La educación de la nueva alianza era del pensamiento de

La educación es para todos y toda la vida

La educación es para todos y hasta salir de la educación primaria

La educación es para las mujeres

La educación es para los hombres y toda la vida

La educación de la nueva alianza se enfocaba en

Pensamientos filosóficos correctos

Pensamientos técnicos y científicos

Los 5 puntos de Condorcet eran:

Naturaleza y fines de instrucción, instrucción común, instrucción para adultos, instrucción profesional, instrucción de las ciencias

Naturaleza y fines de instrucción, instrucción común, instrucción para niños, instrucción profesional y instrucción de las ciencias

Naturaleza y fines de instrucción, instrucción común, instrucción para adultos, instrucción para jóvenes y instrucción filosófica

Naturaleza y fines de instrucción, instrucción común, instrucción para adultos, instrucción para jóvenes y instrucción de las ciencias

La disciplina en la educación Lancaster is a era:

Muy estricta, de naturaleza militar

Libre, cada quien hacía lo que quisiera

Permisible, para mejor relación

La educación utópica socialista nació a raíz de:

Una reaccion ante el liberalismo y la industrialización

Una reacción en contra de la nueva alianza

La nueva educación se trataba de:

Relación entre la educación y el cambio social

Relación entre el desarrollo y la educación

Relación entre ciencias y filosofía

La relación entre diversión y educación

La educación norteamericana pensaba que:

Primero iba el acto y luego el pensamiento

Primero iba el pensamiento y luego el acto

Primero la experimentación y luego la educación

Todo se trabaja con experiencia

Que lograron los fundamentos pedagógicos en la educación moderna?

Romper el modelo economico feudal y crear una nueva forma de ver la vida

Romper las normas y evolucionar la educación

Recuperar la forma de pensamiento antiguo

Cuales de las siguientes son caracteristicas del renacimiento?

Los milagros eran ahora las leyes de la naturaleza.

Recuperación del ser humano como el centro del universo, no Dios.

El centro era la razon , las artes y las ciencias.

Elige la caracteristica falsa de la refoma

Se trataban de disminuir los gastos de la educación, abreviar el trabajo del maestro y acelerar la educación del estudiante.

se pretendia que todo creyente pudiera leer e interpretar las sagradas escrituras

Se origina en los movimiento popular heréticos, preocupándose por la educaron y la democracia

se luchaba por los problemas sociales en la época

La Educación Moderna

LOS MODELOS DEMOGRÁFICOS: LA TRANSICIÓN DEMOCRÁFICA. Para explicar la evolución de la población a lo largo de la historia, los geógrafos han recurrido a diversos modelos. El más aceptado es el modelo de la transición demográfica. Este modelo demográfico diferencia varias etapas: 1. Etapa inicial o preindustrial. Se caracteriza por una natalidad y una mortalidad muy elevadas, que limitan notablemente el crecimiento de la población. Además, la esperanza de vida es baja, en torno a 30 años, y la mortalidad infantil muy alta, por lo que es necesario tener un gran número de hijos. Es el período de las pestes, hambrunas y guerras, una etapa que caracterizó a toda la humanidad hasta finales del siglo xvi o principios del xvi. 2. Etapa de transición: Se caracteriza por el desequilibrio entre natalidad y mortalidad, lo que provoca un rápido crecimiento de la población. La esperanza de vida aumenta también de forma considerable. Se suele dividir en tres momentos diferenciados: * Fase inicial: desaparece la mortalidad catastrófica y la mortalidad infantil disminuye por mejoras en alimentación, higiene, avances médicos, etc. Las tasas de natalidad se mantienen elevadas. * Fase intermedia: la mortalidad desciende rápidamente y la natalidad sigue siendo alta, lo que origina un excedente de nacimientos sobre los fallecimientos. En esta fase se produce la verdadera explosión demográfica. * Fase final: la mortalidad desciende a un ritmo más lento, mientras que la natalidad cae rápidamente, lo que se traduce en un crecimiento reducido. 3. Etapa moderna. En esta etapa, la natalidad y la mortalidad permanecen en equilibrio generando un crecimiento muy bajo, como en la etapa preindustrial. La natalidad se mantiene baja debido al continuo incremento del nivel de vida, a la extensión de la educación y a las transformaciones económicas y sociales que han tenido lugar. La mortalidad, por su parte, también se mantiene baja. Tan solo en algunos países industrializados, con una elevada esperanza de vida, esta repunta debido al envejecimiento de su población. 4. Regresión demográfica. El progresivo envejecimiento de la población lleva a una cuarta etapa de «regresión demográfica», de la que solo se puede salir aumentando los efectivos de la población joven inmigrante.

