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Les différents types de spectres
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Les différents types de volcans
Les différents types de pansement
Les différents types de plans en travaux publics - Starter Quiz
I Suivre les ventes et les livraisons La plupart du temps, les commandes des clients vont dĂ©clencher les rĂšglements. RĂ©ceptionner les commandes et les traiter rigoureusement est donc une activitĂ© essentielle pour la PME. 1. La rĂ©ception de la commande Avant de traiter la commande, il est important quâelle soit vĂ©rifiĂ©e pour optimiser la relation client et Ă©viter les erreurs. Les points de contrĂŽle sont : 2. Le traitement de la commande Les documents Ă gĂ©nĂ©rer sur le PGI sont : 3. Le suivi de la commande Le suivi permet Ă lâentreprise de surveiller la progression de lâensemble des commandes. Lâentreprise peut ainsi crĂ©er un tableau de suivi visuel lui permettant dâanticiper les problĂšmes de livraison. Voici un exemple : 4. Lâorganisation et le suivi des livraisons Livrer, câest mettre Ă la disposition du client les produits commandĂ©s Ă la date prĂ©vue et au lieu convenu. Lâentreprise peut dĂ©cider de livrer elle-mĂȘme out de faire appel Ă un transporteur : âą La prise en charge de la livraison par le fournisseur La PME organise le planning et la tournĂ©e des livreurs en tenant compte des attentes du client, du temps de trajet et du volume Ă livrer. Elle utilise pour chaque Ă©tape le bon de livraison. Un exemplaire est conservĂ© par lâentreprise et un exemplaire sera laissĂ© au client lors de la livraison. âą La prise en charge de la livraison via un transporteur Le suivi de la livraison : Le contrat gĂ©nĂ©ral de vente permet dâanticiper les problĂšmes et de limiter les contestations (retards de livraison). Les frais de transport doivent donc figurer sur le bon de livraison. Trois type de frais existent : âȘ franco de port : âȘ port dĂ» : Certains transporteurs offrent la possibilitĂ© de suivre les expĂ©ditions sur leur site Web. II Facturer, suivre les rĂšglements et les relances clients 1. La facture A chaque Ă©tape du processus de vente, divers documents sont créés. Le dernier document du processus est la facture. Elle indique le paiement Ă faire au client et prouve la vente : facture de doit. Chaque facture portant une date et un numĂ©ro unique, une fois Ă©mise, il nâest donc plus possible de lâannuler ou la modifier .Sâil se passe un Ă©vĂšnement aprĂšs lâĂ©dition, on devra alors Ă©mettre un avoir. Le processus peut se schĂ©matiser ainsi : 2. La prĂ©sentation dâune facture La facture est Ă©tablit en double exemplaire et doit ĂȘtre conservĂ©e pendant 10 ans. Elle rĂ©sulte dâune obligation lĂ©gale et se matĂ©rialise par un enregistrement comptable. Quelques rĂšgles sont Ă respecter : 3. Les Ă©lĂ©ments Ă contrĂŽler sur la facture Il est nĂ©cessaire de vĂ©rifier les mentions obligatoires afin dâĂ©viter les rĂ©clamations clients. Si elle est conforme, elle est envoyĂ©e au client et transmise au service comptabilitĂ© pour lâenregistrement. Les Ă©lĂ©ments Ă vĂ©rifier sont : 4. Les aspects fiscaux liĂ©s aux ventes : le mĂ©canisme de TVA Lâenregistrement des ventes doit se faire dans le respect des rĂšgles fiscales relatives Ă la TVA (taxe sur la valeur ajoutĂ©e) Il existe 4 taux principaux de TVA en France : Certaines activitĂ©s et certains territoires sont exonĂ©rĂ©s de TVA. âą Le taux de TVA intermĂ©diaire de 10 % sâapplique pour les activitĂ©s suivantes : Restauration (pour consommation immĂ©diate) Aide Ă la personne HĂ©bergement et transport Produits agricoles non transformĂ©s et bois de chauffage MĂ©dicaments non remboursĂ©s Travaux et rĂ©paration pour les logements anciens (plus de deux ans) MusĂ©es et zoos âą Le taux de TVA rĂ©duit Ă 5.5 % sâapplique pour les activitĂ©s et produits suivants : Produits alimentaires de premiĂšre nĂ©cessitĂ© Fourniture de chaleur produite Ă partir dâĂ©nergies renouvelables Livres (y compris numĂ©riques) Billetterie de spectacle vivant Restauration pour les cantines scolaire Ăquipements pour personnes handicapĂ©es Travaux dâamĂ©lioration Ă©nergĂ©tique des logements de plus de 2 ans âą Le taux de TVA spĂ©cifique Ă 2,1% sâapplique