Question 1

true positives / (true positives + false negatives)

Accepted Answer

Sensitivity=

Question 2

true negatives / (true negatives + false positives)

Accepted Answer

Specificity =

Question 3

Can the test find the abnormality?

Accepted Answer

Sensitivity is the ability to detect a disease if it is really present.

Question 4

Can the test results exclude those persons without the disease?

Accepted Answer

Specificity is the ability to exclude persons who do not have the disease.

Question 5

have high sensitivity, to detect as many people as possible with the disease.

Accepted Answer

the best screening test must

Question 6

with high specificity to ensure that a positive test detected with screening is a true positive.

Accepted Answer

a confirmatory test

Question 7

True positives / True positives + False positives

Accepted Answer

Positive Predictive Value =

Question 8

How likely is a positive test to indicate that the person has the disease?

Accepted Answer

The positive predictive value tells you how often a positive test represents a true positive.

Question 9

True negatives / True negatives + False negatives

Accepted Answer

Negative Predictive Value =

Question 10

How likely is a negative test to indicate that the disease is not present in the person?

Accepted Answer

The negative predictive value tells you how often a negative test represents a true negative.

Question 11

The laboratory sets "normal" ranges for laboratory tests based upon population studies. The farther out of range the test result is, the more likely that the result reflects real disease

Accepted Answer

Reference Intervals and their use in interpreting laboratory values

Question 12

2 standard deviations of the mean, which includes 95% of all results. The standard deviation is just a measure of dispersion.

Accepted Answer

"Normal" is usually defined as those test values that fall within

Question 13

2 SD's of the mean. This is sometimes called the "95% confidence limits".

Accepted Answer

For most bell-shaped curves, 68% of the values fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95% within 2 SD's, and 97.7% within 3 SD's. For most laboratory tests, the "normal range" is defined as values falling within

Question 14

5 will fall outside of a normal range.

Accepted Answer

Thus, there is a 1 in 20 chance that an "abnormal" test may really be normal. For every 100 tests ordered, the statistical probability is that

Question 15

standard deviation (SD) divided by the mean and multiplied by 100

Accepted Answer

The coefficient of variation (CV) is calculated as the .... CV indicates variability of the test results. This depends upon the test methodology, the instrument being used, and the range of results.

Question 16

10% or more to be of major significance.

Accepted Answer

a change in test values from one day to the next generally has to be

Question 17

factors such as the degree of hydration, diet, and exercise.

Accepted Answer

There is normally "physiologic variation" or biologic variation in patients that is dictated by

Question 18

How reproducible is the test under the same conditions?

Accepted Answer

Precision:

Question 19

How well does the test measure what is really there? Agreement of the test results with the patient's condition is the best measure of accuracy.

Accepted Answer

Accuracy:

Question 20

prior to specimen testing and may include variables involving the process of obtaining a specimen

Accepted Answer

Preanalytical variables occur

Question 21

during actual testing of the specimen

Accepted Answer

Analytical variables occur

Question 22

after a test result is generated. In general, such postanalytical errors occur with entry, manipulation, and reporting of test data.

Accepted Answer

Postanalytical variables occur

Question 23

failure to properly identify the patient.

Accepted Answer

The most serious error is

Question 24

the time from receipt of the specimen in the laboratory to the time the result is reported.

Accepted Answer

"turnaround time"

Question 25

conveys life or death information and is defined for "out of range" test results that must be acted upon as soon as possible

Accepted Answer

"critical value" is a test result that

Question 26

a quick turnaround time, generally an hour or less from specimen receipt until test result reporting

Accepted Answer

"stat" test is defined as

Question 27

•Hemolysis

Accepted Answer

As a general rule, interferences can be caused by specimen:

Question 28

See image

Accepted Answer

•Turbidity

Question 29

See image

Accepted Answer

•Lipemia

Question 30

See image

Accepted Answer

•Paraproteinemia

Question 31

See image

Accepted Answer

•Uremia

Question 32

See image

Accepted Answer

•Icterus

Question 33

See image

Accepted Answer

•Cross-reactivity

Question 34

releases potassium from red blood cells and leads to falsely high potassium values in serum or plasma.

Accepted Answer

hemolysis

Question 35

autoimmune diseases with cross reacting autoantibodies

Accepted Answer

1% of screening serologic tests for syphilis (STS) are false positives often in persons with

Question 36

in close proximity to the patient both in time and distance

Accepted Answer

Bedside" or "point-of-care" (POC) testing occurs

Question 37

•Operator incompetence

Accepted Answer

The most common POC testing errors include:

Question 38

See image

Accepted Answer

•Nonadherence to test procedures

Question 39

See image

Accepted Answer

•Use of uncontrolled reagents and equipment

Question 40

Sodium

Accepted Answer

Basic metabolic panel (CPT 80048)

Question 41

See image

Accepted Answer

Potassium

Question 42

See image

Accepted Answer

Chloride

Question 43

See image

Accepted Answer

Carbon dioxide [bicarbonate]

Question 44

See image

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 45

See image

Accepted Answer

Calcium

Question 46

See image

Accepted Answer

Creatinine

Question 47

See image

Accepted Answer

Urea nitrogen

Question 48

Albumin, Alkaline phosphatase, Aspartate aminotransferase [AST], Bilirubin, Calcium, Chloride, Creatinine, Glucose, Potassium, Protein, total, Sodium, and Urea nitrogen

Accepted Answer

Comprehensive metabolic panel (CPT 80054)

Question 49

Carbon dioxide [bicarbonate], Chloride, Potassium, Alanine aminotransferase [ALT], Albumin, Alkaline phosphatase, Aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, total and direct, Protein, total, and Albumindium

Accepted Answer

Electrolyte panel (CPT 80051) b

Question 50

Alanine aminotransferase [ALT], Albumin, Alkaline phosphatase, Aspartate aminotransferase, ilirubin, total and direct, Protein, total, and Albumindium

Accepted Answer

Hepatic function panel (CPT 80076)

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