Nuevo proyecto de desarrollo y modernización de la educación

Historia de la Inteligencia Artificial Introducción La inteligencia artificial (IA) tiene una historia larga y fascinante que comenzó mucho antes de que existieran los ordenadores modernos. A lo largo de los siglos, filósofos, científicos e ingenieros han sentado las bases conceptuales y tecnológicas necesarias para el desarrollo de máquinas capaces de imitar ciertos aspectos de la inteligencia humana. 1. Antecedentes remotos Época Figura o movimiento Aportación clave Siglo IV a. C. Aristóteles Desarrolla la lógica formal, primera aproximación sistemática al razonamiento deductivo. Edad Media Alquimistas Buscan crear “vida artificial”, anticipando el deseo de simular procesos naturales. 2. Cimientos modernos (1950‑1959) Año Hito Descripción 1950 Prueba de Turing Alan Turing propone un test para determinar si una máquina puede exhibir comportamiento inteligente indistinguible del humano. 1955 Nacimiento del término "Inteligencia Artificial" John McCarthy define la IA como la “ciencia e ingeniería de crear máquinas inteligentes”. 3. Principales hitos (1960‑2010) Año Hito Relevancia 1997 Deep Blue vence a Garry Kasparov Primer ordenador que derrota al campeón mundial de ajedrez; marca un antes y un después en el uso de la IA para resolver problemas complejos. 2002 Roomba (iRobot) Primer robot aspirador de consumo masivo con capacidades de mapeo y navegación autónoma. 2011 Siri (Apple) Asistente virtual por voz que populariza la IA conversacional en smartphones. 2014 Alexa (Amazon) Amplía el concepto de asistente virtual al hogar conectado. 4. Avances de la última década (2011‑2021) Año Hito Relevancia 2017 AlphaGo vence a Lee Sedol en Go Demuestra que el aprendizaje profundo puede superar al ser humano en tareas de enorme complejidad estratégica. 2021‑2022 Democratización de la IA generativa Herramientas como ChatGPT y DALL·E abren el acceso masivo a modelos capaces de generar texto e imágenes de alta calidad. 5. Situación actual y perspectivas La IA está cada vez más integrada en nuestra vida diaria: desde los algoritmos de recomendación hasta los asistentes de voz y los sistemas de generación de contenido. Se prevé que continúe evolucionando y transformando sectores como la salud, la educación y la industria creativa. Conclusión La semilla que Alan Turing plantó en 1950 ha dado lugar a un campo vibrante y en constante expansión. Mirar al pasado nos ayuda a comprender el rápido progreso actual y a anticipar un futuro en el que la inteligencia artificial desempeñará un papel aún más central en la sociedad.

