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1. Humans lived withdomesticated dogs for over thousands of years which resulted in many breeds ofdogs. Humans bred some dogs to have thick coats to keep the dogs warm in coldclimates while other dogs have thick coats that live in warm climates.
Which evidencesupports the claim that dogs inherit these characteristics?
· A. During mitosis,mutations occurred, and the offspring's DNA stored this information.
· B. As dogs digestedfood, mutations occurred that changed the dog's physical appearance.
· C. Since dogs livedclosely in contact with humans, the dog's genetic information remained thesame.
· D. During meiosis,new combinations of genetic information occurred, and the offspring's genesexpressed this information.
The correct answer is:
The diagram showsthe evolutionary relationships among members of the Plant kingdom.
Which two groupsare most closely related?
· A. ferns and mosses
· B.liverworts and mosses
· C. gymnosperms andferns
· D. mosses andangiosperms

The pictures show the surfaces of the planet Mercury and the Moon.

A student builtthis device to prevent an egg from breaking when the device hits the ground.
How does theparachute prevent the egg from breaking?
A. It traps air on top of the egg, which absorbs the impact force
B. It causes a lifting force, which keeps the device from hitting theground
C. It increases air friction, which decreases the speed when the devicehits the ground
D. It provides more potential energy, which lowers the kinetic energy ofthe falling device

. Students aredeveloping a model to show how electromagnetic radiations transfers from theSun to Earth.
What are theenergy production and transfer mechanisms that move energy towards Earth? Placeeach term into the diagram of the sun.
6. Students areobserving Onion root tip cells under a microscope. They look at a moremagnified view and then look at a less magnified view.
Which three statements canthe students use to support the claim that Mitosis helps the Onion to grow?
A. Not all cells undergomitosis at the same rate, allowing for steady, controlled growth
B. A cell divides into twoidentical cells, ensuring no differences in their genetic makeup
C. The cells that are in theprocess of mitosis are small, allowing room for two new cells
D. The cells that are notactively dividing are incapable of carrying out the life processes of theorganism
E. More outer layer cells thaninner layer cells undergo mitosis, allowing for the size of the root tip toincrease
The picture shows two very simple models of the EarthStructure.
Which is the most accurate Model?
A. Model 2 because it showsmultiple layers of the Earth
B. Model 1 because it showsall 3 layers of the Earth equally thick
C. Model 2 because it showsthat the crust is thinner than the outer layers
D. Model 1 because it showsthe multiple layers of the Earth in the correct order

10. A group ofstudents is using big bang theory to explain how the Universe formed.
According to bigbang theory, how did the Universe form? Move the events into order in thetable.
Table of Events(unordered):
1. Hydrogen atoms form
2. First stars form
3. First galaxies form
4. Universe begins expanding

8. The energy the sun produces varies depending on thestage of development. This also changes the elements found in the sun. Themodel shows part of the life cycle of a low mass-star like the sun.
How does energy production and the elements present inthe star change during the life cycle? Place each piece of data into the modelnext to the correct stage of the life cycle.
12. Two metalblocks of different temperatures are put in contact with one another in aclosed system. The top block is at Ttop = 0°C, and the bottom block is at T<sub>bottom</sub>= 40°C.
Top metal block: 0°C Bottom metal block: 40°C
What will happento the temperatures of the blocks after a long period of time?
A. T top = Tbottom B. Ttop>bottom C. Ttop = 0°C; Tbottom = 0°C D. Ttop= 40°C; Tbottom = 40°C

Use theinformation to answer the question.
The pronghorn isfast! It is thefastest animal in North America. It can run almost as fast as a car on thehighway.
Today, there aremany pronghorns, but that might change. Long periods without rain make it hardfor pronghorns to survive.
The model showsthe food web for pronghorns:
Question: Why do long periods without rain make ithard for pronghorns to survive?
A. Coyotes eatmore mice. B. There are fewer grasses. ✅ (Correctanswer) C. There are fewer coyotes. D. Rabbits drink more water.
Question: Why do long periods without rain make ithard for pronghorns to survive?
A. Coyotes eat moremice. B. There are fewer grasses. coyotes. C. There are fewer coyotes. D. Rabbits drink more water.