pour les activitĂ©s suivantes : MĂ©dicaments remboursĂ©s par la SĂ©curitĂ© sociale Publications de presse Billetterie de certains spectacles et cinĂ©mas Animaux vivants de boucherie et de charcuterie vendus Ă des non-assujettis âą Les activitĂ©s suivantes sont exonĂ©rĂ©es de TVA (0%) : PĂȘche en mer Certaines Ćuvres non lucratives Ă caractĂšre social ou philanthropique ActivitĂ©s mĂ©dicales et paramĂ©dicales Enseignement et formation Livraison ou rĂ©cupĂ©ration de dĂ©chets Le principe de la TVA pour les entreprises : Afin de bien rĂ©aliser les Ă©critures comptables, il est important de diffĂ©rencier la TVA dĂ©ductible de la TVA collectĂ©e : Une crĂ©ance client est enregistrĂ©e en dĂ©bit alors que la vente de marchandises de lâentreprise est enregistrĂ©e en crĂ©dit. 5. Les Ă©critures comptables relatives aux ventes Les diffĂ©rents Ă©lĂ©ments dâune facture doivent ĂȘtre enregistrĂ©s dans le journal et dans les comptes de lâentreprise. Si lâentreprise dispose dâun PGI, le devis gĂ©nĂšre automatiquement la commande. La commande gĂ©nĂšre automatiquement le bon de livraison qui gĂ©nĂšre la facture. La facture gĂ©nĂšre automatiquement les Ă©critures comptables au journal. Exemple de visualisation dâĂ©criture comptable sur le PGI : 6. La mise en place dâun suivi efficace des rĂšglements Le suivi des comptes clients permet de connaitre lâĂ©tat des crĂ©ances Ă tout moment. La relance remplit plusieurs objectifs : Les outils les plus utilisĂ©s dans cette dĂ©marche sont lâĂ©chĂ©ancier (il liste les crĂ©ances en attente de rĂšglement avec peu de dĂ©tails) et la balance ĂągĂ©e (elle prĂ©sente les soldes de crĂ©ances de maniĂšre plus visuelle avec une ligne par client). Exemples : EchĂ©ancier Balance ĂągĂ©e Lâentreprise peut Ă©galement pointer les crĂ©ances afin de faire ressortir les crĂ©ances impayĂ©es (lettrage des comptes). Enfin, compte tenu des enjeux pour les entreprises dâobtenir les rĂšglements dans des dĂ©lais raisonnables, elles mettent en place un vĂ©ritable processus de relance qui doit respecter les Ă©tapes suivantes : AprĂšs avoir pris connaissance du processus de relance, il devient nĂ©cessaire de crĂ©er un tableau de relance des impayĂ©s pour relancer les clients efficacement. Exemple : Tableau de relances des impayĂ©s : Enfin, il faudra relancer les clients par tĂ©lĂ©phone, mail ou courrier pour obtenir les sommes dues via des relances automatisĂ©es. Exemple de mise en demeure automatisĂ©e envoyĂ©e en recommandĂ© :
4 min Quâest-ce que la vente ? Lâhistoire de la vente remonte de trĂšs loin, du temps de la mythologie avec Mercure qui a Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ© comme Ă©tant le dieu du commerce. Ainsi, la pratique existe dĂ©jĂ depuis plus de 6 000 ans. Les premiĂšres techniques de vente ont vu le jour vers 350 avec Aristote. Il faudra attendre plusieurs siĂšcles avant dâarriver Ă la mĂ©thode de vente telle que nous la dĂ©finissons aujourdâhui, avec le client placĂ© au centre du processus. Quelques dĂ©finitions de la vente Dans le cadre dâune vente, un vendeur cĂšde un produit ou un service Ă un acheteur en contrepartie dâune somme dâargent. Ce qui diffĂ©rencie la vente de la notion de troc ou dâĂ©change. Juridiquement parlant, lâarticle 1582 du Code civil dĂ©finit la vente comme Ă©tant « une convention par laquelle lâun sâoblige Ă livrer une chose, et lâautre Ă la payer ». Le contrat de vente peut ĂȘtre Ă©tabli par Ă©crit ou verbalement. Il peut alors sâagir dâune prestation ou dâun bien corporel. Toutefois, certains types de vente doivent suivre une rĂ©glementation particuliĂšre. Notamment la vente de fonds de commerce, la vente Ă crĂ©dit ou encore la vente Ă domicile. En dâautres termes, la vente dĂ©signe lâensemble des mĂ©thodes et des actions effectuĂ©es par un commercial, dont le but est de vendre quelque chose Ă une tierce personne. La vente est ainsi le rĂ©sultat dâun accord ou dâune nĂ©gociation entre le vendeur et lâacheteur. Que peut-on vendre ? La vente ne se limite pas seulement Ă un produit. Il est possible de fournir des services, des prestations, des formations et bien plus encore. Le domaine de la vente est trĂšs vaste. En effet, on peut amener une personne Ă acheter une vision ou un avis