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Los fines de semana de Paula
Quiz by Laurence Croizer
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Los fines de semana: 'ir' (present), 'ir' + a + infinitive (future)¿Qué haces durante los fines de semana?Durante la semana, voy a la escuela de lunes a viernes. AllÃ, paso mucho tiempo con mis amigos. A veces, después de las clases, vamos al parque a jugar al fútbol. Tenemos práctica los martes y jueves. Jugamos porque nos gusta el deporte y nos ayuda a mantenernos en forma. Por otro lado, los miércoles y los viernes después de la escuela, voy a estudiar a la biblioteca con mi mejor amiga, MarÃa. Leemos y hacemos tareas juntas porque creemos que aprender es más divertido y fácil cuando lo hacemos juntas. Durante los fines de semana, los sábados por la mañana, voy a clases de guitarra. Me encanta la música y me ayuda a relajarme. Mi hermano mayor me acompaña algunas veces. Por la tarde, generalmente voy al cine con mi familia. Nos gusta ver pelÃculas juntos; es una excelente manera de pasar el tiempo y compartir. Los domingos por la mañana, me gusta caminar con mi perro en el parque porque disfruto de la naturaleza y me gusta mantenerme activo. Después de eso, usualmente, voy a la casa de mi abuela a comer con toda la familia. Nos reunimos para pasar tiempo juntos, compartir nuestras experiencias de la semana y disfrutar de la deliciosa comida de mi abuela. Por la noche, me preparo para la escuela y el comienzo de una nueva semana.En la entrevista estructurada se hacen preguntas especÃficas y ______. En la entrevista no estructurada se permite una conversación más ______. La efectividad de la entrevista depende de la habilidad del ______. Uno de los sesgos en la entrevista es la respuesta social ______ del entrevistado. La entrevista a profundidad busca obtener una comprensión ______ del entrevistado. Las entrevistas a profundidad permiten explorar matices que no capturan los ______. Una desventaja de las entrevistas a profundidad es el mayor tiempo y ______ de realización. En la entrevista a profundidad, el entrevistador debe ser persuasivo, paciente y ______. La entrevista a profundidad puede ayudar a formular posibles ______ al problema de investigación. Según Hurtado (2000), en la observación participante, el investigador se incorpora al grupo como un sujeto ______. La observación natural ocurre cuando el observador ya forma parte del grupo a ______. La observación artificial ocurre cuando el observador se integra al grupo con fines de ______. En una entrevista a profundidad, las preguntas deben empezar siendo ______. En la entrevista estructurada se emplean preguntas ______ que siguen un orden especÃfico. Las entrevistas estructuradas son útiles para recopilar datos ______. La entrevista estructurada reduce la influencia del ______ en los resultados. En la entrevista estructurada, las respuestas deben codificarse con ______ numéricos. La entrevista estructurada permite una evaluación personalizada y objetiva del ______. En la entrevista no estructurada, el entrevistador hace preguntas ______. Las entrevistas no estructuradas son útiles para explorar temas complejos y ______. Una desventaja de la entrevista no estructurada es la poca comparabilidad entre diferentes ______. El análisis de documentos consiste en revisar y evaluar sistemáticamente documentos ______. El análisis de documentos se utiliza como técnica ______ a otras como entrevistas u observación. En el análisis de documentos, se deben identificar patrones, tendencias e interpretar los ______ recopilados.Q3 - Unidad Repaso ¿Qué haces los fines semana?(grupo)Los judÃos en Europa Oriental a fines del S XIXJack-o-Lanterns What Is a Jack-o'-Lantern? Carved pumpkins are called jack-o'- lanterns. Jack-o'-lanterns are used to decorate for Halloween. People started carving jack-o'-lanterns more than a hundred years ago. At first, people didn't carve pumpkins. They used other vegetables instead. An old fable from Ireland may tell how people began carving jack-o'-lanterns. The fable is about a man named Stingy Jack, who liked to play tricks on everyone. When he died, he was cursed to walk in darkness forever. He carved a turnip and put a light inside. His ghost was known as "Jack of the Lantern," and then "Jack-o'-lantern." Modern Jack-o'-Lanterns The Stingy Jack fable later became part of a night called All Hallows' Eve. In Europe, people lit fires and dressed up to keep away ghosts. In Ireland and England, people carved scary faces on vegetables and placed a light inside. All Hallows' Eve later became known as Halloween. When jack-o'-lantern carving was brought to the United States, people started using pumpkins. About 