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Lessons 2-10 Grade 6 review

Narito ang 10 multiple choice questions para sa Lesson 4: Mga Kababaihan ng Katipunan (Grade 5 – Araling Panlipunan): --- Mga Kababaihan ng Katipunan (10 Items – Multiple Choice) 1. Ano ang pangunahing ginampanan ng mga kababaihan sa Katipunan? A. Bilang mga sundalo sa digmaan B. Bilang tagapagluto sa kampo C. Bilang tagapagtago ng lihim na dokumento at kasapi sa kilusan D. Bilang guro sa mga paaralan 2. Sino ang tinaguriang “Lakambini ng Katipunan”? A. Melchora Aquino B. Gregoria de Jesus C. Trinidad Tecson D. Gabriela Silang 3. Ano ang tawag kay Melchora Aquino dahil sa kanyang suporta sa mga Katipunero? A. Lakambini ng Katipunan B. Ina ng Katipunan C. Ina ng Himagsikan D. Huwarang Ina ng Bayan 4. Paano tumulong si Melchora Aquino sa kilusan? A. Pagsusulat ng kartilya B. Pagbibigay ng pagkain at pagkupkop sa mga sugatang Katipunero C. Paglulunsad ng himagsikan D. Pagtatayo ng paaralan 5. Sino sa mga sumusunod ang tumulong sa pagpapalaganap ng Katipunan sa pamamagitan ng pagdadala ng lihim na dokumento? A. Josefa Llanes Escoda B. Trinidad Tecson C. Gregoria de Jesus D. Teresa Magbanua 6. Anong uri ng katapangan ang ipinakita ng mga kababaihan sa Katipunan? A. Tahimik at simpleng pamumuhay B. Pananatili lamang sa bahay C. Aktibong pakikilahok sa kilusan at pagtataguyod sa kalayaan D. Pagtutol sa himagsikan 7. Ano ang ginagawa ng mga kababaihan kapag may pulong ang mga kasapi ng Katipunan? A. Nanonood lang mula sa malayo B. Nagbabantay sa paligid bilang tanod C. Lumalaban sa mga Espanyol D. Nagtitinda ng pagkain 8. Bakit naging mahalaga ang mga kababaihan sa tagumpay ng Katipunan? A. Dahil sila ay mga tagapagturo ng Espanyol B. Dahil sila ang nagbigay ng pera C. Dahil sa kanilang suporta at katapangang hindi naging hadlang ang pagiging babae D. Dahil sila ang nagsulat ng kasaysayan 9. Alin sa sumusunod ang HINDI totoo tungkol sa mga kababaihan ng Katipunan? A. Sila ay may mahalagang ginampanan B. Sila ay naging inspirasyon ng mga kalalakihan C. Wala silang pakialam sa rebolusyon D. Tumulong sila sa iba't ibang paraan 10. Ano ang ipinakita ng kababaihan ng Katipunan sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas? A. Na ang kababaihan ay mahina B. Na ang kababaihan ay pwedeng maging bahagi ng laban para sa kalayaan C. Na ang kababaihan ay hindi dapat makialam sa politika D. Na ang kababaihan ay tagamasid lamang --- Sabihan mo lang ako kung gusto mo ng answer key o gawing quiz worksheet ang apat na lessons!