politique, la convaincre de choisir un projet plutĂŽt quâun autre et ce ne sont que des exemples parmi tant dâautres. Quelle diffĂ©rence y a-t-il entre la vente et le marketing ? On a tendance Ă confondre ces deux termes. Or, le marketing et la vente dĂ©signent deux disciplines diffĂ©rentes â bien que complĂ©mentaires â et ayant le mĂȘme but. Celui de gĂ©nĂ©rer des revenus pour amĂ©liorer le chiffre dâaffaires dâune entreprise. Ă ce titre, lâun ne va pas sans lâautre. Les activitĂ©s de marketing Le marketing se concentre davantage sur le marchĂ©. Autrement dit, le responsable marketing se focalisera plus sur les besoins des clients et des prospects et sur lâĂ©laboration dâune solution pour rĂ©pondre Ă leurs attentes. Ainsi, il fera en sorte que la vente ait lieu. Pour ce faire, il se chargera du matĂ©riel promotionnel allant des simples brochures Ă lâorganisation de salons. Le marketeur se voit ainsi attribuer deux missions. PremiĂšrement, prĂ©senter une proposition attrayante en se basant sur les besoins des consommateurs qui sont identifiĂ©s Ă lâavance. Et deuxiĂšmement, crĂ©er et entretenir une relation durable et de confiance avec eux. Les activitĂ©s de vente ou « sales » Lâagent marketing attire le client vers un produit ou une marque. Quand cela est fait, câest au vendeur de prendre le flambeau. Ce dernier prend contact avec la clientĂšle dans le but dâune acquisition par celle-ci. Le plus dur dans le travail du commerçant est de transformer les leads ou prospects en vĂ©ritables clients. La vente est la discipline qui conduit le prospect Ă lâacte dâachat. Pour ĂȘtre plus clair, le marketing vise Ă attirer le prospect dans la boutique tandis que la vente lâamĂšne Ă faire des achats pour quâil devienne un client. Quelles sont les diffĂ©rentes formes de vente ? Dans un cadre BtoB ou BtoC, on distingue de nombreuses formes de vente rĂ©gies ou non par une rĂ©glementation spĂ©cifique. Les ventes hors Ă©tablissement AppelĂ©es Ă©galement « contrats hors Ă©tablissement », les ventes hors Ă©tablissement ont lieu lorsque le contrat est rĂ©glĂ© en dehors de lâĂ©tablissement commercial. Le dĂ©marchage Ă domicile et le porte-Ă -porte en font partie. Toutefois, pour Ă©viter les abus qui sont de plus en plus frĂ©quents, des dispositions ont Ă©tĂ© prises pour protĂ©ger le consommateur. La vente en liquidation Ăgalement rĂ©glementĂ©e, la vente en liquidation est effectuĂ©e lorsquâun commerçant doit dĂ©stocker sa marchandise ou Ă©couler un assortiment de biens Ă cause dâune circonstance dĂ©terminĂ©e. Elle ne peut se faire que pendant deux mois tout au plus et doit sâaccompagner dâune publicitĂ© et dâune rĂ©duction de prix, parfois Ă perte. Elle est autorisĂ©e dans le cas oĂč le commerçant souhaiterait suspendre, arrĂȘter ou changer dâactivitĂ©. Les ventes en soldes Tous les semestres, les entreprises sont autorisĂ©es Ă vendre leurs produits Ă un prix trĂšs rĂ©duit. Les pĂ©riodes de soldes sont rĂ©glementĂ©es par le Livre VI du CDE (Code du droit Ă©conomique) affĂ©rent aux pratiques du marchĂ© et Ă la protection du consommateur. Elles se situent du 3 au 31 janvier inclus et du 1er au 31 juillet inclus. Comme pour le cas de la liquidation, il se peut que lâentreprise effectue une vente Ă perte. Le e-commerce ou le commerce Ă©lectronique La vente par Internet ou la vente en ligne est rĂ©gie par une rĂ©glementation relative au contrat et Ă la vente Ă distance. Lâentreprise conclut la vente par lâintermĂ©diaire de rĂ©seaux informatiques et, Ă ce titre, un paiement Ă©lectronique peut ĂȘtre nĂ©cessaire. En tant que commercialisation Ă distance, aucune prĂ©sence physique simultanĂ©e des deux parties nâest indispensable. Les ventes aux enchĂšres ou les ventes publiques Ă la diffĂ©rence des autres formes de vente, lâenchĂšre publique met en place une mĂ©thode de mise en concurrence transparente, car le bien est attribuĂ© au plus offrant. Lâorganisation dâune vente publique est aussi gĂ©rĂ©e par le Livre VI du CDE. Les rĂ©glementations concernant les contrats Ă distance ainsi que la vente hors Ă©tablissement peuvent ainsi ĂȘtre appliquĂ©es. Il existe des locaux spĂ©cialement destinĂ©s pour ce type de vente et seuls des biens usagĂ©s peuvent ĂȘtre mis en vente.
