What is one way lakes are different from rivers?

Lakes are usually deeper than rivers

Lakes and Ponds Fractions Imagine that Some streams and rivers feed into lakes. Most lakes have fresh water. There are also some salt water lakes. Lakes are very large bodies of water ~ fhe pie info four equal that have land around them on all P . i heleirfacelofEarth is a pie. You can cut o Alnoittiee t sides, except where streams flow into and out of them. They are usually deeper than rivers. You can see waves when the wind blows on the water. Some lakes are called ponds.

The Northeast is characterized by its long coast along the Atlantic Ocean, making it a defining landform of the region. There are no deserts or Rocky Mountains in the Northeast, and the Mississippi River does not play a significant role in the region's geography. A sound is a body of water that separates a mainland and an island. For example, Long Island Sound is located between New York and Connecticut. The coastal areas of the Northeast are known for their many islands and attract more visitors and tourists compared to the mountain areas. The mountain areas, on the other hand, are made up of older landforms and ranges such as the Appalachian Mountains. Evidence of glaciers once covering the Northeast includes the numerous lakes and ponds found in the mountain areas, which were left behind after the glaciers receded. The Northeast region’s four largest rivers drain into the Atlantic Ocean. This geographic feature contributed to the development of major cities along the Atlantic coast, as these rivers provided access for transportation and trade. Maple syrup is an example of a forest resource found in the Northeast region. It is made from the sap of sugar maple trees, which thrive in the region’s forests. New Hampshire is nicknamed the Granite State because of its rock quarries, which have been a significant part of the state’s history and economy. Vermont is well-known for its dairy farms, while Massachusetts is famous for its cranberry bogs, which are a unique feature of the state’s agriculture. Snow is considered a resource in the Northeast because it attracts skiers and tourists to states like Vermont, boosting the local economy. Tourism in the Northeast is most directly influenced by attractions such as historic homes in Rhode Island, which showcase the region’s rich history and culture.

Cohesion and Adhesion Water molecules stick to each other as a result of hydrogen bond- ing. An attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together is known as cohesion. Cohesion due to hydrogen bonding between water molecules contributes to the upward movement of water from plant roots to their leaves. Related to cohesion is the surface tension of water. The cohe- sive forces in water resulting from hydrogen bonds cause the mol- ecules at the surface of water to be pulled downward into the liquid. As a result, water acts as if it has a thin “skin” on its sur- face. You can observe water’s surface tension by slightly overfill- ing a drinking glass with water. The water will appear to bulge above the rim of the glass. Surface tension also enables small crea- tures such as spiders and water-striders to run on water without breaking the surface. Adhesion is the attractive force between two particles of differ- ent substances, such as water molecules and glass molecules. A related property is capillarity (KAP-uh-LER-i-tee), which is the attrac- tion between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid. Together, the forces of adhe- sion, cohesion, and capillarity help water rise through narrow tubes against the force of gravity. Figure 2-11 shows cohesion and adhesion in the water-conducting tubes in the stem of a flower. Temperature Moderation Water has a high heat capacity, which means that water can absorb or release relatively large amounts of energy in the form of heat with only a slight change in temperature. This property of water is related to hydrogen bonding. Energy must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds, and energy is released as heat when hydrogen bonds form. The energy that water initially absorbs breaks hydro- gen bonds between molecules. Only after these hydrogen bonds are broken does the energy begin to increase the motion of the water molecules, which raises the temperature of the water. When the temperature of water drops, hydrogen bonds reform, which releases a large amount of energy in the form of heat. Therefore, during a hot summer day, water can absorb a large quantity of energy from the sun and can cool the air without a large increase in the water’s temperature. At night, the gradually cooling water warms the air. In this way, the Earth’s oceans stabilize global temperatures enough to allow life to exist. Water’s high heat capac- ity also allows organisms to keep cells at an even temperature despite temperature changes in the environment. As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down. A relatively large amount of energy is absorbed by water during evaporation, which significantly cools the surface of the remaining liquid. Evaporative cooling prevents organisms that live on land from overheating. For example, the evaporation of sweat from a person’s skin releases body heat and prevents over- heating on a hot day or during strenuous activity. Adhesion Cohesion Hydrogen bonds Cohesion, adhesion, and capillarity contribute to the upward movement of water from the roots of plants. FIGURE 2–11 www.scilinks.org Topic: Hydrogen Bonding Keyword: HM60777 mb06se_cols03.qxd 5/18/07 10:47 AM Page 41 42 CHAPTER 2 Density of Ice Unlike most solids, which are denser than their liquids, solid water is less dense than liquid water. This property is due to the shape of the water molecule and hydrogen bonding. The angle between the hydrogen atoms is quite wide. So, when water forms solid ice, the angles in the molecules cause ice crystals to have large amounts of open space, as shown in Figure 2-12. This open space lattice structure causes ice to have a low density. Because ice floats on water, bodies of water such as ponds and lakes freeze from the top down and not the bottom up. Ice insulates the water below from the cold air, which allows fish and other aquatic crea- tures to survive under the icy surface.

