Main Idea vs Purpose of the Passage

Among the environmental specters confronting humanity in the 21^st century – global warming, the destruction of rain forests, overfishing of the oceans – a shortage of fresh water is at the top of the list, particularly in the developing world. Hardly a month passes without a new study making another alarming prediction, further deepening concern over what a World Bank expert calls the “grim arithmetic of water.” Recently the United Nations said that 2.7 billion people would face severe water shortages by 2025 if consumption continuous at current rates. Fears about a parched future arise from a projected growth of world population from more than six billion today to an estimated nine billion in 2050. Yet the amount of fresh water on Earth is not increasing. Nearly 97 percent of the planet’s water is salt water in seas and oceans. Close to 2 percent of Earth’s water is frozen in polar ice sheets and glaciers, and a fraction of one percent is available for drinking, irrigation, and industrial use.

Gloomy water news, however, is not just a thing of the future: Today an estimated 1.2billion people drink unclean water, and about 2.5 billion lack proper toilets or sewerage systems. More than five million people die each year from water-related diseases such as cholera and dysentery. All over the globe farmers and municipalities are pumping water out of the ground faster than it can be replenished.

     Still, as I discovered on a two-month trip to Africa, India, and Spain, a host of individuals, organizations, and businesses are working to solve water’s dismal arithmetic.

The subject matter discussed in the passage is.....

Malnutrition among children in refugee is a critical public health concern due to the heightened vulnerability. The rate of malnutrition in refugees’ camp needs to be viewed as not just a health issue but as a serious protection and access to basic rights failure. The magnitude of acute malnutrition among refugee camps in Ethiopia is relatively well-documented. A nutritional survey done in 2014 among south Sudanese refugee camps showed that the prevalence of acute malnutrition was almost two-fold the emergency threshold of 15%.

        Acute malnutrition is not only a condition that kills but also has long term health and developmental consequences among recovered children after receiving appropriate treatment. These long-term consequences include an increased risk of stunted growth, impaired cognitive development and a greater chance of developing non-communicable diseases in adulthood. This demonstrates that it is of utmost importance to invest not only in the treatment of acute malnutrition but also in its prevention.

       The problem, as well as the solution to malnutrition, is multi-faceted. In addition to an actual shortage of food; poor sanitation, a lack of available potable water, caring practices and insufficient health services are all significant factors contributing to the population’s overall nutritional status and health. There is no single silver bullet that will instantly eradicate malnutrition from the refugee camps but only through a holistic approach and strong group effort. Effective policies and programs to alleviate malnutrition requires an understanding of the determinants of acute malnutrition in the refugee camps.

What is the main idea of the passage?

The most common of tsunamis are underneath quakes. To understand underwater-earthquakes, you may first understand plate tectonics. The theory of plate tectonics suggests the lithosphere or top layer of the Earth, is made up of a series of huge plates. There plates make up the continents and seafloor. They rest on underlying viscous layer called the asthenosphere.

       Think of a pie cut into eight slices. The pie crust would be the lithosphere and the hot sticky pie filling underneath would be the asthenosphere. On the Earth, these plates are constantly in motion, moving along each other at a speed of 1 to 2 inches (2,5centimetres) per year. The movement occurs most dramatically along fault lines(where the pie is cut). These motions are capable of producing earthquakes and volcanism, which when they occur at the bottom of the ocean, are two possible sources of tsunamis.

       When two plates come into region known as a plate boundary, a heavier plate can slip under a lighter one. This is called subduction. Underwater subduction often leaves enormous “handprint” in the form of deep ocean trenches along the seafloor. In some cases of subduction, part of the seafloor connected to the lighter plate may “snap up” suddenly due to pressure from sinking plate. This result is an earthquake. The focus of earthquake is the point within the Earth when the rupture first occurs, rock break, and the first seismic is the point on the seafloor directly above the focus.