Question 1 Category: Current Events Question: What was the primary demand of the Kenyan Gen Z protesters featured in the BBC documentary Unmasked: The Truth Behind the Gen Z Protests? Options: A) Free education B) Repeal of the Finance Bill 2024 C) Climate change action D) New elections Correct Answer: B) Repeal of the Finance Bill 2024 Explanation: The BBC documentary highlights that Kenyan youth protested to demand the repeal of the Finance Bill 2024, which proposed tax hikes raising $2.7 billion. Question 2 Category: Science Question: Which gas, discovered on the sun before Earth, is the second most abundant element in the universe? Options: A) Hydrogen B) Oxygen C) Helium D) Nitrogen Correct Answer: C) Helium Explanation: Helium was first detected in the sun’s spectrum in 1868 and is the second most abundant element after hydrogen in the universe. Question 3 Category: Current Events Question: Which Kenyan city was the epicenter of the Gen Z protests covered in the BBC documentary Unmasked: The Truth Behind the Gen Z Protests? Options: A) Mombasa B) Nairobi C) Kisumu D) Eldoret Correct Answer: B) Nairobi Explanation: Nairobi, Kenya’s capital, was the main hub for the #OccupyParliament protests, with significant events like the Parliament breach occurring there, as shown in the documentary. Question 4 Category: History Question: Which empire, known for its vast trade networks, was centered in modern-day Turkey and lasted until the early 20th century? Options: A) Roman Empire B) Ottoman Empire C) Mongol Empire D) Byzantine Empire Correct Answer: B) Ottoman Empire Explanation: The Ottoman Empire, spanning over 600 years until 1922, was a major trade and cultural power centered in modern-day Turkey. Question 5 Category: Current Events Question: According to the BBC documentary, what technology helped document evidence of police brutality during the Kenyan Gen Z protests? Options: A) Drones B) Smartphone videos C) Facial recognition software D) Satellite tracking Correct Answer: B) Smartphone videos Explanation: The documentary used smartphone videos from protesters and bystanders, analyzed via open-source data, to document police brutality during the 2024 protests. Question 6 Category: Geography Question: What is the smallest country in the world by land area? Options: A) Monaco B) Vatican City C) San Marino D) Liechtenstein Correct Answer: B) Vatican City Explanation: Vatican City, with an area of about 44 hectares, is the smallest sovereign state in the world by land area. Question 7 Category: Current Events Question: What hashtag became synonymous with the Kenyan Gen Z protests, as featured in the BBC documentary Unmasked: The Truth Behind the Gen Z Protests? Options: A) #KenyaRising B) #OccupyParliament C) #TaxRevolt D) #GenZFight Correct Answer: B) #OccupyParliament Explanation: The #OccupyParliament hashtag was widely used by protesters to rally against the Finance Bill 2024, as documented by the BBC. Question 8 Category: Entertainment Question: Which actor starred as the lead in the 2023 film Barbie and also played a role in La La Land? Options: A) Emma Stone B) Margot Robbie C) Zendaya D) Saoirse Ronan Correct Answer: B) Margot Robbie Explanation: Margot Robbie starred as Barbie in the 2023 film and played a supporting role in La La Land (2016). Question 9 Category: Sports Question: Which sport is played at the Wimbledon Championships? Options: A) Cricket B) Rugby C) Tennis D) Golf Correct Answer: C) Tennis Explanation: Wimbledon, held annually in London, is the oldest and one of the most prestigious tennis tournaments in the world. Question 10 Category: Technology Question: In web development, what does the acronym “CSS” stand for? Options: A) Computer Style System B) Cascading Style Sheets C) Creative Script Syntax D) Centralized Style Standard Correct Answer: B) Cascading Style Sheets Explanation: CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style and format the appearance of web pages written in HTML.

