Language change is bad

Hindi, Urdu, Persian are ________________

New words or Changing words are examples of what type of language change?

Merging vowels are examples of what type of language change?

Indo-european language has _____________ living languages

Indo european includes language throughout Europe and much of Asia

Largest language family in the world

Russian, Greek, German are ________________

Spanish, French, Latin are ________________

The Indo-European languages share a common ancestor that we call

Proto-Indo-European was using the comparative method? Which of the choices explains the comparative method?

Languages used for comparative analysis of Indo-european

Languages used for comparative analysis of Indo-european

Languages used for comparative analysis of Indo-european

Languages used for comparative analysis of Indo-european

Farming and agriculture is prominent in the folklore of many Indo-European cultures.. What evidence is this?

Artifacts of a warrior people whose migration patterns seem to match the spread of Indo-European languages. What evidence is this?

Words associated with farming (e.g., ‘plow’, ‘wheat’, ‘barley’) are unusually consistent across the Indo-European languages.. What evidence is this?

European groups who speak Indo-European languages share similar genetic markers to people in Central Asia. What evidence is this?

In other parts of the world, several language families spread along with the spread of agriculture. What evidence is this?

Words related to the technological innovations associated with the Kurgans (e.g., ‘wheel’, ‘yoke’, ‘axle’) are unusually consistent across Indo-European languages. What evidence is this?

The proto-indo-europeans were a group of peaceful people who spread the language as they conquered the surrounding lands

The proto-indo-europeans were a group of peaceful people who spread with the advent of farming

Thought to be second oldest piece of Latin writing

Romans speak Latin

All languages that are evolved from Latin are the Romance Languages

Latin spread as the ________________ and ________________ language throughout the Roman Empire.

The common people spoke __________ dialects of Latin that differed from the official written form.

As the empire declined, Romans abandoned many areas they had formerly occupied leaving many independent states which led to struggles over territory

Without the Roman Empire standardizing language, the vulgar dialects of Latin evolved separately.

Some languages became the standard language of their country or region.  Example

Dalmatian is an extinct language

Invention of ________________  made the standard languages more uniform.

_______________ is the 5th most spoken language in the world

French has _________ million native speakers and __________ million non native speakers

Celtic influence in Europe waned with the rise and expansion of the ______________

In the 3rd century BCE, ______________ cultures dominated much of Europe.

Europe included the region known as  ______________ , encompassing modern day France, Belgium, Switzerland, and northern Italy.

With the Roman conquest and occupation of Gaul, the Celtic languages spoken there began to die out as Latin took over.

The name “French” comes from the Franks, a Germanic people from northern Europe.

In the 5th century CE, a line of Frankish kings called the ________________ conquered and united the Franks and Romans of Gaul.

By the mid 6th century CE the territory of the Merovingian Franks was the largest in Europe.

The Merovingian dynasty lasted until the mid 8th century CE, when it was replaced by the _________________ dynasty.

The Carolingian dynasty included the reign of Charlemagne, a.k.a. _______________

a. The Carolingian Empire only lasted until 888 CE, but left a lasting legacy.

b. Charlemagne was crowned “Emperor in Rome” by Pope Leo III, founding the long-lasting HolyRoman Empire.

c. Though thelanguage of state was Latin, the Latin of Francia was heavily influenced by the Germanic Frankish language.

d. This led to a version of Latin that was no longer mutually intelligible with the versions of Latin spoken elsewhere.

e. This is also where French gets its name.

d. The Latin ofthis time is now referred to as ______________.

a. Charlemagne created an expansive medieval Christian kingdom.

b. Latin was the official language, though various Germanic and Celtic languages were also spoken by the people in the empire.

World-wide language

_______________ brought Latin to the Iberian Peninsula

What is Romans province called as ___________________

Various tribes native to Iberia were living there, along with Greek and Carthaginian colonists. They spoke languages such as

Various tribes native to Iberia were living there, along with Greek and Carthaginian colonists. They spoke languages such as

Various tribes native to Iberia were living there, along with Greek and Carthaginian colonists. They spoke languages such as

As the Roman empire declined, Germanic and Iranian peoples moved into Iberia.

The Roman emperor offered the Visigoths _________________ if they dealt with the other invaders.

The Visigoths ruled in Iberia for nearly _______________ years.

Visigoths maintained many ___________ laws and traditions, as well as ____________ ones of their own.

A form of Vulgar Latin was NOT the majority language of the people under their rule.

In 711-716 CE, the Umayyad Caliphate conquered most of Iberia ___________

Iberia would remain under Muslim rule for over _______________ years. This led to a large influence of ____________ on the Latin spoken in Iberia.

Match the Arabic words

Match the Spanish words

From the beginning the Umayyad Caliphate was resisted by the kingdoms already in place.

Over the course of some 750+ years, Christian kingdoms began to assert independence from the “Moors”.

When the First Crusade was called in 1096 CE, the efforts of these Christian kingdoms against the Muslim Moors took on religious fervor.

The two major kingdoms of Christian Iberia, Castile and Aragon, were united in the marriage of _________________ . This is called unification.

a. The Latin spoken by the peoples of Iberia changed significantly over time.

b. By the 10thcentury CE, these changes were significant enough that the language is no longer considered to be Latin.

c. This is the beginning of Old Spanish.

a. With the end of the Reconquista began the “siglo de oro,” a golden age of art and literature in Spain..

b. This marks the beginning of Modern Spanish.