      When this piece of the plate snaps up and sends tons of rock shooting upward with tremendous force, the energy of that force is transferred to the water. The energy pushes to the water upward above normal sea level. This is the birth of a tsunami. The earthquake that generated the December 26, 2004 tsunami in the Indian ocean was 9.0 on the richer scale –one of the biggest in recorded history.

Which of the following best states the topic of this text?

Recycling is a collection, processing, and reuse of materials that would otherwise be thrown away. Materials ranging from precious metals to broken glass, from old newspapers to plastic spoons, can be recycled. The recycling process reclaims the original material and uses it in new products.

In general, using recycled materials to make new products costs less and requires less energy than using new materials. Recycling can also reduce pollution, either by reducing the demand for high-pollution alternatives or by minimizing the amount of pollution produced during the manufacturing process.

Paper products that can be recycled include cardboard containers, wrapping paper, and office paper. The most commonly recycled paper product is newsprint. In newspaper recycling, old newspapers are collected and searched for contaminants such as plastic bags and aluminum foil. The paper goes to a processing plant where it is mixed with hot water and turned into pulp in a machine that works much like a big kitchen blender. The pulp is screened and filtered to remove smaller contaminants. The pulp then goes to a large vat where the ink separates from the paper fibers and floats to the surface. The ink is skimmed off, dried and reused as ink or burned as boiler fuel. The cleaned pulp is mixed with new wood fibers to be made into paper again.

Experts estimate the average office worker generates about 5 kg of wastepaper per month. Every ton of paper that is recycled saves about 1.4 cu m (about 50 cu ft) of landfill space. One ton of recycled paper saves 17 pulpwood trees (trees used to produce paper).

The purpose of the text is to…

What you need:

1)   Your Smartphone

2)    Wi-Fi Connection

Steps to connect to a network:

1)   Tap settings.

2)   Tap Wi-Fi.

3)    Turn on the Wi-Fi, your smartphone will automatically search for available Wi-Fi networks.

Tap the name of your desired Wi-Fi network:

- If the network is not password-protected, a check-mark will appear to the right of the network if your smartphone is connected to the network.

- If the network is password-protected, you will be prompted to enter the password. A check-mark will appear to the right of the network if your smartphone is connected to the network.

If your desired network does not appear, it is possible that your network is hidden:

®   Tap other.

®   Enter the exact name of the network.

If it exists, you will be prompted to enter the password. A check-mark will appear to the right of the network if your smartphone is connected to the network.

After reading the text, the reader will be able to ...

EXAM INFORMATION AND PROCEDURE

The following section provides useful information concerning exam formats, procedure and student responsibilities before, during and after examinations.

Please note this information is further supported by Northumbria University Assessment Regulations, Policies and Procedures

During the exam

- Listen to all instructions and announcements by invigilators and follow instructions carefully as they will contain important information regarding both the detail of the examination and the expected responsibilities of students until they have left the venue.

- Do not communicate with any other candidate during the examination. Students should note that this is not restricted to verbal communications and includes any attempt to copy from another student’s work or allow their work to be copied from them.

- Unauthorized communication between students will be dealt with in accordance with the academic misconduct procedure

- Do not access any device or material that is not permitted in the exam.

- Unauthorized access to any devices or material that are not permitted will result in evidence being confiscated and dealt with in accordance with the academic misconduct procedure.

At the end of the exam

- A coordinating invigilator will announce to the room when the exam has twenty minutes remaining, five minutes remaining and when the examination is ended. Students should note these announcements to ensure they are prepared and all documents that need to be submitted are filled in appropriately.

- Students are under examination conditions and should remain in silence when the examination is ended listening to all closing instructions made by the invigilators.

- After the closing announcement invigilators will collect all required examinations materials.

- No communication, verbal or otherwise is permitted during this period.

- Any unauthorized communication between students before permission has been given to leave the examination venue may be dealt with in accordance with the academic misconduct procedure

Students will be specifically instructed when they have permission to leave the venue and are no longer under exam conditions.

The text above tells you about . . .

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Pair the words!

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