the extension of a nation's power over other lands

the belief that race determines a person's traits and capabilities

the practice of one state threatening another state with a nearby navy to force a treaty or unfair privileges

a political unit that depends on another government for its protection

a colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status

colonial government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the colonizing country

to make use of something unfairly for one's own advantage

to send a product or service for sale to another country

to incorporate into an existing political unity, such as a city or country

native to a region

not mapped; unknown

the established customs of a people

an Indian soldier hired by the British East India Company to protect the company's interests in the region

a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch

involving the general public or civic affairs

a landed property with a large house

the diplomacy that seeks to strengthen the power of a country or affect its purposes in foreign relations by the use of its financial resources

although

a sociological, economic, or political subdivision of society

living in a section of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host country's law

a policy promoted by reformers toward the end of the Qing dynasty under which China would adopt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institutions

areas in which foreign powers have been granted exclusive rights and privileges, such as trading rights and mining privileges

a policy, proposed by U.S. secretary of state John Hay in 1899, that stated all powers with spheres of influence in China would respect equal trading opportunities with China and not set tariffs giving an unfair advantage to the citizens of their own country

payment for damages

centered attention on

limited to a single individual or group

local; of or relating to a province

agricultural, mined, and mass-produced marketable goods

a part in the development cycle

the established customs of a people

a reason to take action

a political compromise

in the Japanese Meiji Restoration, a territory governed by its former daimyo lord

a government payment to encourage or protect a certain economic activity

the circumstances surrounding a situation or event

military draft

the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war

relating to the armed forces or to soldiers, arms, or war

having many intricate parts

ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause

fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire, as in World War I

a war based on wearing down the other side with constant attacks and heavy losses, such as in World War I

a war that involved the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefield

an economic system directed by government agencies

Russian councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers

to formally give up control of a country or state

in World War I Russia, the government control of banks and most industries, the seizing of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Communist control

a sudden, radical, or complete change; an overthrow of government

a truce or an agreement to end fighting

a payment made to the victor by the vanquished to cover the costs of war

a territory temporarily governed by another nation on behalf of the League of Nations

mental; directed toward the will or mind

common effort

a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment

the right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours

when a situation in which a government pays out more money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues, thus going into debt

an artistic movement that seeks to depict the world of the unconscious

the idea put forth by Werner Heisenberg in 1927 that the behavior of subatomic particles is uncertain, suggesting that all of the physical laws governing the universe are based on uncertainty

yearly

suitable or compatible; fitting

a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens

a political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler

a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government

channels or systems of communication

a mental position regarding a fact or state

shortened form of the German Nazional, or the National Socialist German Workers' Party; a member of such party

a camp where prisoners of war, political prisoners, or members of minority groups are confined, typically under harsh conditions

a term used to identify people speaking Indo-European languages; Nazis misused the term, treating it as a racial designation and identifying the Aryans with the ancient Greeks and Romans and twentieth-century Germans and Scandinavians

to demand as being necessary

to prevent or to forbid

the deliberate mass murder or physical extinction of a particular racial, religious, political, or cultural group

a policy of killing for forcibly removing an ethnic group from its lands

the office of the caliph

an organized body that makes laws

a distinct group within a larger group

the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries

refusal to obey laws that are considered to be unjust

in the Japanese economy, a large financial and industrial corporation

one who enters the military voluntarily

payment

the use of unexpected maneuvers like sabotage and subterfuge to fight an enemy

the shifting of wealth from a rich minority to a poor majority

to come to an end

in the end

the rule of the few; a form of government in which a select group of people exercises control

a person or an entity that commits money to earn a financial return

compensation

to set up permanently; to found