1.       Humans lived withdomesticated dogs for over thousands of years which resulted in many breeds ofdogs. Humans bred some dogs to have thick coats to keep the dogs warm in coldclimates while other dogs have thick coats that live in warm climates.

Which evidencesupports the claim that dogs inherit these characteristics?

·      A. During mitosis,mutations occurred, and the offspring's DNA stored this information.

·      B. As dogs digestedfood, mutations occurred that changed the dog's physical appearance.

·      C. Since dogs livedclosely in contact with humans, the dog's genetic information remained thesame.

·      D. During meiosis,new combinations of genetic information occurred, and the offspring's genesexpressed this information.

The correct answer is:

. Students aredeveloping a model to show how electromagnetic radiations transfers from theSun to Earth.

What are theenergy production and transfer mechanisms that move energy towards Earth? Placeeach term into the diagram of the sun.

6. Students areobserving Onion root tip cells under a microscope. They look at a moremagnified view and then look at a less magnified view.

Which three statements canthe students use to support the claim that Mitosis helps the Onion to grow?

A.     Not all cells undergomitosis at the same rate, allowing for steady, controlled growth

B.     A cell divides into twoidentical cells, ensuring no differences in their genetic makeup

C.    The cells that are in theprocess of mitosis are small, allowing room for two new cells

D.    The cells that are notactively dividing are incapable of carrying out the life processes of theorganism

E.      More outer layer cells thaninner layer cells undergo mitosis, allowing for the size of the root tip toincrease

8. The energy the sun produces varies depending on thestage of development. This also changes the elements found in the sun. Themodel shows part of the life cycle of a low mass-star like the sun.

How does energy production and the elements present inthe star change during the life cycle? Place each piece of data into the modelnext to the correct stage of the life cycle.

Use theinformation to answer the question.

The pronghorn isfast! It is thefastest animal in North America. It can run almost as fast as a car on thehighway.

Today, there aremany pronghorns, but that might change. Long periods without rain make it hardfor pronghorns to survive.

The model showsthe food web for pronghorns:

Question: Why do long periods without rain make ithard for pronghorns to survive?

A. Coyotes eatmore mice. B. There are fewer grasses. ✅ (Correctanswer) C. There are fewer coyotes. D. Rabbits drink more water.

Question: How does the amount of carbon in other Earthsystems change because of burning fossil fuels? Move one label next to each Earth system.

Table:

Earth System

Change in Carbon Levels

Atmosphere

Biosphere

Geosphere

Hydrosphere

23.Increasing levels of greenhouse gases in theatmosphere are bringing changes to Earth's systems.

How are the factors labeled in the diagram affected byclimate change? Use the arrows to show an increase with the up arrow, adecrease with the down arrow, and the equal sign for no change.

. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap heat as it tries to leave Earth, causing global warming. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide from the burning of fossilfuels, the removal of trees to clear land, and respiration.

What two effects would a reduction in the burning of fossil fuels have on biodiversity?

☐ A. The end of global warming would increase ecosystems’ ability to support biodiversity. ☐ B. The improved air quality would support the health and survival of more types of organisms. ☐ C. The increased acidity in oceans would lead to food webs that fail to support biodiversity. ☐ D. The reduced melting of polar ice caps would preserve habitats for diverse populations of organisms. ☐ E. The increase in shifting weather patterns would change habitats and decrease biodiversity in some areas.

30. The table shows three different scenarios modeling the concentration ofCO₂ in the atmosphere by the year 2100. The average concentration of CO₂ in2016 was 403 ppm.

Scenario

Energy Sources

Projected CO₂ Concentration (ppm)

A

Fossil fuels, green energy

717

B

Mostly fossil fuels

856

C

Mostly green energy

549

How would eachscenario most likely affect the rate of sea ice melting in 2100 compared to2016? Move one description under each scenario in the table.