Earth's Water Water Everywhere. Water fills oceans, lakes, and ponds. It flows in rivers, streams, and underground. It is even in the air. Some parts of Earth have snow and ice, which are frozen water. Water covers most of Earth's surface. Salt water in the oceans makes up much of Earth's water. Earth has much less fresh water. Many plants and animals need this fresh water to survive. Some of this fresh water is aboveground, while other fresh water is underneath Earth's surface. What are some ways you use Earth's water? Different Forms of Water. Liquid water is the most common state of Earth's water. It takes the shape of the container it is in. Liquid water is always moving even if you can't see it move. It flows in rivers and streams, and it crashes as ocean waves. Not all water is liquid. When liquid water gets very cold, it freezes to form ice. Ice is another state of water-solid water. Ice can float on liquid water. People form ice into different shapes. Artists even carve ice to make sculptures. Much of Earth's frozen water is at the North and South Poles, Earth's coldest areas. Some of Earth's water is in an invisible state as a gas called water vapor. While it's always invisible, water vapor is all around us. Changing Water. Earth's water is always changing from one state to another. When frozen water is heated, it melts and becomes liquid water. When liquid water is cooled, it freezes and becomes ice. Liquid water can become a gas, too. Have you ever seen a puddle of water dry up on a hot day? Energy from the Sun changed the liquid to a gas in a process called evaporation. Water evaporates from oceans, rivers, lakes, and puddles all over the world. When water vapor in the air cools down, it changes from a gas to a liquid. This process is called condensation. Clouds are made up of tiny drops of water formed by condensation. The tiny drops stick together, creating larger, heavier drops. Once they're large enough, they fall to the ground as rain or another type of precipitation. Water Is Important. Rain keeps plants alive and allows them to keep growing. People and other animals need water to survive. We also use it for other purposes, such as fighting fires. It is important to take care of Earth's water. Keeping waste and trash away from water keeps it from becoming dirty and unusable. Polluted water makes people, plants, and animals sick. Would you want to drink and play in polluted water?

Figure 18-11 represents the amount of energy stored as organic material in each trophic level in an ecosystem. The pyramid shape of the diagram indicates the low percentage of energy transfer from one level to the next. On average, 10 percent of the total energy consumed in one trophic level is incor- porated into the organisms in the next. Why is the percentage of energy transfer so low? One reason is that some of the organisms in a trophic level escape being eaten. They eventually die and become food for decomposers, but the energy contained in their bodies does not pass to a higher trophic level. Even when an organism is eaten, some of the molecules in its body will be in a form that the consumer cannot break down and use. For example, a cougar cannot extract energy from the antlers, hooves, and hair of a deer. Also, the energy used by prey for cellu- lar respiration cannot be used by predators to synthesize new bio- mass. Finally, no transformation or transfer of energy is 100 percent efficient. Every time energy is transformed, such as during the reactions of metabolism, some energy is lost as heat. Limitations of Trophic Levels The low rate of energy transfer between trophic levels explains why ecosystems rarely contain more than a few trophic levels. Because only about 10 percent of the energy available at one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level, there is not enough energy in the top trophic level to support more levels. Organisms at the lowest trophic level are usually much more abundant than organisms at the highest level. In Africa, for exam- ple, you will see about 1,000 zebras, gazelles, and other herbivores for every lion or leopard you see, and there are far more grasses and shrubs than there are herbivores. Higher trophic levels con- tain less energy, so, they can support fewer individuals.A