Chapter 22 Antihypertensive Drugs Hypertension Defined (JNC-8) Pharmacology Overview 7 main categories of drugs to treat HTN Adrenergic drugs (old friend) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) Diuretics Vasodilators Direct renin inhibitors A. Adrenergic Drugs: 5 Subcategories and where they act A1. Adrenergic neuron blockers (central and peripheral)- we won’t talk about this A2. Alpha1 receptor blockers (peripheral) A3. Alpha2 receptor agonists (central) A4. Beta receptor blockers (peripheral) A5. Combined α and β receptor blockers (peripheral) A2. Peripherally Acting Adrenergic DrugAlpha1 Blockers (we’ve met these) Doxazosin, prazosin, alfuzosin Block alpha1-receptors which causes BP to decrease Reduces peripheral vascular resistance and BP by dilating both arterial and venous blood vessels Main Use: benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Alpha1 Blockers REMEMBER Tamsulosin (Flomax)* is an α1 blocker BUT *Tamsulosin is not used to control BP, just for BPH. A3. Centrally Acting Adrenergic DrugsAlpha 2 agonist Clonidine and methyldopa 1- Stimulate alpha2-adrenergic receptors. in the brain Decreases sympathetic outflow from the CNS which decreases NE production 2. Stimulate alpha2-adrenergic receptors in kidneys remember alpha 2 opposes alpha 1 Dilates peripheral blood vessels → lowers peripheral resistance → Results in decreased BP So ….Clonidine (Catapres) Used primarily for its ability to decrease blood pressure in an urgent setting Also use in opioid withdrawal as previously discussed Oral (multiple times a day), and topical patch formulations Do not stop abruptly as it may lead to rebound hypertension In reality, Clonidine and methyldopa Not prescribed as first-line home antiHTN drugs High incidence of unwanted adverse effects: orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, and dizziness MIGHT be uses as adjunct drugs after other drugs have failed, in conjunction with other antiHTN such as diuretics A4. Adrenergic Drugs Selective Beta 1 Blockers Metoprolol, Atenolol Reduction of HR through β1 receptor blockade (remember adrenergic blocking of this receptor???) HR results in BP Cause reduced secretion of renin = BP A4. Adrenergic Drugs Selective Beta1 Blockers Nebivolol (Bystolic) Uses: hypertension and HF Action: blocks β1 receptors and produces vasodilatation, which results in a decrease in SVR High doses loses selectivity and blocks both β1 and β2 Less sexual dysfunction All BB- Do not stop abruptly; must be tapered over 1 to 2 weeks A4. Adrenergic Drugs NONSelective Beta Blockers Propranolol Acts equally on β1 and β2 Other uses include situational anxiety associated with public speaking, test taking As mentioned on previous slide, nebivolol at high doses becomes beta nonselective A5. Dual-Action Adrenergic Drugs α1 and β Receptor Blockers Dual antihypertensive effects of reduction in heart rate (beta1 receptor blockade) and vasodilation (alpha1 receptor blockade) Examples are carvedilol (common) and labetalol (not as common) A5. Dual-Action Adrenergic Drugs α1 and β Receptor Blockers Carvedilol (Coreg) Widely used drug that is well tolerated Uses: HTN, mild to moderate HF in conjunction with digoxin, diuretics, and ACE inhibitors Contraindications: severe bradycardia or unstable HF, bronchospastic conditions such as asthma, and various cardiac conduction problems Adrenergic Drugs Indications - HTN But also for Glaucoma (topical) BPH: doxazosin, prazosin, and terazosin (2 for 1) Management of severe HF when used with cardiac glycosides and diuretics Contraindications Acute HF- have to stabilize first MOAIs- yeah doesn’t everything interact with MAOIs? Peptic ulcers Severe liver/kidney disease Asthma (with beta blockers) Adrenergic Drugs: Adverse Effects Orthostatic hypotension 1st-dose syncope Rebound hypertension with abrupt discontinuation Most common: Dry mouth, drowsiness, constipation, sedation Interactions- always check for specific drug interactions Can cause additive CNS depression with alcohol, benzodiazepines, opioids Question #1 When administering an alpha-adrenergic drug for hypertension, it is most important for the nurse to assess the patient for the development of what response? Hypotension Hyperkalemia Oliguria Respiratory distress Answer A Hypotension This is a key point in patient education These drugs have strong vasodilating properties and may cause severe hypotension, especially at the beginning of therapy. B. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitorsaka ACE Inhibitors or ACEi Large group of safe and effective drugs Currently are 10 ACEi Often used as first-line drugs for HF and hypertension May be combined with a thiazide diuretic, loop diuretic, or Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) You need to understand the basics ACE Inhibitors: Review RAAS ACE converts angiotensin I, formed through the action of renin, to angiotensin II Angiotensin 2 is a potent vasoconstrictor and also induces aldosterone secretion by the adrenal glands Aldosterone stimulates sodium resorption (H20 follows Na Both act to raise BP which causes kidneys to reduce renin production ACEi= Great drug to treat HTN BUT contraindicated in pregnancy (2nd,3rd trimester due to fetal renal damage) and breastfeeding first few weeks after birth B. ACE Inhibitors - PRIL Lisinopril (Prinivil) super common, often the 1st drug Enalapril (Vasotec) also common Captopril (Capoten) great if liver disease present Benazepril (Lotensin) Fosinopril (Monopril) Perindopril (Aceon) Quinapril (Accupril) Ramipril (Altace) Trandolapril (Mavik) Primary Effects of the ACE Inhibitors Prevent Na (and H2O) resorption by inhibiting aldosterone secretion (volume reduction) (GO BACK TO RAAS DIAGRAM) blood volume decreases work of the heart preload, or the left ventricular end-diastolic volume which is important in HF ACE SUMMARY OF ACTIVITY 1) Prevent vasoconstriction caused by angiotensin 2 (2) Prevent aldosterone secretion  less sodium and water resorption Cardioprotective Effects of ACEi They slow progression of left ventricular hypertrophy (ventricular remodeling) after MI so considered cardioprotective ACE inhibitors have been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with HF