Scenario A

Scenario B

Scenario C

31. Use the balanced equation to answer the question.

C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6+ 6\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O}C6 H12 O6 +6O2 →6CO2 +6H2 O

How manymolecules of C₆H₁₂O₆ areneeded to produce 18 molecules of CO₂?

 A. 3

 B. 9

 C. 12

 D. 18

32.  Use the information to answer the question.

People often use hot packs to keep their hands warm. People can use cold packs to help them stay cool on hot days. A company investigates chemical reactions that would be suitable for a hot pack and a cold pack. An energy diagram shows changes in bond energy throughout a chemical reaction.

Which energy diagram would be suitable for each application? Move a graph to each application.

35. How doesthe amount of water on Earth stay balanced? One major cause of water levelchange is the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps. Match the Earth systemand type of change that is most affected by this melting.

Earth System

Change to Earth’s System

Atmosphere

Geosphere

Hydrosphere

Choices to place:

·      Increased flooding

·      Increased sea level

·      Higher humidity in the air

36. Thediagram shows some of the elements of the periodic table. Students are using itto help decide how different elements form.

Elements shown:

·      He (Helium, 2)

·      C (Carbon, 6)

·      Fe (Iron, 26)

·      U (Uranium, 92)

Which elements dostars produce during each stage? Move the elements each stage produces intothe table.

Supernova Only

Both Supernova and Main Sequence

Elements to sort:

·      Carbon (C)

·      Helium (He)

·      Iron (Fe)

·      Uranium (U)

Photocopiers needelectrostatic forces to work. The toner (colored powder) sticks to a chargedsheet. A student investigates three unknown substances to determine which couldbe used in the charged sheet. He prepares a table of some of the properties ofeach unknown substance.

What is therelative strength of the electric forces between the particles in eachsubstance? Move each word to the table to describe the relative strength of theelectric forces.

Unknown Substance

Boiling Point

Melting Point

Electrical Conductivity in Solid State

Solid Form

Dissolution in Water

Strength of Electric Forces

1

Low

Low

Poor

Brittle

Insoluble

2

High

High

Strong

Which equation is a balanced double replacement reaction?

 A. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O 

B. 2 HCl + NaOH → 2 NaCl +H₂O 

C. 2 HCl + 2 NaOH → 2 NaCl+ H₂O 

D. HCl + 2 NaOH → 2 NaCl +2 H₂O

40. Students are studying the carbon cycle. They draw amodel to show different processes in the carbon cycle. How does carbon change as itmoves through Earth systems? Place each process into themodel to describe the changes to carbon.

42.Students conducted an investigation using yeast and different sugars totest the levels of carbon dioxide produced.

Cellular respiration reaction:

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Investigation Results

Sample

Average CO₂ Production (mL/h)

No yeast (water only)

0.05

No sugar

0.19

Yeast and glucose

8.66

Yeast and lactose

0.27

Yeast and maltose

2.05

Yeast and sucrose

8.63

Which two statements support the claim that all cells undergo cellular respiration to produce energy for life functions?

A. Yeast cells will undergo cellular respiration only in the presence of glucose as its food source.

B. Any of the carbohydrates used in the investigation will provide the sugars necessary to produce all the energy the cells need for life functions.

C. Although sucrose is structurally a mirror image of glucose, cellular respiration with sucrose is inefficient and will not produce sufficient energy.

D. The most carbondioxide is released when glucose is the food source for the growing yeast cellsand glucose is the primary reactant in cellular respiration.

E. The extremely lowlevels of CO₂ in the yeast sample without any sugar indicates no reactionoccurred and the yeast cannot carry out its life functions.

Burmese pythons are a kind of snake. The pythons have been found living in Florida in recent years. They are not native to Florida. The area is hot and humid like the native environment of pythons. The pythons have no predators living in this area. This helps the pythons to survive.

Question: What will most likely happen to the animals in this area that the pythons prey on?