Le vieillissement est lâensemble des processus physiologiques et psychologiques qui modifient la structure et les fonctions de lâorganisme Ă partir de lâĂąge mĂ»r. Il rĂ©sulte des effets combinĂ©s de facteurs gĂ©nĂ©tiques et environnementaux auxquels est soumis lâorganisme tout au long de sa vie. Il sâagit dâun processus lent et progressif qui est la consĂ©quence de lâaction du temps sur les fonctions de lâorganisme. La sĂ©nescence est le processus de vieillissement biologique, la suite des changements irrĂ©versibles dans un organisme qui conduisent Ă la mort. Ce processus physiologique dĂ©bute aprĂšs la phase de maturitĂ© et se traduit par la dĂ©gradation progressive et inĂ©luctable des fonctions vitales : reproduction, motricitĂ©, systĂšme immunitaire, etc. La sĂ©nilitĂ© est la dĂ©tĂ©rioration pathologique (liĂ©e Ă une maladie) des facultĂ©s physiques et mentales dâun individu ĂągĂ©. Il existe trois modalitĂ©s diffĂ©rentes de vieillissement : le vieillissement rĂ©ussi, avec une absence ou une atteinte minime des fonctions physiologiques et une absence de pathologies ; le vieillissement habituel, avec des atteintes considĂ©rĂ©es comme physiologiques, liĂ©es Ă lâĂąge, de certaines fonctions, mais sans pathologies invalidantes ; le vieillissement pathologique liĂ© Ă des maladies sĂ©vĂšres Ă©volutives ou compliquĂ©es et responsable le plus souvent dâune dĂ©pendance importante. Ă ces trois notions, il est important dâajouter la notion de fragilitĂ© qui correspond Ă un Ă©tat dâĂ©quilibre prĂ©caire avec lâimpossibilitĂ© de rĂ©pondre de façon adaptĂ©e Ă un stress quâil soit mĂ©dical, psychologique ou social. AprĂšs 65 ans, 10 Ă 20% des personnes peuvent ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©es comme fragiles et jusquâĂ 50% aprĂšs 85 ans. Il sâagit de personnes Ă haut risque dâhospitalisation, dâinstitutionnalisation et de dĂ©cĂšs. Les psychologues dĂ©crivent 5 grands types de personnalitĂ© liĂ©s au vieillissement, plus ou moins prĂ©sents chez chacun : le mature est actif, tolĂ©rant et il sâadapte parfaitement Ă son Ă©volution ; le pantouflard est passif, indulgent envers lui-mĂȘme et il utilise son Ăąge pour valoriser son inactivitĂ© ; le blindĂ© est mentalement rigide, il a peur de la dĂ©chĂ©ance et sâenferme dans ses souvenirs de jeunesse ; le mĂ©content est amer, intolĂ©rant et pessimiste, anxieux face Ă la mort ; il en veut au monde entier de son Ă©tat et de ses Ă©checs ; le dĂ©prĂ©ciĂ© est dĂ©pressif, insatisfait de sa vie, sans estime de soi et envahi de regrets sur le passĂ© ; il envisage la mort comme une dĂ©livrance ou une finalitĂ©. La solitude a un effet important sur la santĂ©. Si nous comparons des personnes ĂągĂ©es qui conservent un vaste rĂ©seau de relations sociales Ă dâautres qui sont isolĂ©es, ces derniĂšres auraient un risque supĂ©rieur de mort prĂ©maturĂ©e. Parler et Ă©changer avec les autres est essentiel au bien-ĂȘtre. Stimuler la mĂ©moire dâune personne ĂągĂ©e lui permettra de conserver son autonomie et de retarder la dĂ©pendance. Pour rester en forme, le cerveau doit travailler de maniĂšre complĂšte. Plusieurs activitĂ©s peuvent donc permettre Ă la personne dĂ©pendante de garder une bonne mĂ©moire le plus longtemps possible : tenir un agenda, rĂ©diger un journal, jouer Ă des jeux ou encore pratiquer des activitĂ©s de crĂ©ation. Pour stimuler lâactivitĂ© sociale dâune personne ĂągĂ©e, faire des rencontres est le meilleur moyen de rester en forme : rencontrer des personnes, poursuivre les activitĂ©s quâon aime, se servir du tĂ©lĂ©phone et mĂȘme dâinternet si possible. Il y a des personnes ĂągĂ©es qui ne parlent Ă personne pendant des semaines. Pour dâautres, le contact se limite aux relations avec les caissiĂšres des supermarchĂ©s. Avec lâĂąge, certains de nos aĂźnĂ©s sont murĂ©s dans le silence. Pas par choix. Mais parce que les liens familiaux se sont distendus ou nâexistent plus. Ils se retrouvent alors seuls, sans Ă©change, sans partage et sans affection. Un des grands dĂ©fis Ă relever pour lâavenir est la lutte contre la solitude des personnes ĂągĂ©es. Il faut savoir que la solitude est dĂ©sormais considĂ©rĂ©e comme un facteur de risque de la maladie dâAlzheimer. Lutter contre la solitude, câest prĂ©venir lâexclusion, la pauvretĂ© et la perte dâautonomie. Quel est le secret pour prĂ©server son corps malgrĂ© les annĂ©es ? Un peu dâactivitĂ© physique et des repas Ă©quilibrĂ©s ! Pour lutter contre lâapparition des rides ou la chute des cheveux et conserver ses capacitĂ©s physiques et cognitives, mieux vaut surveiller son assiette. Inutile dâaller chercher des produits miracles pour rester jeune : il faut commencer par manger mieux! Car en fonction des aliments quâon choisit, on prĂ©serve son capital santĂ© et on garde la forme durant de longues annĂ©es. Les problĂšmes alimentaires spĂ©cifiques au vieillissement apparaissent Ă des Ăąges variables et sont beaucoup plus marquĂ©s aprĂšs 85 ans. Une bonne nutrition a un rĂŽle de prĂ©vention de mieux en mieux connu sur les pathologies liĂ©es Ă lâĂąge. Un bon rĂ©gime pour un senior comprend beaucoup de fruits et de lĂ©gumes, du pain, du riz, des pĂątes et des fibres. Il ne faut pas oublier le poisson, surtout le thon, le saumon et les sardines, et limiter les viandes rouges, en prĂ©fĂ©rant le poulet, la dinde ou le lapin. Il faut aussi rĂ©duire le sel et le sucre, et tous les aliments riches en graisses comme les frites, les fritures ou les gĂąteaux. Lâeau est trĂšs importante, mais on peut aussi boire du thĂ©, des jus de fruits sans sucre ou du lait Ă©crĂ©mĂ© ou demi â Ă©crĂ©mĂ©. Il faut aussi de la vitamine D pour garder les os en bonne santĂ©. On peut la trouver dans le poisson, la margarine et les cĂ©rĂ©ales du petit dĂ©jeuner. Le corps produit tout seul la vitamine D quand il est exposĂ© au soleil, il est donc conseillĂ© de profiter du soleil de temps en temps avec de la protection pour aider le corps Ă produire cette vitamine. Ătape naturelle de la vie dâune femme, la mĂ©nopause mĂ©rite quelques attentions sur le plan nutritionnel Ă cause de la modification du statut hormonal. Beaucoup de femmes prennent du poids Ă la cinquantaine. Souvent tout simplement parce que leur mode de vie change, avec moins de dĂ©penses physiques et plus de temps pour apprĂ©cier les plaisirs de la table ! Mais aussi parce que les transformations hormonales de la mĂ©nopause vont favoriser la mise en rĂ©serve de graisses. Le premier antidote contre ce risque de surpoids est une activitĂ© physique suffisante et, en complĂ©ment, une alimentation allĂ©gĂ©e grĂące Ă lâĂ©limination des calories «inutiles». Ă Ă©viter ou Ă consommer avec beaucoup de modĂ©ration : les boissons sucrĂ©es comme les sodas, les bonbons, les biscuits salĂ©s ou sucrĂ©s, lâalcool sous toutes ses formes, les glaces et les pĂątisseries, les plats riches en graisses, les frites et les fritures, les sauces classiques, la mayonnaise, les sauces barbecue et tous les laitages au lait entier. Les modifications hormonales et la diminution de lâactivitĂ© physique ont Ă©galement pour consĂ©quence une âfonteâ progressive de la masse musculaire. Pour lutter contre ce phĂ©nomĂšne, il y a une seule solution : bouger !