1.5 billion pounds (more than 680 million kg) of pumpkins are grown in the United States each year. Carving Jack-o'-Lanterns Carving pumpkins is fun for people of all ages. Smooth pumpkins work well for jack-o'-lanterns. Some people buy carving kits, while others carve without any help. First, with help from a parent, cut a hole in the top of the pumpkin to make a lid. Next, scoop out the inside flesh and seeds. Draw a design on the pumpkin, and then carve it carefully. After the pumpkin is carved, place a candle or other light inside. Finally, put the pumpkin lid back on toÑ€. Jack-o'-Lantern Events Many cities have events to show off their carved pumpkins. In Hudson Valley, New York, jack-o'-lanterns make up a big display with spooky sounds and music. Pumpkins are used to make snakes, dinosaurs, and a dome carved with twinkling stars. A huge display in Los Angeles, California, has pumpkin cars and dinosaurs, and pumpkin carvings of famous people. The artists carve their pumpkins at the event while people watch. A town in New Hampshire broke a world record for the most lit jacko'-lanterns. The town had thirty thousand jack-o'-lanterns lit at once! The Tradition Continues. Carving pumpkins into jack-o'- lanterns is a fun holiday activity. However they are carved, jack-о'- lanterns are a sure sign that Halloween is around the corner.Ions Ions are charged substances that have formed through the gain or loss of electrons. Cations form from the loss of electrons and have a positive charge while anions form through the gain of electrons and have a negative charge. Cation Formation Cations are the positive ions formed by the loss of one or more electrons. The most commonly formed cations of the representative elements are those that involve the loss of all of the valence electrons. Consider the alkali metal sodium (Na) . It has one valence electron in the n=3 energy level. Upon losing that electron, the sodiu ion now has an octet of electrons from the second energy level and a charge of 1+ . The electron arrangement of the sodium ion is now the same as that of the noble gas neon. Consider a similar process with magnesium and aluminum. In this case, the magnesium atom loses its two valence electrons in order to achieve the same arrangement as the noble gas neon and a charge of 2+ . The aluminum atom loses its three valence electrons to have the same electron arrangement as neon and a charge of 3+ . For representative elements under typical conditions, three electrons is usually the maximum number that will be los. Representative elements will not lose electrons beyond their valence because they would have to "break" the octet of the previous energy level which provides stability to the ion. Anions Anions are the negative ions formed from the gain of one or more electrons. When nonmetal atoms gain elections, they often do so until their outermost principal energy level achieves an octet. For fluorine, which has an electron arrangement of (2, 7), it only needs to gain one electron to have the same electron arrangement as neon. Forming an octet (eight electrons in the outer shell) provides stability to the atom. Fluorine will gain one electron and have a charge of 1− . The electron arrangement of the fluoride ion (2, 8) will also change to reflect the gain of an electron. Oxygen has an electron arrangement of (2, 6) and needs to gain two electrons to fill the n=2 energy level and achieve an octet of electrons in the outermost shell. The oxide ion will have a charge of 2− as a result of gaining two electrons. Under typical conditions, three electrons is the maximum that will be gained in the formation of anions. Subatomic Particles in an Ion Since ions form from the gain or loss of electrons, we can also look at the number of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) found in an ion. Remember that the number of protons determines the identity of the element and will not change in a chemical process. Example 2.5.1 How many protons, neutrons, and electrons in a single oxide (O2−) ion? Solution Oxygen has the atomic number 8 so both the atom and the ion will have 8 protons. The average atomic mass of oxygen is 16. Therefore, there will be 8 neutrons (atomic mass−atomic number=neutrons) . A neutral oxygen atom would have 8 electrons. However, the anion has gained two electrons so O2− has 10 electrons. We can also use information about the subatomic particles to determine the identity of an ion. Example 2.5.2 An ion with a 2+ charge has 18 electrons. Determine the identity of the ion. Solution If an ion has a 2+ charge then it must have lost electrons to form the cation. If the ion has 18 electrons and the atom lost 2 to form the