A. The animals will learn to run, swim, or fly away. B. The size of the animal populations will decrease. C. The prey animals will become predators to escape. D. The animals will move to the native environment of the pythons.

The correct answer is:

B. The size of the animal populations will decrease.

Students conducted an investigation using yeast and different sugars to test the levels of carbon dioxide produced.

Cellular respiration reaction:

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Investigation Results

Sample

Average CO₂ Production (mL/h)

No yeast (water only)

0.05

No sugar

0.19

Yeast and glucose

8.66

Yeast and lactose

0.27

Yeast and maltose

2.05

Yeast and sucrose

8.63

Which two statements support the claim that all cells undergo cellularrespiration to produce energy for life functions?

Burmese pythons are a kind of snake. The pythons have been found living in Florida in recent years. They are not native to Florida. The area is hot and humid like the native environment of pythons. The pythons have no predators living in this area. This helps the pythons to survive.

Question: What will most likely happen to the animals in this area that the pythons prey on?

A. The animals will learn to run, swim, or fly away. B. The size of the animal populations will decrease. C. The prey animals will become predators to escape. D. The animals will move to the native environment of the pythons.

The correct answer is:

B. The size of the animal populations will decrease.

A group of students is using the Big Bang theory to explain how the universe formed.

Question: According to the Big Bang theory, how did the Universe form? Move the events into order in the table.

Events to order:

Hydrogen atoms form

First stars form

First galaxies form

The universe begins expanding

Here is the correct order of events according to the Big Bang theory:

Order

Event

1

Universe begins expanding

2

Hydrogen atoms form

3

First stars form

4

First galaxies form

Why is the number of producers usually much greater than the number ofother organisms in an ecosystem?

Yeast cells are capable of anaerobic or aerobic respiration. Two students set up an experiment using a balloon and a flask containing a mixture of yeast, glucose, and water to determine which type of respiration the yeast are using. During the experiment, the yeast mixture bubbled, and the balloon expanded. The students allowed the experiment to run until the yeast mixture stopped bubbling. The students concluded that the yeast respired aerobically at first and then switched to anaerobic respiration. Observations Table: Substance Start of Experiment End of Experiment Glucose Present in flask Absent in flask Carbon Dioxide Not assessed Present in balloon Water Present in flask Present in flask Alcohol Absent in flask Present in flask Oxygen Present in a balloon Absent from balloon Scenario: Students test yeast respiration with glucose and water in a flask with a balloon. Yeast bubbled, and the balloon expanded. The experiment ends when bubbling stops. Question: Which two pieces of evidence support their conclusion (that yeast switched from aerobic to anaerobic respiration)? A. The glucose was used up by the end of the experiment. B. Carbon dioxide was released and made the balloon expand. C. Water was still present in the flask at the end. D. Alcohol was produced during the experiment. E. Oxygen was present at the beginning but not at the end.

A population of coyotes lives in a small valley. The coyotes prey mainly on rabbits. The rabbits eat meadow plants that grow in the valley. Each year, there are about the same number of coyotes, rabbits, and plants in the valley. One year a drought kills about half of the meadow plants.

What effect will the drought have on the coyote population in the valley?

A. It will decrease because the rabbits will decrease.

B. It will stay the same because only the plants are affected.

C. It will increase because there will be more space for them.

D. It will decrease because there will be fewer plants for them.

Students learn that cells manufacture proteins using DNAas the blueprint. They wonder about the protein synthesis process.

How do cells use DNA to produce proteins? Place the stepsbelow in order.

1.       

2.       

3.       

4.       

5.       

Given steps (to be placed in order):

·      A complementary strand of mRNA isformed.

·      A portion of the DNA double helix isunwound.

·      mRNA bonds with a ribosome in thecytoplasm.

·      A chain of amino acids is made by tRNAmolecules.

·      Secondary and tertiary structures areformed by folding.

Here is the correct order of steps in protein synthesis using DNA asthe blueprint:

Step

Process

A portion of the DNA double helix is unwound.