population is a group of organisms that belong to the same species and live in a particular place at the same time. All of the bass living in a pond during a certain period of time make up a pop- ulation because they are isolated in the pond and do not interact with bass living in other ponds. The boundaries of a population may be imposed by a feature of the environment, such as a lake shore, or they can be arbitrarily chosen to simplify a study of the population. The humans shown in Figure 19-1 are part of the pop- ulation of a city. The properties of populations differ from those of individuals. An individual may be born, it may reproduce, or it may die. A population study focuses on a population as a whole—how many individuals are born, how many die, and so on. Population Size A population’s size is the number of individuals that the population contains. Size is a fundamental and important population property but can be difficult to measure directly. If a population is small and composed of immobile organisms, such as plants, its size can be determined simply by counting individuals. Often, though, individ- uals are too abundant, too widespread, or too mobile to be counted easily, and scientists must estimate the number of individuals in the population. Suppose that a scientist wants to know how many oak trees live in a 10 km2 patch of forest. Instead of searching the entire patch of forest and counting all the oak trees, the scientist could count the trees in a smaller section of the forest, such as a 1 km2 area. The scientist could then use this value to estimate the population of the larger area. SECTION 1 OBJECTIVES ● Describe the main properties that scientists measure when they study populations. ● Compare the three general patterns of population dispersion. ● Identify the measurements used to describe changing populations. ● Compare the three general types of survivorship curves. VOCABULARY population population density dispersion birth rate death rate life expectancy age structure survivorship curve FIGURE 19-1 A population can be widely distributed, as Earth’s human population is, or confined to a small area, as species of fish in a lake are. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 382 CHAPTER 19 If the small patch contains 25 oaks, an area 10 times larger would likely contain 10 times as many oak trees. A similar kind of sampling technique might be used to estimate the size of the pop- ulation shown in Figure 19-2. To use this kind of estimate, the sci- entist must assume that the distribution of individuals in the entire population is the same as that in the sampled group. Estimates of population size are based on many such assumptions, so all esti- mates have the potential for error. Population Density Population density measures how crowded a population is. This measurement is always expressed as the number of individuals per unit of area or volume. For example, the population density of humans in the United States is about 30 people per square kilome- ter. Table 19-1 shows the population sizes and densities of humans in several countries in 2003. These estimates are calculated for the total land area. Some areas of a country may be sparsely popu- lated, while other areas are very densely populated. Dispersion A third population property is dispersion (di-SPUHR-zhuhn). Dispersion is the spatial distribution of individuals within the popu- lation. In a clumped distribution, individuals are clustered together. In a uniform distribution, individuals are separated by a fairly con- sistent distance. In a random distribution, each individual’s location is independent of the locations of other individuals in the popula- tion. Figure 19-3 illustrates the three possible patterns of dispersion. Clumped distributions often occur when resources such as food or living space are clumped. Clumped distributions may also occur because of a species’ social behavior, such as when animals gather into herds or flocks. Uniform distributions may result from social behavior in which individuals within the same habitat stay as far away from each other as possible. For example, a bird may locate its nest so as to maximize the distance from the nests of other birds. These migrating wildebeests in East Africa are