanding of content area knowledge that includes central concepts, methods of inquiry, structures of the disciplines, and content area literacy. The teacher creates meaningful learning experiences for each student based upon interactions among content area and pedagogical knowledge, and evidence-based practice. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 2A) understands theories and philosophies of learning and human development as they relate to the range of students in the classroom; 2B) understands major concepts, assumptions, debates, and principles; processes of inquiry; and theories that are central to the disciplines; 2C) understands the cognitive processes associated with various kinds of learning (e.g., critical and creative thinking, problem-structuring and problem-solving, invention, memorization, and recall) 2 and ensures attention to these learning processes so that students can master content standards; 2D) understands the relationship of knowledge within the disciplines to other content areas and to life applications; 2E) understands how diverse student characteristics and abilities affect processes of inquiry and influence patterns of learning; 2F) knows how to access the tools and knowledge related to latest findings (e.g., research, practice, methodologies) and technologies in the disciplines; 2G) understands the theory behind and the process for providing support to promote learning when concepts and skills are first being introduced; and 2H) understands the relationship among language acquisition (first and second), literacy development, and acquisition of academic content and skills. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 2I) evaluates teaching resources and materials for appropriateness as related to curricular content and each student’s needs; 2J) uses differing viewpoints, theories, and methods of inquiry in teaching subject matter concepts; 2K) engages students in the processes of critical thinking and inquiry and addresses standards of evidence of the disciplines; 2L) demonstrates fluency in technology systems, uses technology to support instruction and enhance student learning, and designs learning experiences to develop student skills in the application of technology appropriate to the disciplines; 2M) uses a variety of explanations and multiple representations of concepts that capture key ideas to help each student develop conceptual understanding and address common misunderstandings; 2N) facilitates learning experiences that make connections to other content areas and to life experiences; 2O) designs learning experiences and utilizes assistive technology and digital tools to provide access to general curricular content to individuals with disabilities; 2P) adjusts practice to meet the needs of each student in the content areas; and 2Q) applies and adapts an array of content area literacy strategies to make all subject matter accessible to each student. Standard 3 - Planning for Differentiated Instruction – The competent teacher plans and designs instruction based on content area knowledge, diverse student characteristics, student performance data, curriculum goals, and the community context. The teacher plans for ongoing student growth and achievement. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 3A) understands the Illinois Learning Standards (23 Ill. Adm. Code 1.Appendix D), curriculum development process, content, learning theory, assessment, and student development and knows how to incorporate this knowledge in planning differentiated instruction; 3B) understands how to develop short- and long-range plans, including transition plans, consistent with curriculum goals, student diversity, and learning theory; 3C) understands cultural, linguistic, cognitive, physical, and social and emotional differences, and considers the needs of each student when planning instruction; 3D) understands when and how to adjust plans based on outcome data, as well as student needs, goals, and responses; 3E) understands the appropriate role of technology, including assistive technology, to address student needs, as well as how to incorporate contemporary tools and resources to maximize student learning; 3 3F) understands how to co-plan with other classroom teachers, parents or guardians, paraprofessionals, school specialists, and community representatives to design learning experiences; and 3G) understands how research and data guide instructional planning, delivery, and adaptation. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 3H) establishes high expectations for each student’s learning and behavior; 3I) creates short-term and long-term plans to achieve the expectations for student learning; 3J) uses data to plan for differentiated instruction to allow for variations in individual learning needs; 3K) incorporates experiences into instructional practices that relate to a student’s current life experiences and to future life experiences; 3L) creates approaches to learning that are interdisciplinary and that integrate multiple content areas; 3M) develops plans based on student responses and provides for different pathways based on student needs; 3N) accesses and uses a wide range of information and instructional technologies to enhance a student’s ongoing growth and achievement; 3O) when planning instruction, addresses goals and objectives contained in plans developed under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 USC 794), individualized education programs (IEP) (see 23 Ill. Adm. Code 226 (Special Education)) or individual family service plans (IFSP) (see 23 Ill. Adm. Code 226 and 34 CFR 300.24; 2006); 3P) works with others to adapt and modify instruction to meet individual student needs; and 3Q) develops or selects relevant instructional content, materials, resources, and strategies (e.g., project-based learning) for differentiating instruction. Standard 4 - Learning Environment – The competent teacher structures a safe and healthy learning environment that facilitates cultural and linguistic responsiveness, emotional well-being, self-efficacy, positive social interaction, mutual respect, active engagement, academic risk-taking, self-motivation, and personal goal-setting. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 4A) understands principles of and strategies for effective classroom and behavior management; 4B) understands how individuals influence groups and how groups function in society; 4C) understands how to help students work cooperatively and productively in groups; 4D) understands factors (e.g., self-efficacy, positive social interaction) that influence motivation and engagement; 4E) knows how to assess the instructional environment to determine how best to meet a student’s individual needs; 4F) understands laws, rules, and ethical considerations regarding behavior intervention planning and behavior management (e.g., bullying, crisis intervention, physical restraint); 4G) knows strategies to implement behavior management and behavior intervention planning to ensure a safe and productive learning environment; and 4H) understands the use of student data (formative and summative) to design and implement behavior management strategies. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 4I) creates a safe and healthy environment that maximizes student learning; 4J) creates clear expectations and procedures for communication and behavior and a physical setting conducive to achieving classroom goals; 4K) uses strategies to create a smoothly functioning learning community in which students assume responsibility for themselves and one another, participate in decision-making, work collaboratively and independently, use appropriate technology, and engage in purposeful learning activities; 4 4L) analyzes the classroom environment and makes decisions to enhance cultural and linguistic responsiveness, mutual respect, positive social relationships, student motivation, and classroom engagement; 4M) organizes, allocates, and manages time, materials, technology, and physical space to provide active and equitable engagement of students in productive learning activities; 4N) engages students in and monitors individual and group-learning activities that help them develop the motivation to learn; 4O) uses a variety of effective behavioral management techniques appropriate to the needs of all students that include positive behavior interventions and supports; 4P) modifies the learning environment (including the schedule and physical arrangement) to facilitate appropriate behaviors and learning for students with diverse learning characteristics; and 4Q) analyzes student behavior data to develop and support positive behavior. Standard 5 - Instructional Delivery – The competent teacher differentiates instruction by using a variety of strategies that support critical and creative thinking, problem-solving, and continuous growth and learning. This teacher understands that the classroom is a dynamic environment requiring ongoing modification of instruction to enhance learning for each student. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 5A) understands the cognitive processes associated with various kinds of learning; 5B) understands principles and techniques, along with advantages and limitations, associated with a wide range of evidence-based instructional practices; 5C) knows how to implement effective differentiated instruction through the use of a wide variety of materials, technologies, and resources; 5D) understands disciplinary and interdisciplinary instructional approaches and how they relate to life and career experiences; 5E) knows techniques for modifying instructional methods, materials, and the environment to facilitate learning for students with diverse learning characteristics; 5F) knows strategies to maximize student attentiveness and engagement; 5G) knows how to evaluate and use student performance data to adjust instruction while teaching; and 5H) understands when and how to adapt or modify instruction based on outcome data, as well as student needs, goals, and responses. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 5I) uses multiple teaching strategies, including adjusted pacing and flexible grouping, to engage students in active learning opportunities that promote the development of critical and creative thinking, problem-solving, and performance capabilities; 5J) monitors and adjusts strategies in response to feedback from the student; 5K) varies his or her role in the instructional process as instructor, facilitator, coach, or audience in relation to the content and purposes of instruction and the needs of students; 5L) develops a variety of clear, accurate presentations and representations of concepts, using alternative explanations to assist students’ understanding and presenting diverse perspectives to encourage critical and creative thinking; 5M) uses strategies and techniques for facilitating meaningful inclusion of individuals with a range of abilities and experiences; 5N) uses technology to accomplish differentiated instructional objectives that enhance learning for each student; 5O) models and facilitates effective use of current and emerging digital tools to locate, analyze, evaluate, and use information resources to support research and learning; 5P) uses student data to adapt the curriculum and implement instructional strategies and materials according to the characteristics of each student; 5 5Q) uses effective co-planning and co-teaching techniques to deliver instruction to all students; 5R) maximizes instructional time (e.g., minimizes transitional time); and 5S) implements appropriate evidence-based instructional strategies. Standard 6 - Reading, Writing, and Oral Communication – The competent teacher has foundational knowledge of reading, writing, and oral communication within the content area and recognizes and addresses student reading, writing, and oral communication needs to facilitate the acquisition of content knowledge. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 6A) understands appropriate and varied instructional approaches used before, during, and after reading, including those that develop word knowledge, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and strategy use in the content areas; 6B) understands that the reading process involves the construction of meaning through the interactions of the reader's background knowledge and experiences, the information in the text, and the purpose of the reading situation; 6C) understands communication theory, language development, and the role of language in learning; 6D) understands writing processes and their importance to content learning; 6E) knows and models standard conventions of written and oral communications; 6F) recognizes the relationships among reading, writing, and oral communication and understands how to integrate these components to increase content learning; 6G) understands how to design, select, modify, and evaluate a wide range of materials for the content areas and the reading needs of the student; 6H) understands how to use a variety of formal and informal assessments to recognize and address the reading, writing, and oral communication needs of each student; and 6I) knows appropriate and varied instructional approaches, including those that develop word knowledge, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and strategy use in the content areas. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 6J) selects, modifies, and uses a wide range of printed, visual, or auditory materials, and online resources appropriate to the content areas and the reading needs and levels of each student (including ELLs, and struggling and advanced readers); 6K) uses assessment data, student work samples, and observations from continuous monitoring of student progress to plan and evaluate effective content area reading, writing, and oral communication instruction; 6L) facilitates the use of appropriate word identification and vocabulary strategies to develop each student’s understanding of content; 6M) teaches fluency strategies to facilitate comprehension of content; 6N) uses modeling, explanation, practice, and feedback to teach students to monitor and apply comprehension strategies independently, appropriate to the content learning; 6O) teaches students to analyze, evaluate, synthesize, and summarize information in single texts and across multiple texts, including electronic resources; 6P) teaches students to develop written text appropriate to the content areas that utilizes organization (e.g., compare/contrast, problem/solution), focus, elaboration, word choice, and standard conventions (e.g., punctuation, grammar); 6Q) integrates reading, writing, and oral communication to engage students in content learning; 6R) works with other teachers and support personnel to design, adjust, and modify instruction to meet students’ reading, writing, and oral communication needs; and 6S) stimulates discussion in the content areas for varied instructional and conversational purposes. Standard 7 - Assessment – The competent teacher understands and uses appropriate formative and summative assessments for determining student needs, monitoring student progress, measuring student 6 growth, and evaluating student outcomes. The teacher makes decisions driven by data about curricular and instructional effectiveness and adjusts practices to meet the needs of each student. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 7A) understands the purposes, characteristics, and limitations of different types of assessments, including standardized assessments, universal screening, curriculum-based assessment, and progress monitoring tools; 7B) understands that assessment is a means of evaluating how students learn and what they know and are able to do in order to meet the Illinois Learning Standards; 7C) understands measurement theory and assessment-related issues, such as validity, reliability, bias, and appropriate and accurate scoring; 7D) understands current terminology and procedures necessary for the appropriate analysis and interpretation of assessment data; 7E) understands how to select, construct, and use assessment strategies and instruments for diagnosis and evaluation of learning and instruction; 7F) knows research-based assessment strategies appropriate for each student; 7G) understands how to make data-driven decisions using assessment results to adjust practices to meet the needs of each student; 7H) knows legal provisions, rules, and guidelines regarding assessment and assessment accommodations for all student populations; and 7I) knows assessment and progress monitoring techniques to assess the effectiveness of instruction for each student. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 7J) uses assessment results to determine student performance levels, identify learning targets, select appropriate research-based instructional strategies, and implement instruction to enhance learning outcomes; 7K) appropriately uses a variety of formal and informal assessments to evaluate the understanding, progress, and performance of an individual student and the class as a whole; 7L) involves students in self-assessment activities to help them become aware of their strengths and needs and encourages them to establish goals for learning; 7M) maintains useful and accurate records of student work and performance; 7N) accurately interprets and clearly communicates aggregate student performance data to students, parents or guardians, colleagues, and the community in a manner that complies with the requirements of the Illinois School Student Records Act [105 ILCS 10], 23 Ill. Adm. Code 375 (Student Records), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) (20 USC 1232g) and its implementing regulations (34 CFR 99; December 9, 2008); 7O) effectively uses appropriate technologies to conduct assessments, monitor performance, and assess student progress; 7P) collaborates with families and other professionals involved in the assessment of each student; 7Q) uses various types of assessment procedures appropriately, including making accommodations for individual students in specific contexts; and 7R) uses assessment strategies and devices that are nondiscriminatory, and take into consideration the impact of disabilities, methods of communication, cultural background, and primary language on measuring knowledge and performance of students. Standard 8 - Collaborative Relationships – The competent teacher builds and maintains collaborative relationships to foster cognitive, linguistic, physical, and social and emotional development. This teacher works as a team member with professional colleagues, students, parents or guardians, and community members. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 8A) understands schools as organizations within the larger community context; 7 8B) understands the collaborative process and the skills necessary to initiate and carry out that process; 8C) collaborates with others in the use of data to design and implement effective school interventions that benefit all students; 8D) understands the benefits, barriers, and techniques involved in parent and family collaborations; 8E) understands school- and work-based learning environments and the need for collaboration with all organizations (e.g., businesses, community agencies, nonprofit organizations) to enhance student learning; 8F) understands the importance of participating on collaborative and problem-solving teams to create effective academic and behavioral interventions for all students; 8G) understands the various models of co-teaching and the procedures for implementing them across the curriculum; 8H) understands concerns of families of students with disabilities and knows appropriate strategies to collaborate with students and their families in addressing these concerns; and 8I) understands the roles and the importance of including students with disabilities, as appropriate, and all team members in planning individualized education programs (i.e, IEP, IFSP, Section 504 plan) for students with disabilities. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 8J) works with all school personnel (e.g., support staff, teachers, paraprofessionals) to develop learning climates for the school that encourage unity, support a sense of shared purpose, show trust in one another, and value individuals; 8K) participates in collaborative decision-making and problem-solving with colleagues and other professionals to achieve success for all students; 8L) initiates collaboration with others to create opportunities that enhance student learning; 8M) uses digital tools and resources to promote collaborative interactions; 8N) uses effective co-planning and co-teaching techniques to deliver instruction to each student; 8O) collaborates with school personnel in the implementation of appropriate assessment and instruction for designated students; 8P) develops professional relationships with parents and guardians that result in fair and equitable treatment of each student to support growth and learning; 8Q) establishes respectful and productive relationships with parents or guardians and seeks to develop cooperative partnerships to promote student learning and well-being; 8R) uses conflict resolution skills to enhance the effectiveness of collaboration and teamwork; 8S) participates in the design and implementation of individualized instruction for students with special needs (i.e., IEPs, IFSP, transition plans, Section 504 plans), ELLs, and students who are gifted; and 8T) identifies and utilizes community resources to enhance student learning and to provide opportunities for students to explore career opportunities. Standard 9 - Professionalism, Leadership, and Advocacy – The competent teacher is an ethical and reflective practitioner who exhibits professionalism; provides leadership in the learning community; and advocates for students, parents or guardians, and the profession. Knowledge Indicators – The competent teacher: 9A) evaluates best practices and research-based materials against benchmarks within the disciplines; 9B) knows laws and rules (e.g., mandatory reporting, sexual misconduct, corporal punishment) as a foundation for the fair and just treatment of all students and their families in the classroom and school; 9C) understands emergency response procedures as required under the School Safety Drill Act [105 ILCS 128/1], including school safety and crisis intervention protocol, initial response 8 actions (e.g., whether to stay in or evacuate a building), and first response to medical emergencies (e.g., first aid and life-saving techniques); 9D) identifies paths for continuous professional growth and improvement, including the design of a professional growth plan; 9E) is cognizant of his or her emerging and developed leadership skills and the applicability of those skills within a variety of learning communities; 9F) understands the roles of an advocate, the process of advocacy, and its place in combating or promoting certain school district practices affecting students; 9G) understands local and global societal issues and responsibilities in an evolving digital culture; and 9H) understands the importance of modeling appropriate dispositions in the classroom. Performance Indicators – The competent teacher: 9I) models professional behavior that reflects honesty, integrity, personal responsibility, confidentiality, altruism and respect; 9J) maintains accurate records, manages data effectively, and protects the confidentiality of information pertaining to each student and family; 9K) reflects on professional practice and resulting outcomes; engages in self-assessment; and adjusts practices to improve student performance, school goals, and professional growth; 9L) communicates with families, responds to concerns, and contributes to enhanced family participation in student education; 9M) communicates relevant information and ideas effectively to students, parents or guardians, and peers, using a variety of technology and digital-age media and formats; 9N) collaborates with other teachers, students, parents or guardians, specialists, administrators, and community partners to enhance students’ learning and school improvement; 9O) participates in professional development, professional organizations, and learning communities, and engages in peer coaching and mentoring activities to enhance personal growth and development; 9P) uses leadership skills that contribute to individual and collegial growth and development, school improvement, and the advancement of knowledge in the teaching profession; 9Q) proactively serves all students and their families with equity and honor and advocates on their behalf, ensuring the learning and well-being of each child in the classroom; 9R) is aware of and complies with the mandatory reporter provisions of Section 4 of the Abused and Neglected Child Reporting Act [325 ILCS 5/4]; 9S) models digital etiquette and responsible social actions in the use of digital technology; and 9T) models and teaches safe, legal, and ethical use of digital information and technology, including respect for copyright, intellectual property, and the appropriate documentation of sources.