Why and How Managers Plan Importance of planning The planing process Benefits of planning Planning and time management Types of PLans used by managers Long term and short term plans Strageic and tactical plans Operational plans Planning Tools and Techiqunes Forecasting Contrigency planning Scenario planning Benchmaking Use of staff planners Implementing Plans to Achive Results Goal setting Goal management Goal alignment Participation and involvement Planning Def: The process of setting objectives and determining how best to accomplish them Planning at Eaton Corporation âMaking the hard decision before events force them upon you, an anticipating the future needs of the market before the demand asset itself Objectives and goals Identifity the specific results or desired outcomes that one intends to achieve Plan Def: A statement of action steps to be taken in order to accomplish the objectives (goals) Steps in the planning process: Define your objectives Determine where you stand vis-a-vis objectives Develpo premises reagrdsing future conditions Analyze alternatives and make a plan Implement the plan and evaluate results What are the benefits of planning Improves focus and flexibility Imporves action orteitation Imporves coordination and control Imporves time management Time Managment Personal time management tips Do say ânoâ to request that distract you form what you should be doing Dont get bogged down inn details that can be addressed later Do screen telephone calls, emails and meeting request Dont let drop in visitors, text messaging use up your time Do prioritize your important and urgent work Dont become calendar bound by letting other control your schedule Do follow priorities; do most important and urgent work first Some 77% of mangers in one survey said that digital age has increased th number of decisions they have to make 43% said there was less time available to make these decisions Types of plans used by Managers What is teh time horizon Long term vs Short term Long term Look three or more years into teh future Short term plans Typically cover one year or less However: the increasing environmental complexity and dynamism of recent years has severely tested the concept of âlong-termâ planning Plans are subject to frequent revisions Most executives would likely agree that these complexities adn uncertainties challenge how er actually go about planning and how far ahead we can really plan At the very least we can conclude that there is a lot less permanency to long term plans today and that tey are subject to frequent revision Managment reaeracher Eillot Jaques believes tha people vary in their capability to think with different time horizons Types of Plans used by Managers (3 of 5) Strategic plans Set broad, comprehensive and linger term action directions for teh entire organization or major division Vision Clarifies purpose of the organization and what it hopes to be on the future Typical plans Specify how the organizations resources are used to implement strategy Tactical plans in business often take the form of functional plans Functional plans Incidate how different component within the organiztion will help accompnlish the overall strategy Production plans Finacial plans Facilites Plans Logisitc plans Marketing plans Human Resource Plans Operation plans Describe short-term activities to implement strategic plans Policies: Are standing plans that communicate guidelines for decisions Ex: Policies on office romances: The media is quick to report when a top executive or public figures runs into trouble over an office affair. Are there ant policies on office romances? Employer polices on office raltioshiis vary. One survey find teh following: 24% prohibit relationships among employees in the same department 13% prohibit relationships among employees who have the smae supervisor 80% prohibit relationships between supervisors and subordinates 5% have no restrictions on office romances Procedures: Are rules that describe actions to be taken in specific situations Budgets: are single use plans that commit resources to projects or activities Zero based budgets: allocate resources as if each budget were brand new There is no guarantee that any past funding will be renwer. All propsales, old and new, must compete for available funds at teh start of each new budget cycle Forcasting Attempts to predict the future Qualitaive forecasting uses expert opinions Quantitative forecasting uses mathematical models and statiscal aanylsis of historical data dna surveys Contingency planning Identify alternative course of action to take when things go wrong Anticipate changing conditions Contain trigger points to indicate when to activate plan (or a specific course of action) Scenario planning A long term version of contingency planning Identifying alternative future scenarios Plans made for each future scenario Increases organizations flexibility and preparation for future shocks Benchmarking Use of external and internal comparisons to better evaluate current performance Adopting best practices: things people adn organization do that lead to superior performance Staff Planners Experts who assist in all steps of the planning process They help bring focus and expertise to a wide variety of planning tasks Important: Communication between staff planers landline managers is essential for teh success of teh planning process Goal Setting - Always set SMART goal The solution: Goal Aligment Between Team Leader and Team Member Jonintly plan: Set objectives, set standards, choose actions Individually acy: Perform tasks (member), provide support (leader) Jointly control: Review results, discuss implications, renew cycle x4 Collective effort and commitment Participatroy planning Includes in all planning steps that people who will be affected by the plans adn askedd to help implement them Unloacks motivational potential of goal setting Management by objective (MBO) promotes participation Participation increases understanding and acceptance of plan and commitment to success Participatory planning - Number of people involved in teh decision making process Amazon is intensely focused on what it does. It believes in creating tight single-threaded teams, also known as â2 pizza team.