too numerous and mobile to be counted. Scientists must use sampling methods at several locations to monitor changes in the population size of the animals. FIGURE 19-2 TABLE 19-1 Population Size and Density of Some Countries Population size Population density Country (in millions) (in individuals/km2) China 1,289 135 India 1,069 325 United States 292 30 Russia 146 8 Japan 128 337 Mexico 105 54 Kenya 32 54 Australia 20 3 dispersion from the Latin dis-, meaning “out,” and spargere, meaning “to scatter” Word Roots and Origins Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. POPULATIONS 383 The social interactions of birds called gannets, which are shown in Figure 19-3b, result in a uniform distribution. Each gannet chooses a small nesting area on the coast and defends it from other gannets. In this way, each gannet tries to maximize its distance from all of its neighbors, which causes a uniform distribution of individuals. Few populations are truly randomly dispersed. Rather, they show degrees of clumping or uniformity. The dispersion pattern of a population sometimes depends on the scale at which the popu- lation is observed. The gannets shown in Figure 19-3b are uni- formly distributed on a scale of a few meters. However, if the entire island on which the gannets live is observed, the distribution appears clumped because the birds live only near the shore. POPULATION DYNAMICS All populations are dynamic—they change in size and composition over time. To understand these changes, scientists must know more than the population’s size, density, and dispersion. One important measure is the birth rate, the number of births occur- ring in a period of time. In the United States, for example, there are about 4 million births per year. A second important measure is the death rate, or mortality rate, which is the number of deaths in a

Whose Tracks Are These? Animal Visitors. How do we know whether an animal has visited a place? One way we know is because it may leave tracks, or marks in the soil. Tracks show where the animal's body has touched the ground. Let's find out who has visited us today! Large Animals. A large animal that likes honey made these tracks. This animal is a good climber. It has strong claws for digging up plants, and it eats animals, too. Can you guess who it is? A black bear made these tracks. Black bears sleep all winter and wake up hungry in the spring. A large animal with hooves made these tracks. This animal can eat ten pounds of leaves, bark, and twigs each day. Can you guess who it is? A deer made these tracks. Male deer grow antlers in the spring and shed them in late winter. Baby deer have spots that disappear when they grow up. A large, strong cat made these tracks. This hunter runs fast and jumps far. It eats other animals, such as deer. birds, and rabbits. Can you guess who it is? A mountain lion made these tracks. Adult mountain lions live alone most of the time. Babies must learn to hunt before they can leave their mothers. Small Animals. A smart bird made these tracks. It has a curved beak and sharp claws. It hunts at night and eats many kinds of animals. Can you guess who it is? An owl made these tracks. It has large yellow eyes and can see well in the dark. It makes a noise called a hoot. A small animal made these tracks. Its tail made the line between the footprints. This animal must run very fast to escape being eaten. Can you guess who it is? A mouse made these tracks. Mice are food for owls, snakes, and other animals. But this one got away! Many Kinds of Tracks. Each kind of animal has its own special tracks. Look for tracks when you are in nature. Have fun finding out who has been visiting!

