In the context of the Kinetic Molecular Theory, what describes the distances between particles in a gas?

The distances are large compared to those in solids and liquids.

The distances are equal to those in liquids.

The distances are negligible compared to solids.

According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, which factor primarily determines the pressure of a gas?

The frequency of collisions of gas particles with the walls of the container.

The temperature of the gas particles.

The number of gas particles in the container.

Which of the following statements about gas particles is true according to the Kinetic Molecular Theory?

Gas particles have negligible volume compared to the total volume of the gas.

Gas particles have significant attraction between them.

Gas particles occupy a fixed volume.

Gas particles have mass but no volume.

What does the Kinetic Molecular Theory predict about the average kinetic energy of gas particles at a given temperature?

The average kinetic energy is directly proportional to the temperature.

The average kinetic energy decreases as temperature increases.

The average kinetic energy varies randomly with no relationship to temperature.

The average kinetic energy is constant regardless of temperature.

What assumption of the Kinetic Molecular Theory explains why gases can expand to fill their containers?

Gas particles move freely and are not attracted to each other.

Gas particles are tightly packed.

Gas particles have strong intermolecular forces.

What happens to the speed of gas particles when they are cooled down?

The speed of gas particles decreases.

The speed of gas particles increases.

The speed of gas particles remains the same.

The gas particles become stationary.

According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, which of the following statements is true about gas particles?

Gas particles are in constant random motion.

Gas particles are not in motion.

Gas particles have fixed positions.

Gas particles are incompressible.

What happens to the movement of gas particles when temperature increases?

The movement of gas particles increases.

The gas particles become denser.

The movement of gas particles decreases.

Which of the following best explains why gases can be compressed more than solids or liquids?

Gas particles are much farther apart than solid or liquid particles.

Gas particles are more rigid than solid or liquid particles.

Gas particles are larger than solid or liquid particles.

Gas particles have stronger intermolecular forces.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Kinetic Molecular Theory and gas laws

Introduction to the Kinetic Molecular Theory - Starter Quiz

True or False Exam about Kinetic molecular theory

Kinetic Molecular Theoy

SC.912.P.10.5-Relate temperature to the average molecular kinetic energy.

SC.912.P.10.5 Relate temperature to the average molecular kinetic energy.

PB-SC.912.P.10.5 (M) - Relate temperature to the average molecular kinetic energy.

PASSIVE TRANSPORT Cell membranes help organisms maintain homeostasis by controlling what substances may enter or leave cells. Some substances can cross the cell membrane without any input of energy by the cell in a process known as passive transport. DIFFUSION The simplest type of passive transport is diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This difference in the concentration of molecules across a distance is called a concentration gradient. Consider what happens when you add a sugar cube to a beaker of water. As shown in Figure 5-1, the sugar cube sinks to the bottom of the beaker. This sinking makes the concentration of sugar mole- cules greater at the bottom of the beaker than at the top. As the cube dissolves, the sugar molecules begin to diffuse slowly through the water, moving towards the lower concentration at the top. Diffusion is driven entirely by the molecules’ kinetic energy. Molecules are in constant motion because they have kinetic energy. Molecules move randomly, traveling in a straight line until they hit an object, such as another molecule. When they hit some- thing, they bounce off and move in a new direction, traveling in another straight line. If no object blocks their movement, they con- tinue on their path. Thus, molecules tend to move from areas where they are more concentrated to areas where they are less concentrated, or “down” their concentration gradient. In the absence of other influences, diffusion will eventually cause the molecules to be in equilibrium—the concentration of molecules will be the same throughout the space the molecules occupy. Returning to the example in Figure 5-1, if the beaker of water is left undisturbed, at some point the concentration of sugar molecules will be the same throughout the beaker. The sugar concentration will then be at equilibrium. SECTION 1 OBJECTIVES ● Explain how an equilibrium is established as a result of diffusion. ● Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis. ● Explain how substances cross the cell membrane through facilitated diffusion. ● Explain how ion channels assist the diffusion of ions across the cell membrane. VOCABULARY passive transport diffusion concentration gradient equilibrium osmosis hypotonic hypertonic isotonic contractile vacuole turgor pressure plasmolysis cytolysis facilitated diffusion carrier protein ion channel Sugar Water 1 2 3 FIGURE 5-1 Sugar molecules, initially in a high concentration at the bottom of a beaker, , will move about randomly through diffusion, , and eventually reach equilibrium, . At equilibrium the sugar concentration will be the same throughout the beaker. Diffusion occurs naturally because of the kinetic energy the molecules possess. 3 2 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 98 CHAPTER 5 It is important to understand that even at equilibrium the ran- dom movement of molecules continues. But because there is an equal concentration of molecules everywhere, molecules are just as likely to move in one direction as in any other. The random movements of many molecules in many directions balance one another, and equilibrium is maintained. Diffusion Across Membranes Cell membranes allow some molecules to pass through, but not others. If a molecule can pass through a cell membrane, it will diffuse from an area of higher concentration on one side of the membrane to an area of lower concentration on the other side. Diffusion across a membrane is also called simple diffusion, and only allows certain molecules to pass through the membrane. The simple diffusion of a molecule across a cell membrane depends on the size and type of molecule and on the chemical nature of the membrane. A membrane can be made, in part, of a phospho- lipid bilayer, and certain proteins can form pores in the membrane. Molecules that can dissolve in lipids may pass directly through the membrane by diffusion. For example, because of their nonpolar nature, both carbon dioxide and oxygen dissolve in lipids. Molecules that are very small but not soluble in lipids may diffuse across the membrane by moving through the pores in the membrane.

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