A complementary strand of mRNA is formed. (Transcription)

A chain of amino acids is made by tRNA molecules. (Translation)

Secondary and tertiary structures are formed by folding.

mRNA bonds with a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

The model shows the typical stages of the life cycle of a star. Life Cycle of a Star (Includes diagram showing progression: star-forming nebula → average or massive main-sequence star → red giant or supernova, etc.) Question: Based on the model, what will happen next in the life cycle of the Sun? A. ☐ It will become an average main-sequence star when nuclear fusion begins. B. ☐ It will become a neutron star when its electrons and protons combine into neutrons. C. ☐ It will become a red giant when enough of its hydrogen has been fused into helium. D. ☐ It will become a white dwarf when its outer layers blow away and the core gets hotter and denser

The model shows the typical stages of the life cycle of astar.

Life Cycle of a Star

Question: Based on the model, what will happen next in the life cycle of the Sun?

A. ☐ It will become an average main-sequence star when nuclear fusion begins. B. ☐ It will become a neutron star when its electrons and protons combine into neutrons. C. ☐ It will become a red giant when enough of its hydrogen has been fused into helium. D. ☐ It will become a white dwarf when its outer layers blow away and the core gets hotter and denser.

In a woodland, the bark on most of the trees was dark gray. Over time, a population of moths that lived in the woodland gradually changed from light gray to dark gray.

Which best describes how this change in the moth population was the result of natural selection?

A. ☐ Moths with a dark gray color were able to survive and reproduce because predators had difficulty finding them. B. ☐ Dark gray moths migrated from another area, and their numbers increased because predators had difficulty finding them. C. ☐ The darker moths were more intelligent and learned to rest on darker trees, so these moths survived and reproduced before predators could eat them. D. ☐ Mutations increased the number of dark-colored moths, and these moths were better able to survive and reproduce because predators had difficulty finding them.

An engineer wants to install a solar panel at a certain location where the Sun stays low on the horizon in winter but moves to a higher angle off the horizon in summer. How should the engineer install the panel to produce the most amount of solar energy year-round? A. Curve the surface of the panel so that there are always several cells at an angle of 90° with the sunrays. B. Divide the solar panel in half and set each half at 90° with either the winter sunrays or the summer sunrays. C. ☐ Add a mechanism to the panel that adjusts it daily to be at an angle of 90° with the most intense sunrays of the day. D. ☐ Place the solar panel at an angle of 90° with the summer sunrays because summer is when there is the most daylight.

How does the amount of carbon in other Earth systems change because of burning fossil fuels? Move one label next to each Earth system to describe the change. Earth System Change in Carbon Levels Atmosphere Increases Biosphere Decrease Geosphere Decrease Hydrosphere Increase Labels: • Increases • Decreases • Stays relatively constant

Students investigated motion by using a rubber band to launch a small car across the floor. The motion of the cart is shown in the speed vs. time graph.

·      

Question: Which statement explains the motion of the cart shown in the graph?

A. ☐ Forces acting on the cart were balanced for the entire time shown on the graph. B. ☐ Forces acting on the cart were unbalanced for the entire time shown on the graph. C. ☐ Forces on the cart were balanced until 6   an unbalanced force acted opposite to the direction of motion. D. ☐ Forces on the cart were unbalanced until 6 seconds, when a balanced force acted opposite to the direction of motion.

When a lead nitrate solution is poured into a potassium iodide solution, a bright yellow solid called lead iodide forms. Which is the balanced equation that represents this reaction?

A. Pb(NO₃)₂ + KI → PbI₂ + 2 KNO₃

B. Pb(NO₃)₂ + KI → 2 PbI₂ + KNO₃

C. Pb(NO₃)₂ + 2 KI → PbI₂ + KNO₃

D. Pb(NO₃)₂ + 2 KI → PbI₂ + 2 KNO₃