20. Ang unang yugto sa pagbuo ng Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Management (CBDRRM) Plan ay tinatawag na ________. A. pagtugon sa sakuna B. paghahanda sa pagtugon C. pagsasaayos at pagbangon D. pagtataya ng panganib at paghahanda ANSWER: D 21. Ang gawaing ito ay isinasagawa upang maging handa ang komunidad at maiwasan ang malawakang pinsala nito sa pamamagitan ng aktibong pakikibahagi ng mamamayan. Ito ay nakapaloob sa _______. A. Philippine Disaster Risk Management B. Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council C. Community Preparedness and Risk Management Approach D. Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Management Approach ANSWER: D 22. Bahagi ng rehabilitasyon at pagbawi mula sa kalamidad ang mga hakbang at gawain na nakatuon sa pagsasaayos ng mga nasirang pasilidad at estruktura. Ano ang pangunahing gampanin ng yugtong ito? A. Mabigyan ng sapat na proteksiyon ang mga nasalanta ng kalamidad. B. Manumbalik sa dating kaayusan at normal na pamumuhay ang mga nasalantang komunidad. C. Makapagbigay ng mga inaasahang serbisyong panlipunan at paglilingkod sa pamahalaan. D. Maipagkaloob sa mga nasalantang komunidad ang mga pangunahing pangangailangan at gamot. ANSWER: B 23. Alin sa sumusunod na mga sitwasyon ang nagpapakita ng Top-Down Approach sa pagbuo ng Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Plan? A. Pinamunuan ni Kerwin, isang lider ng Non-Government Organization (NGO) ang pagtukoy sa mga kalamidad na maaaring maranasan sa kanilang komunidad. B. Ipinatawag ni Kapitan Capin ang kaniyang mga kagawad upang bumuo ng plano kung paano magiging ligtas ang kaniyang nasasakupan mula sa panganib ng paparating na bagyo. C. Hinikayat ni Albert ang kaniyang mga kapitbahay na maglinis ng estero upang maiwasan ang pagbara nito na maaaring magdulot ng malalim at matagalang pagbaha sa darating na tag-ulan. D. Nakipag-usap si Kelly sa mga may-ari ng malalaking negosyo sa kanilang komunidad upang makalikom ng pondo sa pagbili ng mga first aid kit at iba pang proyekto bilang paghahanda sa iba’t ibang kalamidad. ANSWER: B 24. Bakit mahalaga ang pagkakaroon ng community engagement o kolaborasyon sa pamayanan at iba pang katuwang na sektor? A. Makatutulong ito upang makalikom ng mas maraming pondo. B. Magiging makabuluhan ang plano kung ang gagawa nito ay ang mamamayan. C. Malaki ang posibilidad na maging matagumpay ang proyekto kapag pinagplanuhan. D. Mas magiging komprehensibo at matagumpay ang plano kung binubuo ito ng iba’t ibang sektor. ANSWER: D 25. Sa pagbuo ng CBDRRM Plan, ano ang PINAKAMABISA mong nararapat gawin bilang mamamayan ng isang lugar upang maging handa sa pagdating ng iba’t ibang panganib at kalamidad? A. Maging aktibong kabahagi sa pagbubuo ng plano para sa buong pamayanan. B. Makibahagi sa gawaing panrehabilitasyon at tulungan ang mga naapektuhan. C. Magsagawa ng personal plan para matugunan ang pangangailangan ng lipunan. D. Magkaroon ng planong pampinansiyal upang matustusan ang pangangailangan ng mga tao. ANSWER: A 26. Ang pinuno ng mga bansang kasapi ng organisasyon ay nagpupulong-pulong upang magtulungan para sa kapakanan ng kanilang pangangailangan. Anong anyo ng globalisasyon ang tinutukoy nito? A. ekonomiko B. kultural C. politikal D. teknolohikal ANSWER: C 27. Alin sa sumusunod ang buhay na manipestasyon ng globalisasyon? A. ekonomiko B. OFWs C. sosyo-kultural D. teknolohikal ANSWER: B 28. Ang brain drain ay tumutukoy sa mga propesyonal na manggagawa, samantalang ang brawn drain ay tumutukoy sa ___________. A. construction workers B. domestic workers C. overseas workers D. skilled workers ANSWER: A 29. Alin sa sumusunod ang negatibong epekto ng paglitaw ng maraming multinational companies at transnational companies? A. pagkakaloob ng hanapbuhay B. pagbaba ng presyo ng produkto C. pagdami ng produkto at serbisyo D. pagkalugi ng multinational companies at transnational companies ANSWER: D 30. “Ang globalisasyon ay laganap na noon pa man at naging mas malawak sa kasalukuyang panahon.” Ang mahihinuha natin sa pahayag na ito ay _______. A. ugnayan ng mga bansa sa daigdig na walang pagitan o hadlang B. suliraning panlipunan na pumipigil sa kaunlaran ng mga bansa sa daigdig C. bagong anyo ng malayang kalakalan, pagpapalitan ng produkto, impormasyon at tao, dahil sa pag-unlad ng teknolohiya sa komunikasyon at transportasyon D. isyung panlipunan na tumatalakay sa pamahalaan, ekonomiya, relihiyon, teknolohiya, kapaligiran, komunikasyon at kultura ng mga bansa sa daigdig ANSWER: C 31. Alin sa dalawang pahayag ang nagsasaad ng PINAKAANGKOP na konsepto ng globalisasyon? I. Ang globalisasyon ay proseso ng mabilisang pagdaloy o paggalaw ng tao, bagay, impormasyon at produkto sa iba’t ibang direksiyon na nararanasan sa iba’t ibang panig ng daigdig. II. Ang globalisasyon ay may iba’t ibang pagkakakilanlan tulad ng ekonomiko, teknolohikal, sosyo-kultural at