â Data and Decision Making What are some of the important competencies managers must have today? Delegate Marketing and technology Manager must have Technological competency Ability to understand new technologies and to use them to their best advantage Information competency Ability to locate, gather, organize and display information for decision-making and problem solving Analytical competency Ability to evaluate and analyze information to make actual decisions and solve real problems What is the difference between Data and Information Data Raw facts and observation Information Data made useful and meaningful for decision-making Important concepts Big data Exists in huge quantities and is difficult to process without sophisticated mathematical and analytical techniques Data production today Bernard Marr is an internationally best-selling author. He helps organizations improve their business performance, use data more intelligently Data mining The process of analyzing data to produce useful information for decision-makers Management Analytics The systematic evaluation and analysis of data to make informed decision Information drives management Bad Data Refers to information that can be erroneous, misleading, and without general formatting The challenge: Can er use the data that is available in the âBig Dataâ Needs to be valid Can not trust everything out there Being ethical Look at the trends Data is structured and unstructured Data BIg Data = Structured + Unstructured Information Drive Management decision making What are the characteristics of useful information Easy to access If its credible Accurate Characteristics of useful information: Timely High quality Complete Relevant Understandable What about bad data It's not credible Miss information If it is not structured/ organized Bias based on opinions Confusing If its updated Bad data Refers to information that can be erroneous miss What are some examples of Management information system Business intelligence -BI Information systems to extract and report data in organized ways that are useful to decision-makers Executive dashboards Visually update and display key performance metrics (or Key Performance Indicators -KPIs) and information on a real-time basis Information needs in organization External Environment Information exchanges with the external environment Gather intelligence information Provide public information Information needs within the organizations (internal Enviroement) Information exchange within the organization Facilitate decision making Facilitate problem-solving Managers as information processors Continually gather, share and receive information Now as much electronic as it is face-to-face Always on, always connected How many people telecommute at least once a week 70% of people globally work remotely at least once a week, Work at home after covid 19 our forecast Our best estimate it that 25-30% of the workforce will be working form home multiple days a week by the end of 2021 As of 2023, 12.7% of full time employees work from home, while 28.2% work a hybrid model Managers as problem solvers Problem-solving The process of identifying a discrepancy between actual and desired performance and taking action to resolve it Ishikawa Fishbone diagram To identify the cause of problems Decision A choice among possible alternative courses of action Performance threat Something is wrong or has the potential to go wrong Performance opportunity The situation offers the chance for a better future if the right steps are taken Problem-solving approaches or style - from textbook Problem avoiders Inactive in information gathering and solving problems Problem seekers Proactive in anticipation of problems and opportunities and taking appropriate action to gain an advantage Problem solvers Reactive in gathering information and solving problem Managers - can approach problems in a systematic or intuitive manner Systematic thinking approaches problem in rational, step-by-step and analytical fashion Intuitive thinking approaches problems in a flexible and spontaneous fashion Multidimensional thinking- applies both intuitive and systematic thinking Managers face structured and unstructured problems Structure problems Are ones that are familiar, straight forward, and clear with respect to information needs Program decisions apply solutions that are readily available from past experiences to solve structured problems Know how to solve them Familiar Know what we are dealing with Unstructured problems Are ones that are full of ambiguities and information deficiencies Nonprogrammed decisions apply a specific solution to meet the demands of a unique problem Commonly faced by higher-level management Crisis decision making A crisis involves an unexpected problem that can lead to disaster if not resolved quickly and appropriately Ruled for crisis management Figure out what is going on Remember that speed matters Remember that slow counts, too Respect the danger of the unfamiliar Value the skeptic Be ready to âfight fire with fireâ Managers make decisions with various amounts of information Certain environment Offers complete information on possible action alternatives and their consequences Risk environment Lacks complete information but offers probabilities of the likely outcomes for possible action alternatives Uncertain environment Lacks so much information that it is difficult to assign probabilities to the likely outcomes of alternative Ex: Certain and uncertain environments: The worldwide Governance Indicators for over 200 countries, comparing distinct environments (Canada-Brazil) Step 1-Identify and define the problem Focuses on information gathering information processing and deliberation Decision objectives should be established What are some common