Fed. 51: To the People of the State of New York: TO WHAT expedient, then, shall we finally resort, for maintaining in practice the necessary partition of power among the several departments, as laid down in the Constitution? The only answer that can be given is, that as all these exterior provisions are found to be inadequate, the defect must be supplied, by so contriving the interior structure of the government as that its several constituent parts may, by their mutual relations, be the means of keeping each other in their proper places. Without presuming to undertake a full development of this important idea, I will hazard a few general observations, which may perhaps place it in a clearer light, and enable us to form a more correct judgment of the principles and structure of the government planned by the convention. In order to lay a due foundation for that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government, which to a certain extent is admitted on all hands to be essential to the preservation of liberty, it is evident that each department should have a will of its own; and consequently should be so constituted that the members of each should have as little agency as possible in the appointment of the members of the others. Were this principle rigorously adhered to, it would require that all the appointments for the supreme executive, legislative, and judiciary magistracies should be drawn from the same fountain of authority, the people, through channels having no communication whatever with one another. Perhaps such a plan of constructing the several departments would be less difficult in practice than it may in contemplation appear. Some difficulties, however, and some additional expense would attend the execution of it. Some deviations, therefore, from the principle must be admitted. In the constitution of the judiciary department in particular, it might be inexpedient to insist rigorously on the principle: first, because peculiar qualifications being essential in the members, the primary consideration ought to be to select that mode of choice which best secures these qualifications; secondly, because the permanent tenure by which the appointments are held in that department, must soon destroy all sense of dependence on the authority conferring them. It is equally evident, that the members of each department should be as little dependent as possible on those of the others, for the emoluments annexed to their offices. Were the executive magistrate, or the judges, not independent of the legislature in this particular, their independence in every other would be merely nominal. But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others. The provision for defense must in this, as in all other cases, be made commensurate to the danger of attack. Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place. It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions. This policy of supplying, by opposite and rival interests, the defect of better motives, might be traced through the whole system of human affairs, private as well as public. We see it particularly displayed in all the subordinate distributions of power, where the constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that each may be a check on the other that the private interest of every individual may be a sentinel over the public rights. These inventions of prudence cannot be less requisite in the distribution of the supreme powers of the State. But it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates. The remedy for this inconveniency is to divide the legislature into different branches; and to render them, by different modes of election and different principles of action, as little connected with each other as the nature of their common functions and their common dependence on the society will admit. It may even be necessary to guard against dangerous encroachments by still further precautions. As the weight of the legislative authority requires that it should be thus divided, the weakness of the executive may require, on the other hand, that it should be fortified. An absolute negative on the legislature appears, at first view, to be the natural defense with which the executive magistrate should be armed. But perhaps it would be neither altogether safe nor alone sufficient. On ordinary occasions it might not be exerted with the requisite firmness, and on extraordinary occasions it might be perfidiously abused. May not this defect of an absolute negative be supplied by some qualified connection between this weaker department and the weaker branch of the stronger department, by which the latter may be led to support the constitutional rights of the former, without being too much detached from the rights of its own department? If the principles on which these observations are founded be just, as I persuade myself they are, and they be applied as a criterion to the several State constitutions, and to the federal Constitution it will be found that if the latter does not perfectly correspond with them, the former are infinitely less able to bear such a test. There are, moreover, two considerations particularly applicable to the federal system of America, which place that system in a very interesting point of view. First. In a single republic, all the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government; and the usurpations are guarded against by a division of the government into distinct