politikal. A. Mali ang nilalaman ng una at ikalawang pahayag. B. Tama ang nilalaman ng una at ikalawang pahayag. C. Tama ang nilalaman ng una at mali ang ikalawang pahayag. D. Mali ang nilalaman ng una at tama ang ikalawang pahayag. ANSWER: B 32. Alin sa sumusunod na mga pahayag ang nagsasaad ng dahilan sa pag-usbong ng globalisasyon? A. pagbuti ng mga lokal na kompanya sa presyo at kalidad ng serbisyo at produkto upang maging kompetitibo laban sa mga banyagang kompanya B. pagpapalitan ng impormasyon at teknolohiya at paggalaw ng mga tao dulot ng migrasyon C. pagbaba ng sahod ng mga manggagawa at pagdami ng mga taong walang trabaho dahil nalulugi ang maliliit na negosyo D. paglaganap ng biological weapons dulot ng mabilis na pagkalat ng impormasyon sa iba’t ibang panig ng mundo at pagdami ng pamilihan ng materyales na ginagamit dito ANSWER: B 33. Alin sa mga sektor ng manggagawa ang madalas nakararanas ng pang-aabuso at hindi pantay na oportunidad sa pagtratrabaho? A. agrikultura B. industriya C. pamahalaan D. serbisyo ANSWER: A 34. Ano ang tawag sa anyo ng subcontracting kung saan ang mga subcontractor ay may sapat na puhunan para maisagawa ang trabaho ng mga manggagawang ipinasok nila? A. iskemang subcontractor B. job mismatch C. job contracting D. labor-only contracting ANSWER: C 35. Bakit hindi maitaas ang pasahod, maipagkaloob ang kasiguraduhan sa trabaho, at madagdagan ang benepisyo ng mga manggagawa sa bansa? Ito ay dahil_____ A. sa sistema ng kontraktuwalisasyon. B. puro regular na ang mga manggagawa. C. mataas na ang pasahod sa ating manggagawa. D. marami ang benepisyong natatanggap ng ating manggagawa. ANSWER: A 36. Bilang tugon sa suliraning nararanasan ng mga manggagawa, mayroon silang karapatang hindi dapat malabag upang masabi na sila ay may disente at marangal na hanapbuhay. Alin sa sumusunod ang HINDI kabilang sa mga karapatan ng manggagawa? A. Karapatan sa pantay na suweldo para sa parehong trabaho. B. Karapatang sumali sa marahas at mapanganib na uri ng unyon. C. Karapatang maging ligtas at malayo sa panganib ang kalagayan ng pagtatrabaho. D. Karapatan na makatanggap ng sapat at karapat-dapat na suweldo para sa makataong pamumuhay. ANSWER: B 37. Halos mapudpod na ang sapatos ni Justin sa paghahanap ng trabaho ngunit hindi pa rin siya natatanggap. Maraming job fairs na rin ang kaniyang pinuntahan ngunit bigo siyang makakuha ng trabaho. Bakit kaya ito nangyayari kay Justin? A. Kulang pa ang kaniyang lakas ng loob. B. Kulang siya sa aspekto ng personal relations kaya hindi siya nagugustuhan. C. Hindi kaaya-aya ang kaniyang pisikal na kaanyuan kaya hindi siya natatanggap sa trabaho. D. Biktima si Justin ng job mismatch kung saan hindi tugma ang kaniyang kakayahan at kasanayan na hinahanap ng mga kompanya. ANSWER: D 38. Ayon sa tala ng Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), maraming job fairs noong 2010 ngunit kakaunti lamang ang mga natanggap na kalipikadong aplikante mula sa maraming bilang ng mga nag-apply. Alin ang HINDI angkop na dahilan nito? A. Ang mga aplikante ay hindi interesado sa mga trabaho sa bansa. B. Kapansin-pansin ang patuloy na paglaki ng bilang ng job skills mismatch ng mga aplikante sa bansa. C. May patuloy na mismatch sa kasanayan at kakayahan mula sa tinapos na kurso at sa hinihinging kalipikasyon ng mga employer. D. Maraming kurso sa higher education institutions sa bansa ang hindi na tumutugon sa pangangailangan ng mga pribadong kompanya na nagtatakda ng mga pamantayan sa pagpili ng mga manggagawa. ANSWER: A 39. Alin ang angkop na salita na tumutukoy sa sitwasyon kung saan inaako na ng lalaki ang mga gawain sa tahanan dulot ng migrasyon? A. helper B. house boy C. house father D. house husband ANSWER: D 40. Ang sumusunod ay mga ahensiya ng pamahalaan na nangangalaga sa kapakanan ng migrante MALIBAN sa __________________. A. Commission of Filipino Overseas B. Philippine Overseas Labor Offices C. Department of Labor and Employment D. Department of Science and Technology ANSWER: D 41. Isang epekto ng migrasyon ay ang pagtanggap o pagpapadala ng mga lakas-paggawa sa ibang bansa. Alin sa sumusunod ang HINDI nagpapakita ng magandang benepisyo ng brain gain? A. Malaki ang posibilidad ng promotion ng manggagawa. B. Gastusin ng kompanya ang pagpapadala ng manggagawa sa ibang