mistakes in definding problems? Common mistakes in defining problems Defining the problem too broadly or too narrowly Focusing on symptoms instead of causes Choosing the wrong problem to deal with Step 2- Generate and Evaluate Alternative Courses of Action Potential solutions are formulated and more information is gathered, data are analyzed, the advantages and disadvantages of alternative solutions are identified Common mistakes: Abandoning the search for alternatives too quickly Step 3- Decide on a preferred course of Action Two different approaches Behavioural model leads to satisficing decisions Classical model les to optimising decisions Behavioural Model Rationality is bounded because: There are limits our thinks capacity Available information (incomplete) Time constraints Step 4-Implement the decision Involves taking action to make sure the solution decided upon becomes a reality Managers need to have the willingness and ability to implement action plans Problems: Lack of participation error should be avoided Step 5 - Evaluate Results Involves comparing actual and desired results The positive and negative consequences of the chosen course of action should be examined If actual results fall short desire results, the manager returns to earlier steps in the decision-making process At all steps, check ethical reasoning Ask these spotlight questions Utility Does teh decision satisfy all constituents or stakeholders Rights Does the description respect the rights and duties of everyone? Justice Is the decision consistent with the canons of justice Caring Is the decision consistent with my responsibilities to care? Issues in decision-making How do errors happen? Heuristics: are strategies for simplifying decision-making Availability Bias: Bases a decision on recent information or events Representativeness bias: Bases a decision on similarity to other situations Anchoring and Adjustment Bias: Bases a decision on incremental adjustment from a prior decision point Framing error: Tring to solve a problem in the context perceived, positive or negative Confirmation Error: Focusing on information that confirms a decision already made Escalating commitment: Continuing a course of action even though it is not working Creative Decision making Creativity is the generation of a novel idea or unique approach that solves a problem or crafts an opportunity Big C: Creativity occurs when extraordinary things are done by exceptional people Little C: Creativity occurs when average people come up with unique ways to deal with daily events and situations The three types of situational creativity drivers Chapter review What are objectives and goals? The specific results or desired outcomes What are the 5 characteristics of great (SMART) goals? Forecasting - Attempts Qualitative forecasting uses options Quantitative forecasting uses mathematical models and statistical analysis of historical data and surveys Scenarios-Oracleâs crystal ball combines qualitative and quantitative methods
To understand melody in music, think about some music youâre familiar with. If you were asked to hum it, what would that sound like? The part of the music that youâd hum is the melody. Itâs the main thread of sound that your brain tracks and holds onto when youâre listening to music. In vocal music, the melody is sung by the lead singer. Other vocalists can provide harmony and instruments can add accompaniment, but the melody is the star of the show.What are the characteristics of melody in music? How do you describe a melody in music? A melody needs to have two things. The first is a sequence of notes, or pitches, which range from high to low. The second is rhythm, which is the timing and duration of each note. These two simple elements can create an incredible variety of combinations. Even though a melody only consists of one note at a time, it can convey so much energy and emotion. Melodies can be fast and sparkly, like âThe Flight of the Bumblebee.â They can be slow and majestic, like âFinlandia.â They might be sweeping and graceful, like a Strauss waltz. Or they can be fun and exciting, like your favorite pop tunes that you love to sing along with. Melodies often tell you a lot about where a piece of music comes from. Itâs easy to recognize and identify melodies from different folk traditions such as the Japanese folk song âSakuraâ or the Irish tune âStar of the County Down.â Learn how to play your favorite melodies on piano, and more! Sign up now. What is melody in music? Here are some examples. Here is the famous melody for the song âLean on Meâ written out on a staff. Notice the way that the notes move up, down, and then repeat. What is melody in music? Example of Lean On Me notes on treble staff. A melody all by itself is great, but music can be even more fun when thereâs an accompaniment. Here are a few bars of âLean on Meâ with the accompaniment written out. As you listen to this song, notice how the accompaniment has a very similar rhythm and movement to the melody. Then thereâs that one note in the bass line that comes along every measure with its own rhythm, which adds some extra energy and movement to the song. What makes a good melody? When you create a melody, there are four types of movement you can use: Repeat (same note) Step (up or down) Skip (up or down) Leap (up or down) Stepping and repeating are the most common types of melodic motion, and this makes a melody easier to sing. Most âhummableâ tunes use steps and repeats almost exclusively. This kind of melody is called conjunct. Beethovenâs âOde to Joy,â one of the most famous melodies of all time.Skips and leaps are generally more sparing in melodies, but when thoughtfully placed they can have a powerful emotional impact. Tunes with a lot of leaps are called disjunct. Listen to Sarah Brightman sing All I Ask of You from The Phantom of the Opera starting at 0:39. This is a very disjunct melody, and challenging to sing. Great melodies also incorporate patterns that blend unity, repetition, and contrast. Our ears love patterns, but they also love novelty and growth. A good melody incorporates all of these elements. For example, listen to John Williamâs âPrincess Leia Theme.