ion, then the neutral atom contained 20 electrons. Since it was neutral, it must also have had 20 protons. Therefore the element is calcium. Polyatomic Ions A polyatomic ion is an ion composed of two or more atoms that have a charge as a group (poly = many). The ammonium ion (see figure below) consists of one nitrogen atom and four hydrogen atoms. Together, they comprise a single ion with a 1+ charge and a formula of NH+4 . The hydroxide ion (see figure below) contains one hydrogen atom and one oxygen atom with an overall charge of 1− . The carbonate ion (see figure below) consists of one carbon atom and three oxygen atoms and carries an overall charge of 2− . The formula of the carbonate ion is CO2−3 . The atoms of a polyatomic ion are tightly bonded together and so the entire ion behaves as a single unit. The figures below show several examples. Soult Screenshot 2-2-1.png Figure 2.5.1 : The ammonium ion (NH+4) is a nitrogen atom (blue) bonded to four hydrogen atoms (white). Soult Screenshot 2-2-2.png Figure 2.5.2 : The hydroxide ion (OH−) is an oxygen atom (red) bonded to a hydrogen atom. Soult Screenshot 2-2-3.png Figure 2.5.3 : The carbonate ion (CO2−3) is a carbon atom (black) bonded to three oxygen atoms. The table below lists a number of polyatomic ions by name and by structure. The heading for each column indicates the charge on the polyatomic ions in that group. Note that the vast majority of the ions listed are anions - there are very few polyatomic cations. 1− 2− 3− 1+ Table 2.5.1 : Common Polyatomic Ions acetate, CH3COO− carbonate, CO2−3 arsenate, AsO3−3 ammonium, NH+4 bromate, BrO−3 chromate, CrO2−4 phosphite, PO3−3 chlorate, ClO−3 dichromate, Cr2O2−7 phosphate, PO3−4 chlorite, ClO−2 hydrogen phosphate, HPO2−4 cyanide, CN− oxalate, C2O2−4 dihydrogen phosphate, H2PO−4 peroxide, O2−2 hydrogen carbonate, HCO−3 silicate, SiO2−3 hydrogen sulfate, HSO−4 sulfate, SO2−4 hydrogen sulfide, HS− sulfite, SO2−3 hydroxide, OH− hypochlorite, ClO− nitrate, NO−3 nitrite, NO−2 perchlorate, ClO−4 permanganate, MnO−4 The vast majority of polyatomic ions are anions, many of which end in -ate or -ite. Notice that in some cases such as nitrate (NO−3) and nitrite (NO−2) , there are multiple anions that consist of the same two elements. In these cases, the difference between the ions is the number of oxygen atoms present, while the overall charge is the same. As a class, these are called oxyanions. When there are two oxyanions for a particular element, the one with the greater number of oxygen atoms gets the -ate suffix, while the one with the fewer number of oxygen atoms gets the -ite suffix. The four oxyanions of chlorine are shown below, which also includes the use of the prefixes hypo- and per-. ClO− , hypochlorite ClO−2 , chlorite ClO−3 , chlorate ClO−4 , perchlorate Not your usual ion Soult Screenshot 2-2-4.png "Drink you milk. It's good for your bones." We're told this from early childhood, and with good reason. Milk contains a good supply of calcium, part of the structure of bone. However, there are two other ionic components of hydroxyapatite, the mineral component. Phosphate ion and hydroxide ion make up the remainder of the inorganic material in bone. News You Can Use Bone is a very complex structure. It is composed of protein (mainly collagen), hydroxyapatite (a calcium-phosphate-hydroxide mixture), some other minerals, and contains 10 - 20% water. The calcium/phosphate ratios are not stoichiometric, but vary somewhat from one portion of bone to the next. Bones are very strong but will break under enough stress. Regular exercise and proper nutrition help to increase bone strength. Watch a video about bone structure at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9owEvYdouk Nitrate is an anion with a complex bonding structure. Major sources for this ion in drinking water are runoff from fertilizer, septic tank leakage, sewage, and natural deposits. High concentrations of nitrates represent a significant health hazard, especially to infants. The nitrate in the body is converted to nitrite, which then binds to hemoglobin. This binding decreases the ability of hemoglobin to transport oxygen, thus depriving the cells of the O2 needed for proper functioning. Cyanide production is widespread throughout nature. Forest fires will produce significant amounts of cyanide. Many plants contain cyanide, and it is produced by a number of bacteria, algae, and fungi. Cyanide is used industrially in metal finishing, iron and steel mills, and in organic synthesis processes. This material is also an important component for the refining of precious metals. Formation of a complex between cyanide and gold allows extraction of this metal from a mixture.