GRADE 4 Module 6 Lesson 3. Interpret Remainders This PowerPoint file contains instructional aids for teachers who have purchased Into Math. It is intended to be projected to students and used in conjunction with the Student Edition and manipulatives as needed. These slides can be used to move the conversation forward in the classroom, but they should not serve as a replacement for student-centered, collaborative conversations in which students have the space they need to find an entry point, construct meaning, and build understanding. About the Slide Presentation Presenter View: Use the Presenter view to see notes while presenting. Customization: Add or delete content or notes to get the best learning experience for your classroom. 1 Problem of the Day. Which equations can be used to solve the following problem? Rita makes 40 bracelets and gives an equal number to 8 friends, including Veronica. Veronica gives 2 of the bracelets that she received to her sister. How many bracelets does Veronica have left? A. 40 – 8 = 32 32 ÷ 2 = 16 B. 40 ÷ 8 = 5 5 + 2 = 7 C. 8 + 2 = 10 40 ÷ 10 = 4 D. 40 ÷ 8 = 5 5 – 2 = 3 2 I Can. I Can solve a division problem and interpret the remainder in the context of the problem. 3 Spark Your Learning. Aiden is building solar toy cars in his science club. The cars collect and use energy from the sun for power. Aiden buys 18 wheels. Each car needs 4 wheels. How many cars can Aiden build? Show your thinking. 4 Turn and Talk. What is the remainder in this problem? What does the remainder mean? Professional Development note: Use the Professional Learning Cards to provide language routines that may help students access the meaning of the problem. 5 Build Understanding • Task 1 ACTIVITY. There are 57 students going to the science museum. Each van can take 5 students. How many vans are needed to take all the students? Use a visual model to show how the students are divided into groups of 5. 6 Turn and Talk. How can you use the whole-number quotient and remainder to answer these questions? How many vans will be full? How many students will ride in the van that is not full? Professional Development note: Use the Professional Learning Cards to provide language routines that may help students access the meaning of the problem. 7 Step It Out • Task 2 ACTIVITY.. Amanda has 73 inches of wire for a science experiment. She needs to cut all the wire into 8 identical pieces. How many inches long will each piece be? 8 Turn and Talk. Why is this problem a good situation to write the remainder as a fraction? Professional Development note: Use the Professional Learning Cards to provide language routines that may help students access the meaning of the problem. 9 Check Understanding. 1. Maya needs 44 batteries for smoke alarms. The batteries come in packs of 6. How many packs does Maya need to buy? For 44 ÷ 6, the whole-number quotient is ____ and the remainder is ____. Maya needs to buy ____ packs. Circle how you interpreted the remainder to solve the problem. 10 I Can Scale. 4 I can explain how to solve a division problem and interpret the remainder in the context of the problem. 3 I can solve a division problem and interpret the remainder in the context of the problem. 2 I can solve a division problem and identify the whole-number quotient and the remainder. 1 I can solve a division problem with a remainder. 11 Exit Ticket. Mr. Jenkins’ class is giving speeches during a 46-minute class. Each student will be able to talk for 4 minutes. How many students can give speeches? Justify your answer.

Question 1: What is a rubric used for in assessment? A. To provide random scores B. To make tests harder C. To establish clear performance criteria D. To replace lesson plans Question 2: Which of the following is an essential part of a rubric? A. Randomized scoring B. Learning outcomes C. Student names D. Test format Question 3: What are the three main components of a rubric? A. Goals, instructions, and timing B. Criteria, levels of performance, and descriptors C. Subjects, grades, and age D. Test format, feedback, and score Question 4: Why are descriptors important in a rubric? A. They describe the student's background B. They allow subjectivity C. They explain each performance level D. They list test dates Question 5: A well-designed rubric helps to: A. Confuse students B. Ensure subjective evaluation C. Promote consistency and transparency in grading D. Replace teacher feedback Question 6: What does "validity" in assessment refer to? A. The number of questions B. The consistency of results C. The degree to which an instrument measures what it claims to measure D. The length of the rubric Question 7: Reliability refers to: A. The time taken to grade B. How fair the test is C. The consistency and stability of the assessment results D. The number of rubrics used Question 8: Which factor can negatively affect reliability? A. Clear criteria B. Multiple evaluators C. Subjective grading D. Use of rubrics Question 9: Why is it important for alternative assessments to be valid and reliable? A. To shorten evaluation time B. To improve rubric length C. To ensure fair, accurate, and meaningful results D. To impress stakeholders Question 10: How can a teacher improve the reliability of an assessment? A. Use vague instructions B. Avoid training graders C. Use standardized rubrics and provide scorer training D. Change criteria frequently