The ultimate reason why ?  Spanish is spoken by so many people in North and South America and the Caribbean.

All the languages of the Germanic family descended from a language we now call ______________

Proto-Germanic was spoken in mainland ________________ and the ________________ Plain from around 500 BCE.

Early Germanic peoples lived in southern Sweden, Denmark, and northern Germany during the ______________ Age

They were tribal pagan peoples, including: _______________

Various Germanic tribes DID NOT war with the Roman Empire at different points throughout history.

What played an important role in the decline and eventual fall of the Western Roman Empire.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, many Germanic tribes moved to Britain that were formerly part of the Roman Empire

Germanic people often warred with each other and the native inhabitants of areas who were under Roman rule, such as the __________

During the ___________ Ages, the Germanic peoples were converted to ______________ .

Who established the Carolingian Empire ruling over most of Western and Central Europe

Because of whose contact with many peoples, their language, Old Norse, influenced many European languages including English and French ?

Who are the Peoples from Scandinavia who raided many areas in Europe from the 8th - 11th centuries CE?

Who are excellent sailors?

Who brought Old English to the British Isles?

English is primarily descended from Old English, a _________________ language.

When did the Romans abandon Britain?

The Anglo-Saxons were peoples from parts of modern Germany and Denmark (Anglia, Saxony, and Jutland) who migrated to Britain.

Anglo Saxon brought their language with them, which we now call Middle English.

Old English was also influenced by ______________

a treaty between the Vikings and Alfred the Great created Danelaw.

Norman French (a Romance language) was the language of the aristocracy in England.

The Norman Invasion was when William the Conqueror who was the Duke of Normandy (France) conquered England

Middle english was NOTinfluenced by Norman French

A wide variety of dialects were spoken and written during the time of Middle English

Second largest language family in the world

Sino Tibetan includes Languages from India–Vietnamese, Laotian, etc.–North and South Korean–Japanese

Mandarin, Cantonese, Hu (Shangainese), Tibetan, Burmese are all presumed to share a common ancestor

Linguists have been able to reconstruct the Proto-Sino-Tibetan language.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan was spoken is a matter of debate, it was spoken in Tibetian Plateau and Sichuan Basin ONLY 

Who Were the Proto-Sino-Tibetan People?

Chinese is one single language.

This is recognized as the “national language” by the People’s Republic of China.

The Chinese language varieties are written using ___________________________

“Han Chinese” is the majority ethnic group in China

Han Chinese system is logographic, meaning each symbol corresponds to roughly one word or concept.

Variants of Hanzi writing system are used throughout the _____________

Match the right writing system

The Shang Dynasty is the recent Chinese dynasty?

Shang Dynasty oracle bone pyromancy

Oracle bones are Earliest records of Chinese writing, also known as 

Vast increase in bronze working, including bronze inscriptions. In which dynasty ?

Bronze inscriptions

a. Characters would be carved into casting molds before the bronze was poured.

b. Characters would also be inscribed directly into the bronze.

Longest dynastic reign in Chinese history.

Old Chinese was the language of state in which dynasties

Categorize the right things happened in the below periods

End of ________________ marks the end of Classical Chinese literature.

The state of ___________ won the conflict of the warring states. This established the first imperial dynasty of China.

The Qin had developed their own version of the Chinese writing system. They spread it throughout China as the imperial standard. What writing system is this ? 

Beginning of classical chinese was during this dynasty

First textual evidence of regional variation in Chinese was during this dynasty.

What is the first Chinese dictionary of regionalisms. It is largely based on imperial collections of folk songs and sayings from the Zhou and Qin dynasties.

Major dialect regions inferred based on the Fangyan: Identify the below:

a. Northern

b. Western

c. Central

d. Eastern

e. Southern

f. Southeastern

_______________ writing makes it difficult to determine how the spoken language evolved.

The _______________ rhyme dictionary was created, which includes symbols to guide in “proper” pronunciation.

A time of flourishing arts and culture. Also, led to divergent linguistic, poetic, and literary norms in North and South.

Buddhism spread throughout China. As Buddhism gained in popularity, it provided a unifying force, during which dynasty ?

During this dynasty ,

a. it introduced scholars to Sanskrit and the linguistic traditions of India.

b. Scholars became more aware of how their language and pronunciation differed.

c. Began toanalyze sounds of their languages.

During this Dynasty, Yunjing rhyme tables were introduced 

During this dynasty ,

a. China proper unified under one emperor again.

b. Emperor Wen converted to Buddhism to help unify the empire religiously and culturally.

c. Chinese culture became largely Buddhist, facilitating the influence of Sanskrit and Indian grammatical tradition.

This dynasty marks the official beginning of Early Middle Chinese

During this Dynasty

b. Middle Chinese was the language of state.

c.The time of“Literary Chinese”.

d. Poetry wasespecially valued.

Organized characters by first sound and by rhyme. Which rhyme table does this refer to ? 

Yuan Dyansty, Kublai Khan commissioned a single writing system for all of his empire, now called the ’Phags-pa script.

a. Created by a Tibetan monk.

b. Used during Yuan dynasty for official edicts.

________________ is a term for a number of Sinitic language varieties spoken in the People’s Republic of China

The People’s Republic of China officially recognizes many ethnic and linguistic groups from various language families!

Different Languages ?

Different dialects of one Chinese language?

The spoken word lives on what linguists call a _________________