bansa. C. Maaaring magtrabaho sa ibang bansa ang empleadong ipinadala upang matuto. D. Magiging asset ang migranteng manggagawa sa nagpapadala at tumatanggap na bansa kahit saan man sa mundo. ANSWER: B 42. Matagal na naghanapbuhay si Ginoong Pascual sa Australia, kaya sa kaniyang pag-uwi sa pamilya ay hindi siya pinansin ng kaniyang mga anak at nagtago ang mga ito sa kuwarto. Ano ang iyong mahihinuha rito? A. Malaki ang takot ng mga anak sa kanilang ama. B. Walang pasalubong si Ginoong Pascual sa mga anak. C. Hindi kilala si Ginoong Pascual ng kaniyang mga anak. D. Nagkakahiyaan ang mag-aama sa kanilang pagkikita. ANSWER: C 43. Paano nakaaapekto ang pangingibang-bansa sa estado ng ekonomiya ng bansa? A. Madaragdagan ang populasyon ng bansa. B. Mapananatiling matatag ang palitan ng piso at dolyar. C. Mahihirapan ang mga Pilipino na makisama sa mga dayuhan. D. Mas maraming papasok sa bansa na mga imported na produkto. ANSWER: B 44. Marami sa mga OFW na nasa Middle East ang napag-alamang nakararanas ng mga pang-aabuso mula sa kanilang mga amo tulad sa Saudi Arabia. Kung ikaw ang ambassador ng Pilipinas sa Saudi, alin ang pinakamabisa mong gagawin upang matulungan at maprotektahan sila? A. Pababayaan sila hanggang matapos ang kanilang kontrata. B. Maglulunsad ng rally sa embahada ng Saudi Arabia sa Pilipinas. C. Hihingi ng tulong pinansiyal at pauuwiin ang mga manggagawa sa Saudi. D. Maglilikom ng mga ebidensiya ng mga pang-aabuso at isusuplong ang mga amo sa kinauukulan. ANSWER: D 45. Alin sa sumusunod ang konseptong tumutukoy sa slavery? A. pang-aalipin B. sitwasyong payapa C. sapilitang pagtatrabaho D. pagpupuslit ng mga tao ANSWER: A 46. Kung ikaw ay opisyal ng pamahalaan na nangangalaga sa kapakanan ng mga OFW, alin sa sumusunod ang dapat mong gawin sa mga kaso ng pang-aabuso sa mga Pilipino? A. Pauuwiin ang lahat ng OFW at bibigyan na lamang ng trabaho sa Pilipinas. B. Pababayaan na lamang ang mga OFW dahil isolated cases lang naman ang mga ito. C. Ipauubaya na lamang ang mga gagawing aksiyon sa pamahalaan ng bansa kung saan nagtatrabaho ang mga OFW. D. Magtatatag ng mga mekanismo upang ma-monitor ang kalagayan ng mga OFW at gagawa ng kaukulang hakbang kung may pang-aabuso. ANSWER: D 47. Bilang isang mag-aaral sa kasalukuyan, alin sa sumusunod ang maaari mong magawa upang masigurong makaaangkop ka sa pangangailangan ng ating bansa na umunlad sa kabila ng globalisasyon? A. Magpalipas ng panahon at umasa na lamang sa pamilya. B. Tumigil sa pag-aaral at magtrabaho na upang kumita ng pera. C. Magsumikap sa pag-aaral upang makatapos at magkatrabaho. D. Maging layunin ang makapagtrabaho sa ibang bansa upang yumaman. ANSWER: C 48. Alin sa sumusunod na mga pangungusap ang tumutukoy sa konsepto ng fair trade? A. Itinatakda ng mga bansa ang pamantayan ukol sa mga kakayahan ng mga manggagawa. B. Ang mayayamang bansa ay nagbibigay ng tulong sa pinakamahihirap na tao sa mundo lalo na sa Aprika at Asya. C. Sinisiguro ng mga bansa ang patas o pantay na kalakalan gaya ng pagbabantay sa tamang presyo ng mga produkto. D. Ang pamahalaan ay nakikialam sa kalakalang panlabas na may layong protektahan ang mga lokal na namumuhunan. ANSWER: C 49. Marami sa mga pamilya ng OFWs ay nakararanas ng pangungulila sa kanilang kaanak na humahantong sa pagkawasak nito. Paano kaya sila matutulungan? A. Makisimpatiya sa kanila. B. Bigyan sila ng sulat isa-isa. C. Bigyan sila ng load pantawag sa kanilang kaanak. D. Magtayo ng isang samahan ng mga pamilya ng OFW upang gumabay sa kanila. ANSWER: D 50. Sa Pilipinas ay marami ang nangangarap na mangibang-bansa dulot ng kahirapan sa buhay. Nangangamba naman ang mga ekonomista dahil naaapektuhan ng brain drain at brawn drain ang ekonomiya. Bilang ekonomista, ano ang maaari mong gawin upang masolusyunan ang isyung ito? A. Pigilan ang mga nais mangibang-bansa. B. Hayaang umalis ang mga nais na magtrabaho sa ibang bansa. C. Bigyan ng suportang pinansiyal ang mamamayan na walang trabaho. D. Gumawa ng isang development plan na tutugon sa mga isyu ng migrasyon. ANSWER: D