Narito ang 10 multiple choice questions para sa Lesson 3: Katipunan at Himagsikan (Grade 5 – Araling Panlipunan): --- Katipunan at Himagsikan (10 Items – Multiple Choice) 1. Ano ang ibig sabihin ng "Katipunan"? A. Samahan ng mga prayle B. Lihim na samahan ng mga Pilipinong nagnanais ng kalayaan C. Grupong nagtuturo ng relihiyon D. Samahan ng mga magsasaka 2. Sino ang nagtatag ng Katipunan? A. Jose Rizal B. Marcelo H. del Pilar C. Emilio Aguinaldo D. Andres Bonifacio 3. Anong taon itinatag ang Katipunan? A. 1896 B. 1892 C. 1872 D. 1901 4. Ano ang layunin ng Katipunan? A. Makipag-ayos sa mga Espanyol B. Palitan ang mga prayle C. Palayain ang Pilipinas mula sa Espanya sa pamamagitan ng himagsikan D. Itaguyod ang edukasyong Kastila 5. Ano ang tawag sa buong pangalan ng Katipunan? A. Kalayaan ng Katipunan ng Pilipinas B. Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan C. Katipunan ng Malayang Bayan D. Katipunang Maka-Diyos at Maka-Bayan 6. Sino ang utak ng Katipunan na siyang sumulat ng Kartilya? A. Emilio Aguinaldo B. Apolinario Mabini C. Emilio Jacinto D. Marcelo del Pilar 7. Ano ang naging hudyat ng pagsisimula ng himagsikan noong 1896? A. Pagbitay kay Rizal B. Paglaladlad ng bandila C. Pagpunit ng mga sedula D. Pag-alis ng mga Kastila 8. Ano ang naging papel ni Emilio Aguinaldo sa Himagsikan? A. Nagtatag ng Katipunan B. Naging tagapagsalita ng Espanya C. Naging pinuno ng rebolusyon matapos si Bonifacio D. Naging tagapayo ni Rizal 9. Saan idineklara ang kasarinlan ng Pilipinas noong Hunyo 12, 1898? A. Malolos, Bulacan B. Biak-na-Bato C. Kawit, Cavite D. Maynila 10. Ano ang naging sagisag ng Katipunan? A. Pulang bandila na may araw at bituin B. Itim na watawat na may krus C. Watawat ng Espanya D. Tatlong K sa loob ng araw --- Sabihan mo lang ako kung gusto mo nang isunod ang Lesson 4: Mga Kababaihan ng Katipunan o kung kailangan mo ng answer key, worksheet format, o tagubilin sa sagutan!

Narito ang 10 multiple choice questions para sa Lesson 1: Pag-usbong ng Liberal na Ideya (Grade 5 – Araling Panlipunan): --- Pag-usbong ng Liberal na Ideya (10 Items – Multiple Choice) 1. Ano ang ibig sabihin ng “liberal na ideya”? A. Paniniwalang dapat manatili ang mga kolonyal na batas B. Kaisipang nagbibigay-halaga sa kalayaan, karapatan, at pagkakapantay-pantay C. Kaisipang nagpapalakas sa kapangyarihan ng simbahan D. Paniniwalang dapat sunod-sunuran sa mga dayuhan 2. Anong pangyayari sa Europa ang nagpalaganap ng liberal na ideya? A. Pananakop ng Amerika B. Rebolusyong Pranses C. Pananakop ng Hapon D. Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano 3. Isa sa mga layunin ng liberal na pamahalaan ay: A. Ipagpatuloy ang kolonyalismo B. Palakasin ang pamumuno ng simbahan C. Bigyan ng kapangyarihan ang mamamayan D. Ipagbawal ang pag-aaral 4. Paano nakarating sa Pilipinas ang mga liberal na ideya? A. Sa pamamagitan ng mga turista B. Sa pamamagitan ng mga galyon C. Sa pamamagitan ng edukasyon, pahayagan, at mga reporma D. Sa pamamagitan ng mga pari 5. Sino ang kilalang gobernador-heneral na nagpahayag ng liberal na pamumuno sa Pilipinas? A. Rafael Izquierdo B. Carlos Ma. de la Torre C. Emilio Aguinaldo D. Diego Silang 6. Ano ang naging epekto ng liberal na ideya sa isipan ng mga Pilipino? A. Natutong sumunod sa lahat ng utos ng Espanyol B. Naging masaya sa pananakop C. Nagising sa pagnanais ng pagbabago at kalayaan D. Tumigil sa pag-aaral 7. Anong bansang naging inspirasyon ng mga Pilipino dahil sa kanilang liberal na ideya? A. India B. Japan C. Pransiya D. Pilipinas 8. Bakit tinutulan ng mga konserbatibong Espanyol ang liberal na ideya? A. Dahil ayaw nila sa pagbabago B. Dahil gusto nilang lumaban ang Pilipino C. Dahil ayaw nila ng edukasyon D. Dahil gusto nilang umalis sa Pilipinas 9. Alin sa mga sumusunod ang halimbawa ng liberal na ideya? A. Bawat isa ay may karapatang magpahayag ng saloobin B. Ang mga babae ay hindi dapat mag-aral C. Ang mga indio ay dapat manatiling utusan D. Ang lahat ng desisyon ay dapat manggaling sa simbahan 10. Paano nakatulong ang mga liberal na ideya sa pagbuo ng nasyonalismo ng mga Pilipino? A. Naging mas tahimik ang mga Pilipino B. Naisip nilang ipaglaban ang sariling bansa at karapatan C. Sumunod sila sa lahat ng utos ng Espanya D. Umalis sila sa Pilipinas --- Kung gusto mong gawing worksheet na may directions, table format, o idagdag ang answer key, sabihan mo lang ako! Isama lahat ng 10 questions na ito