â Can you hear the repeated pattern in the melody that gradually moves higher as the theme progresses? Now listen to the way it changes and develops into something that fits with what came before but sounds new at the same time. This is some great melodic writing! Can melody exist without rhythm? There is no way for a melody to exist without rhythm. Even if your melody only has one note, that note has a duration, and thatâs the rhythm. If your melody has two notes, how long those notes last and how much time passes between hearing them is also a rhythm. A melody in music can often be recognized even when itâs performed with different rhythms. This frequently happens in live performances of pop, rock, and jazz, in which singers typically improvise slight rhythmic differences with each performance. No two renditions are exactly the same, and this constant reinterpretation keeps the music fresh. How to make a melody for a song on piano Creating your own melodies on the piano is easy and fun! There are so many ways you can discover a melody all your own. Here are a few ideas. Get some inspiration from the world around you. What can you hear right now? A clock ticking? A bird song? A car passing by your house? See if you can find some notes on the piano that imitate the sounds you hear. Think of a feeling youâd like to put into a melody. What are some ways you could make a string of notes sound happy, sad, angry, or maybe just thoughtful. Choose a line from a poem you like, or write your own. Read it out loud and put some feeling into it. Did your voice rise and fall in pitch as you were reading? Now go to the piano, start on any note you like, and try to imitate what happened when you read. Go up when your voice naturally went up, go down when your voice naturally went down. How did that sound? Now you have the perfect melody to go with those words. Too many keys on the piano? The truth is, most melodies use only a limited number of different notes. Try creating a melody using only the black keys. These form whatâs called a pentatonic scale. Itâs used in a lot of folk music traditions around the world and can be a great place to start if you want to create your own melodies. Remember, when you create your melody, keep it simple. Use repeated notes and steps, but add a few skips to keep things interesting. One tip about leaps: when you do put in a big leap, try doubling back and filling in the empty space you leaped over. This keeps the melody self-contained and easier to sing. Also, see if you can use the same patterns of notes and rhythms to give the melody unity, but also change those patterns to give it variety. There is no right or wrong way to create your own music. Keep trying combinations of notes and rhythms until you find something that you like. How many bars and notes are in a melody? Many types of music tend to have a prescribed number of bars, or measures. This will vary widely between different genres, and creates an overall sense of musical structure. If youâre writing a pop song, a verse will usually have between eight and sixteen bars. The prechorus that follows often has just four bars, and this âforeshorteningâ creates a sense of acceleration, driving the listener toward the chorus. The number of notes can also vary widely. A melody in music needs at least two notes, and a long and complex one can have hundreds or even thousands of notes. What is a countermelody in music? How many melodies should a song have? A counter melody is a melodic line that interacts with the primary melody as an independent but supportive voice. A great example of this is the song âWe Donât Talk about Bruno.â Each character sings their own melody during the piece, but these melodies all combine at the end as countermelodies. This produces a musical texture known as counterpoint. The same thing happens in âOne Day Moreâ from Les Miserables. The different melodies are first sung separately, but end up being combined in a splendid, complex texture that leads the music to its thrilling conclusion. The difference between a countermelody and regular harmony is that harmony usually supports the rhythms of the melody. A countermelody will move more independently, with different rhythms from those of the melody, and will often sound âmelodicâ when sung or played all by itself. A melodic song should have one main melody. This is the part that the lead voice sings. Itâs usually in the spotlight, and will be the most memorable part of the music. Anything else is either harmony, countermelody, or accompaniment. Does all music have to have a melody? A piece of music doesnât have to have a melody. There are many different kinds of music without melody. For example, a lot of music played on percussion instruments wonât have a melody. Listen to this example of Tahitian drumming. This is some great music, exciting and fun to listen to, but youâd have a hard time humming it. Itâs music, but it doesnât have a melody. Rap music is another style of music where there doesnât have to be a melody. In rap, words are chanted rather than sung. The performer will raise and lower the pitch of their voice for emphasis, but itâs the rhythm of the words that creates most of the music. Music can even lack any melody, at least in some sections. Listen to the opening chords of âDuel of the Fates.â This choral passage is all about harmony, with little rhythmic variance or sense of melody. But it makes an effective contrast with the next section, which is bustling with rapid instrumental melodies. In some pieces, there are multiple melodic lines but there is no one main melody. When music is made up of equally important countermelodies, it creates a contrapuntal texture. Baroque composer J.S. Bach was one of the greatest masters of this style, such as in his Little Fugue in G minor. It starts with a single melodic line, the subject, but then a countermelody is added, and then more and more until several melodic lines are playing together. Itâs fun to listen to, but once all the countermelodies are playing together it becomes hard to decide which part to hum along with! Youâll also hear a lot of counterpoint in jazz music, in which the different instruments are all playing together and improvising their own melodies that combine to create a rich, thick musical texture. Experience the wonder of melody in music! Whether youâre humming your favorite tune, or creating a new song all your own, melody is a memorable, shareable part of music. Enrich your music experience by being aware of, listening for, and enjoying the melodies all around you.