Lesson 1: Continental Drift Theory and the Evidences that support the Theory Continental drift describes one of the earliest ways geologists thought continents moved over time. Today, the theory of continental drift has been replaced by the science of plate tectonics. The theory of continental drift is most associated with the scientist Alfred Wegener. In the early 20th century, Wegener published a paper explaining his theory that the continental landmasses were “drifting” across the Earth, sometimes plowing through oceans and into each other. He called this movement continental drift. Pangaea Wegener was convinced that all of Earth’s continents were once part of an enormous, single landmass called Pangaea. Wegener, trained as an astronomer, used biology, botany, and geology describe Pangaea and continental drift. For example, fossils of the ancient reptile mesosaurus are only found in southern Africa and South America. Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile only one meter (3.3 feet) long, could not have swum the Atlantic Ocean. The presence of mesosaurus suggests a single habitat with many lakes and rivers. Wegener also studied plant fossils from the frigid Arctic Archipelago of Svalbard, Norway. These plants were not the hardy specimens adapted to survive in the Arctic climate. These fossils were of tropical plants, which are adapted to a much warmer, more humid environment. The presence of these fossils suggests Svalbard once had a tropical climate. Finally, Wegener studied the stratigraphy of different rocks and mountain ranges. The east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa seem to fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, and Wegener discovered their rock layers “fit” just as clearly. South America and Africa were not the only continents with similar geology. Wegener discovered that the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, for instance, were geologically related to the Caledonian Mountains of Scotland. Pangaea existed about 240 million years ago. By about 200 million years ago, this supercontinent began breaking up. Over millions of years, Pangaea separated into pieces that moved away from one another. These pieces slowly assumed their positions as the continent we recognize today. Today, scientists think that several supercontinents like Pangaea have formed and broken up over the course of the Earth’s lifespan. These include Pannotia, which formed about 600 million years ago, and Rodinia, which existed more than a billion years ago. Tectonic Activity Scientists did not accept Wegener’s theory of continental drift. One of the elements lacking in the theory was the mechanism for how it works—why did the continents drift and what patterns did they follow? Wegener suggested that perhaps the rotation of the Earth caused the continents to shift towards and apart from each other. (It doesn't.) Today, we know that the continents rest on massive slabs of rock called tectonic plates. The plates are always moving and interacting in a process called plate tectonics. The continents are still moving today. Some of the most dynamic sites of tectonic activity are seafloor spreading zones and giant rift valleys. In the process of seafloor spreading, molten rock rises from within the Earth and adds new seafloor (oceanic crust) to the edges of the old. Seafloor spreading is most dynamic along giant underwater mountain ranges known as mid-ocean ridges. As the seafloor grows wider, the continents on opposite sides of the ridge move away from each other. The North American and Eurasian tectonic plates, for example, are separated by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The two continents are moving away from each other at the rate of about 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) per year. Rift valleys are sites where a continental landmass is ripping itself apart. Africa, for example, will eventually split along the Great Rift Valley system. What is now a single continent will emerge as two—one on the African plate and the other on the smaller Somali plate. The new Somali continent will be mostly oceanic, with the Horn of Africa and Madagascar its largest landmasses. The processes of seafloor spreading, rift valley formation, and subduction (where heavier tectonic plates sink beneath lighter ones) were not well-established until the 1960s. These processes were the main geologic forces behind what Wegener recognized as continental drift.

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