RPMS Quiz: Quality vs. Efficiency 1. A teacher spends five hours creating a highly interactive digital game for a single 40-minute lesson. This is an example of prioritizing: • A) Quality over Efficiency • B) Efficiency over Quality • C) Administrative Competence • D) Resource Management • Hint: The focus is on high-level engagement, but the time investment is very high. 2. Which of the following best describes "Efficiency" in the context of the RPMS? • A) Submitting all MOVs and reports on or before the deadline with minimal errors. • B) Ensuring 100% of students pass the quarterly examination. • C) Creating the most aesthetically pleasing portfolio in the department. • D) Conducting home visits for every single student in a class of 50. • Hint: Look for the option that emphasizes timeliness and resource use. 3. Using a "template" or a "reusable slide deck" for lesson planning is a strategy to improve: • A) Efficiency • B) Instructional Diversity • C) Subject Matter Mastery • D) Classroom Discipline • Hint: Templates reduce the time spent on repetitive formatting. 4. If a teacher provides detailed, personalized feedback to every student but submits the grades two weeks late, they have achieved: • A) High Quality, Low Efficiency • B) Low Quality, High Efficiency • C) High Quality, High Efficiency • D) Low Quality, Low Efficiency • Hint: The work itself is excellent, but the timing is poor. 5. Which tool improves Efficiency without sacrificing the Quality of assessment data? • A) Automated Google Forms for multiple-choice quizzes. • B) Giving everyone a passing grade to save time on checking. • C) Writing long paragraphs of feedback on 200 paper-based essays. • D) Skipping assessments entirely to finish the syllabus faster. • Hint: Look for a balance where technology handles the "busy work." 6. When discussing Quality in your RPMS portfolio, which "Means of Verification" (MOV) is most appropriate? • A) Sample of student work with constructive teacher comments. • B) A logbook showing you arrived at school at 7:00 AM daily. • C) A certificate for attending a 1-hour webinar. • D) A photo of your organized teacher's cabinet. • Hint: Quality is evidenced by the impact on student learning. 7. The concept of "Doing the right things" (Effectiveness) represents: • A) Quality • B) Efficiency • C) Speed • D) Compliance • Hint: "Doing the right things" is about results; "Doing things right" is about process. 8. How does "Efficiency" help a teacher maintain "Quality" in the long run? • A) It prevents burnout by optimizing workload, leaving energy for creative teaching. • B) It allows the teacher to take more side jobs. • C) It ensures the teacher never has to talk to parents. • D) It proves that the teacher is smarter than their peers. • Hint: Consider the relationship between teacher well-being and performance. 9. If a teacher's RPMS rating for Quality is 5 (Outstanding) but Efficiency is 2 (Fair), what is the most likely reason? • A) The teacher produces excellent work but often misses deadlines. • B) The teacher is very fast but makes many mistakes in their reports. • C) The teacher is both slow and produces poor results. • D) The students are failing despite the teacher being very organized. • Hint: Check the gap between the high-standard output and the slow delivery. 10. What is the ultimate goal of balancing Quality and Efficiency in the PPST-RPMS? • A) To achieve sustainable professional excellence that benefits the learners. • B) To get a higher salary increase only. • C) To impress the School Head during the observation. • D) To finish the school year with the least amount of work possible. • Hint: It's about long-term growth for both teacher and student. ________________________________________ Answer Key: 1. A | 2. A | 3. A | 4. A | 5. A | 6. A | 7. A | 8. A | 9. A | 10. A ________________________________________

LESSON 4. Cellular Respiration • Define cellular respiration • Identify the stages of clan respiration You have just learned how the energy from the sun is captured, processed, and stored in the form of glucose. Cellular respiration, another important life process, is the means by which cells release the stored energy in glucose to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The primary goal of this life process is to convert stored energy into usable form, such as ATP, for the cells to carry out their functions. Cellular respiration involves several chemical reactions. The reactions can be summed up in the following equation: C6 H12 O6 + 602 ----- 6 CO₂ +6H₂O + ATP Glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water energy Aerobic respiration reactions, or cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen, can be grouped into three stages glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain (ETC). Stage 1: Glycolysis Glycolysis is the process that breaks down one molecule of 6-C glucose into 3-C pyruvates or pyruvic acids. It also releases four molecules of ATP. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. The following is the step-by-step process of glycolysis. Take note that several enzymes are involved in this process. 