and separate departments. In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself. Second. It is of great importance in a republic not only to guard the society against the oppression of its rulers, but to guard one part of the society against the injustice of the other part. Different interests necessarily exist in different classes of citizens. If a majority be united by a common interest, the rights of the minority will be insecure. There are but two methods of providing against this evil: the one by creating a will in the community independent of the majority that is, of the society itself; the other, by comprehending in the society so many separate descriptions of citizens as will render an unjust combination of a majority of the whole very improbable, if not impracticable. The first method prevails in all governments possessing an hereditary or self-appointed authority. This, at best, is but a precarious security; because a power independent of the society may as well espouse the unjust views of the major, as the rightful interests of the minor party, and may possibly be turned against both parties. The second method will be exemplified in the federal republic of the United States. Whilst all authority in it will be derived from and dependent on the society, the society itself will be broken into so many parts, interests, and classes of citizens, that the rights of individuals, or of the minority, will be in little danger from interested combinations of the majority. In a free government the security for civil rights must be the same as that for religious rights. It consists in the one case in the multiplicity of interests, and in the other in the multiplicity of sects. The degree of security in both cases will depend on the number of interests and sects; and this may be presumed to depend on the extent of country and number of people comprehended under the same government. This view of the subject must particularly recommend a proper federal system to all the sincere and considerate friends of republican government, since it shows that in exact proportion as the territory of the Union may be formed into more circumscribed Confederacies, or States oppressive combinations of a majority will be facilitated: the best security, under the republican forms, for the rights of every class of citizens, will be diminished: and consequently the stability and independence of some member of the government, the only other security, must be proportionately increased. Justice is the end of government. It is the end of civil society. It ever has been and ever will be pursued until it be obtained, or until liberty be lost in the pursuit. In a society under the forms of which the stronger faction can readily unite and oppress the weaker, anarchy may as truly be said to reign as in a state of nature, where the weaker individual is not secured against the violence of the stronger; and as, in the latter state, even the stronger individuals are prompted, by the uncertainty of their condition, to submit to a government which may protect the weak as well as themselves; so, in the former state, will the more powerful factions or parties be gradnally induced, by a like motive, to wish for a government which will protect all parties, the weaker as well as the more powerful. It can be little doubted that if the State of Rhode Island was separated from the Confederacy and left to itself, the insecurity of rights under the popular form of government within such narrow limits would be displayed by such reiterated oppressions of factious majorities that some power altogether independent of the people would soon be called for by the voice of the very factions whose misrule had proved the necessity of it. In the extended republic of the United States, and among the great variety of interests, parties, and sects which it embraces, a coalition of a majority of the whole society could seldom take place on any other principles than those of justice and the general good; whilst there being thus less danger to a minor from the will of a major party, there must be less pretext, also, to provide for the security of the former, by introducing into the government a will not dependent on the latter, or, in other words, a will independent of the society itself. It is no less certain than it is important, notwithstanding the contrary opinions which have been entertained, that the larger the society, provided it lie within a practical sphere, the more duly capable it will be of self-government. And happily for the REPUBLICAN CAUSE, the practicable sphere may be carried to a very great extent, by a judicious modification and mixture of the FEDERAL PRINCIPLE. PUBLIUS.
Le invenzioni dei Sumeri
Persone che hanno inventato le auto elettriche
Le auto elettriche non sono un'invenzione recente. Già nel 1832, l'ingegnere scozzese Robert Anderson costruì una carrozza alimentata da batterie elettriche. Tuttavia, la tecnologia dell'epoca non era ancora sufficientemente avanzata per rendere l'auto elettrica una vera alternativa all'auto a combustione interna.
Negli anni '90, il californiano Alan Cocconi sviluppò l'EV1, la prima auto elettrica moderna. L'EV1 era dotata di una batteria al nichel-metallo idruro e poteva percorrere fino a 160 km con una sola carica. Purtroppo, General Motors, la casa automobilistica che aveva prodotto l'EV1, decise di interrompere la produzione dell'auto e di distruggere tutti i modelli esistenti.