Renal Protective Effects of ACEi ACE inhibitors: reduce glomerular filtration pressure by volume reduction Cardiovascular drug of choice for patients with diabetes since it helps protect kidneys by reducing pressure. Sometimes used low dose for kidney protection with DM without HTN B. ACEi Enalapril (Vasotec) Only ACEi available in both oral and IV Enalapril IV does not require cardiac monitoring Oral enalapril: prodrug (metabolized in liver) Improves patient’s chances of survival after an MI Reduces the incidence of HF B. ACEi Captopril (Capoten) Uses: prevention of ventricular remodeling after MI; reduce the risk of HF after MI Shortest half-life Must be administered multiple times throughout the day so this limits its use Not a prodrug so good for patient with liver disease Question #2 A patient with diabetes has a new prescription for the ACE inhibitor lisinopril. She questions this order because her provider has never told her that she has hypertension. What is the best explanation for this order? The doctor knows best The patient is confused This medication has cardioprotective properties This medication has a protective effect on the kidneys for patients with diabetes Answer D ACE inhibitors have been shown to have a protective effect on the kidneys because they reduce glomerular filtration pressure. This property makes them the cardiovascular drug of choice for patients with diabetes. Question #3 A patient with a history of pancreatitis and cirrhosis is also being treated for hypertension. Which drug will most likely be ordered for this patient? Clonidine Prazosin Diltiazem Captopril Answer D Captopril Captopril is not a prodrug; therefore, it does not need to be metabolized by the liver to be effective. This is an advantage in patients with liver disease. ACE Inhibitors: Adverse Effects *Dry, nonproductive cough, which reverses when therapy is stopped. This is a class effect Dizziness- Note: First-dose hypotensive effect may occur Headache & Fatigue Possible hyperkalemia ** Angioedema: rare but potentially fatal Not safe in pregnancy-are contraindicated during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy because of increased risk of fetal renal damage C. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers(ARB) Considered an alternative to ACEi Less likely to cause a dry cough and hyper K+ that is common with ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers: Mechanism of Action Go back to RAAS diagram! ARBs affect primarily 2 places 1. Vascular smooth muscle - blocks vasoconstriction 2. Adrenal gland -Selectively blocks the binding of Ang 2 to certain Ang 2 receptors inhibiting secretion of aldosterone Lowers volume retention and BP Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers -ARTAN Losartan (Cozaar)- very common Eprosartan (Teveten) Valsartan (Diovan) Irbesartan (Avapro) Candesartan (Atacand) Olmesartan (Benicar) Telmisartan (Micardis) Azilsartan (Edarbi) C. ARB Losartan (Cozaar) Beneficial in patients with HTN and HF Used with caution in patients with kidney or liver dysfunction and in patients with renal artery stenosis ***Not safe for breastfeeding women and should not be used in pregnancy (Cat C 1st trimester, Cat D 2nd-3rd trimester), potential fetal toxicity Appear to be equally effective for the treatment of hypertension and well tolerated ARBs less likely to cause cough and hyperK+ but can still happen Evidence that ARBs are associated with lower mortality after MI than ACE inhibitors Never take ACEi and ARBs at the same time* 5. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB) Primary use: HTN, angina, some dysrhythmias Cause smooth muscle relaxation by blocking the binding of calcium to its receptors, preventing muscle contraction Results in: Relaxed blood vessels to the heart Decreased peripheral smooth muscle tone Decreased SVResistance Decreased BP E. Diuretics First-line antiHTN in JNC 8 guidelines Decreases fluid volume The results from diuresis: preload, Peripheral resistance Overall effect  Decreased workload of the heart and decreased BP Thiazide diuretics are the most commonly used diuretics for HTN Ie hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), chlorthalidone We will discuss diuretics further in the chapter on diuretics F. Vasodilators Directly relax arterial or venous smooth muscle (or both) Results in: Decreased SVR Decreased afterload Peripheral vasodilation Indicated for treatment of HTN May be used in combination with other drugs F. Vasodilators Hydralazine (Apresoline) Orally: routine cases of essential hypertension Injectable: hypertensive emergencies BiDil: specifically indicated as an adjunct for treatment of HF in African-American patients F. Vasodilators Sodium Nitroprusside (Nitropress) *Sodium nitroprusside and IV diazoxide are reserved for the management of hypertensive emergencies. Contraindications: severe HF, known inadequate cerebral perfusion (especially during neurosurgical procedures) F. Vasodilators Adverse Effects Hydralazine: dizziness, headache, tachycardia, edema, dyspnea, N/V/D, vitamin B6 deficiency, rash Sodium nitroprusside: hypotension, bradycardia, decreased platelet aggregation, rash G. Direct Renin Inhibitors Aliskirin (Tekturna) Blocks the RAS pathway at the point of activation. Inhibiting renin production prevents the downstream production of Ang II (potent vasoconstrictor) Adverse effects: N/V, severe hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia… Contraindicated in patients with DM taking ACEi or ARB Miscellaneous Antihypertensives Eplerenone (Inspra) Newer class of drugs called selective aldosterone blockers (remember RAAS?) Reduces BP by blocking the actions of aldosterone at its corresponding receptors in the kidney, heart, blood vessels, and brain Indications: routine treatment of hypertension and for post-MI HF Contraindicated if serum potassium levels are high (above 5.6 mEq/L) A Special Form of HTNTreatment of Pulmonary Hypertension Sildenafil and Tadalafil Commonly used for erectile dysfunction Used for pulmonary hypertension but with different trade names Sildenafil: Revatio* (Viagra for ED) Tadalafil: Adcirca* (Cialis for ED)

La educación

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