1. The first step of glycolysis requires energy. It can only proceed when the two ATP molecules donate energy to the glucose by transferring a phosphate group with the help of an enzyme, producing glucose 6-phosphate 2. Then, a specific enzyme promotes the rearrangement of the atoms, producing the fructose 6-phosphate. 3. The action of the enzyme in step 2 promotes the transfer of a phosphate group from another ATP molecule, forming fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. 4. The resulting fructose 1,6-bisphosphate molecules, with the help of another enzyme, splits into two molecules, each with three carbon backbones. These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. 5. Another important enzyme then rapidly interconverts the molecules of dihydro-xyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This produces two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) 6. The succeeding step involves another enzyme-mediated action. The hydrogen (H) from PGAL is transferred to the oxidizing agent, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which forms NADH. A phosphate (P) is also added from the cytosol of the cell to oxidize the two molecules of PGAL, forming two 1.3-bisphosphoglycerate. 7. A phosphate (P) from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate is transferred to ADP to form ATP. This happens for each of the two 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. resulting to a yield of two ATP and two 3-phosphoglycerate molecules. 8. A phosphate is transferred from 3-phosphoglycerate molecules from the third carbon to the second carbon, forming 2-phosphoglycerate molecules A hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl ((OH) group is released, which then combines to form water (H2O). The removal of H2O from 2-phosphoglycerate results in the formation of 2- phosphoglycerate molecules. 9. A hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl ((OH) group is released, which then combines to form water (H2O). The removal of H2O from 2-phosphoglycerate results in the formation of two phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) 10. Phosphate (P) from PEP is transferred to ADP (and forms ATP) and the final product, pyruvic acid. This reaction yields two molecules of pyruvic acid and two ATP molecules In summary, a single glucose molecule that undergoes the process of glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvic acid, four molecules of ATP, two molecules of NADEL and two molecules of H.O. However, only two molecules of ATP are counted as net products since two molecules of ATP are spent throughout the process. Stage II: Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle, named after its proponent Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, is a cyclical series of enzyme-controlled reactions. This stage of cellular respiration occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. It is sometimes. called the citric acid cycle (CAC) since it produces citric acid. Citric acid contains three carboxyl (COOH) groups; hence, it is also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). This requires the pyruvic acids produced during glycolysis. The main function of this cycle is to produce high-energy-yielding molecules, namely, NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH) that will later on be used in the electron transport chain reaction. Figure 6-7. Summary of glycolysis and corresponding products in each reaction presented (See Appendix F on page 285 for an enlarged and complete version of the image.) An initial process is needed for the Krebs cycle to begin. As a pyruvate molecule from glycolysis enters the mitochondrion, it undergoes an important preliminary ate to form acetyl-CoA reaction. Coenzyme-A (COA) combines with pyruvate help of an enzymatic complex. This conversion also produces CO, and NADH. The Krebs cycle is summarized as follows. Take note that several enzymes are involved in this process. 1. The Krebs cycle technically begins when the acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid (OAA), a 4-C molecule, to produce citric acid, a 6-C molecule. 2. With the aid of an enzyme, the citric acid now goes through a series of reactions that releases energy. Water molecule is removed from the citric acid and is returned in a different location. The-OH group is repositioned, forming the molecule isocitrate. 3. Isocitrate is then oxidized, forming the a-ketoglutarate, a 5-C molecule. The byproducts of this reaction are NADH and CO, 4 The a-ketoglutarate loses its CO, and a coenzyme-A is added in its place. The decarboxylation occurs with the help of NAD, which then becomes NADH. The resulting molecule is called succinyl-CoA. 5. Succinyl-CoA is converted into succinate. Also in this reaction, a molecule of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is synthesized. The GTP molecule has similar structure and energy properties to that of ATP and is used by cells the same way. The free phosphate group attacks the succinyl-CoA molecule, which detaches the COA. Then, phosphate is attached to GDP to come up with GTP, similar to the process that occur in ATP synthesis (from ADP to ATP). 6. Two hydrogens are removed from succinate, A molecule of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), a coenzyme similar to NAD, is reduced to FADH, as it takes the hydrogens from the succinate. This reaction produces the fumarate. 7. Fumarate is then converted into malate as the addition of a water molecule is catalyzed. The final reaction is the regeneration of oxaloacetate. The resulting byproduct of this regeneration is NADH Recall that two pyruvate molecules were produced during glycolysis, causing the Krebs cycle to turn twice. Each tuts produces three molecules of NADH, single ATH one FADIH, and the by-product CO, which is exhaled. Stage III: Electron Transport Chain The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of photon pumps on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Electron transport is the last stage of the cellular respiration. In this stage, the energy from NADH and FADH, from the Krebs cycle is transferred to ADP to produce ATP. This process is generally known as oxidative phosphorylation. This energy coupling mechanism in the cell was revealed by the work of Peter stored energy in the form of proton (1) gradient to phosphorylate (add phosphate) ADP and produce ATP. The pumping of hydrogen sons across the inner membrane creates higher concentration ions in the inner membrane than on the outside of the membrane. This chemiosmotic gradient causes the ions to flow back across the membrane where the concentration of ions is lower. ATP synthase lined in the matrix serve as a channel protein, helping the ions to move across the membrane. The chemiosmotic gradient powers the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, which also occurs in the ATP synthase. After passing through the ETC, the oxygen, being the final hydrogen acceptor, combines with two electrons and two protons, forming a water molecule. Water is a by-product of cellular respiration and is excreted. MINI TEST 6-3 1. Which energy-releasing pathway yields the most ATF in each glucose molecule? 2. Briefly describe the two stages of aerobic respiration that follow glycolysis: (a) Krebs cycle (b) Electron transport chain Anaerobic Respiration Most cells carry out arrobic respiration when oxygen is present. Aerobic respiration is an efficient process that yields a lot of ATP. However, many organisms thrive in mud, marshes, animal gut, canned goods, sewage treatment pond, and deep oceans where oxygen is scarce. Organisms that can live without oxygen are called anaerobes. Cellular respiration that proceeds without the presence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. In the event that the oxygen supply becomes low, aerobic cells also perform fermentation and lactic acid fermentation anaerobic pathways. There are two common anaerobic pathways in these cells, alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. In alcoholic fermentation, ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are produced by some cells using the pyruvate from glycolysis. Each pyruvate molecule is rearranged into acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide, which is eventually released. NADII gives up electrons to acetaldehyde to form ethanol Fermentation is widely used in the industry. Yeast, a fungus used in making bread. can undergo anaerobic respiration. Bakers aux sugar, flour, water, and yeast to form the bread dough. The dough rises due to the carbon dioxide and alcohol released by the yeast cells trapped in air bubbles. Beer and wine manufacturers, we yeast to ferment the sugars in wheat and grape juice, forming alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine. In some cells, glycolysis produces two pyruvates, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Pyruvate itself becomes the final acceptor of the electrons from the NADH that produces the final product: lactate. Oftentimes, this product is called lactic acid. Human skeletal muscles can carry out fermentation when the blood cannot supply the cells with adequate oxygen during strenuous activities. When lactic acid builds up in the muscles, fatigue, burning sensation, and cramps result. Lactic acid will continue to build up until there is adequate supply of oxygen. Lactic acid is then converted back into pyruvate in the liver. Muscles also restore normal functions. Have you ever wondered why milk or cream turns sour after some time? Bacterial cells that undergo fermentation are responsible in producing lactate that turns the milk sour. These bacteria are used in manufacturing yogurt and sour milk products. Fermentation pathways do not breakdown and utilize the glucose completely. ATP is no longer produced beyond the process of glycolysis. Thus, energy produced is just enough for some single-celled organisms, or the energy can only be used by multicellular organisms for a short period.

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