Use theinformation to answer the question. There may be similar information in otherquestions.
A group ofstudents live in a town in Oklahoma. The town did not have frequent earthquakesin the past. However, in the last few years the town has started to havemultiple earthquakes a day. The students wonder how they can use evidence toidentify the cause of the earthquakes and if they can prevent the earthquakesfrom happening.
The studentsthink that injecting wastewater from oil drilling is causing theincrease in earthquakes in their town. They want to find a way to reduce thenumber of earthquakes that meets the needs of the town. The students gatherinformation about the town’s criteria and oil drilling in the area to helpevaluate potential solutions.
Criteria:
· reduces the amount of wastewater injected into sensitive areas
· has minimal negative impact on the environment
· has no significant negative impact on the economy of the town
Oil Drilling inOklahoma:
· Year oil exploration started: 1897
· Number of active oil wells in Oklahoma: over 100,000
· Number of retired oil wells in Oklahoma: over 350,000
· Number of people in Oklahoma with jobs related to the oil industry:around 425,000
One studentsuggests that the town should stop all oil drilling to decrease the number ofearthquakes in the area.
Why is thissuggestion an unreasonable solution to the problem?
A. The economiceffect on the town would likely be too large. B. People in the town would not have enoughoil to meet their needs for the next few years. C. Stopping drilling would reduce the amountof oil that natural processes form around the town. D. Stopping drilling would disrupt how carbonnaturally cycles through the environment around the town.

Following theIndustrial Revolution, there was a dramatic change in the coloring of mothsnear the town of Manchester, England, in the 1850s. There were many factories in Manchester thatreleased dark soot and pollution into the air and forests nearby. In the 1950s,the government put air quality control measures into place. The graph shows thepercent of each color variation of peppered moths over time.
Which statementbest describes why the frequencies of dark and light peppered moths changed?
A. Pollution fromthe factories resulted in the widespread death of both light-colored anddark-colored moths. B. Soot from the factories darkened trees,making dark moths harder to see and less vulnerable to predation. C. Emissions from the factories made the skydark, so the moths changed color to be better hidden during flight. D. Greenhouse gases from the factories madethe surrounding areas warmer, favoring light moths that reflect heat moreeasily.

Students will usea stream table to investigate the ability of water to transport materials, asshown in the diagram.
Students'Question: How does the slope of a stream affect thetransportation of pebbles?
Plan:
1. Place pebbles at the top of a stream table.
2. Pour water into the stream table and observe the pebbles.
3. Repeat 3 times.
4. Change the height of the brick under the table.
5. Repeat this procedure at various heights.
Select the twovariables students must keep constant throughout the entire investigation.
· ☐ A. amount of water
· ☐ B. angle of the stream table
· ☐ C. number of pebbles placed at the top of the stream table
· ☐ D. number of pebbles that flow to the bottom of the stream table

The model showsthe amount of carbon that cycles through Earth’s systems each year (Pg C yr⁻¹). The highlighted numbers and arrows show thechanges due to human activities.
How do humanactivities affect the amount of carbon stored in Earth's systems? Move a plus or minus sign to each box to showwhether human activities cause a net increase (+) or a net decrease (−) in theamount of carbon in that reservoir.

20. Use the periodic table to answer the question.
Question: Which compound is stable?
· A. OF₃
· B. NaF₃
· C. MgF₃
· D. AlF₃

21. Scientistsoften use carbon dating to determine the age of objects such as wood and bone.Carbon dating involves the emission of a beta particle from carbon-14. Themodel shows the beta decay of carbon-14.
Question: How does the number of protons and neutronschange during beta decay? Move the labels to complete the table.
Table:
Nucleus Composition
Change
Number of Protons
Number of Neutrons

Question: How does the amount of carbon in other Earthsystems change because of burning fossil fuels? Move one label next to each Earth system.
Table:
Earth System
Change in Carbon Levels
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
23.Increasing levels of greenhouse gases in theatmosphere are bringing changes to Earth's systems.
How are the factors labeled in the diagram affected byclimate change? Use the arrows to show an increase with the up arrow, adecrease with the down arrow, and the equal sign for no change.
26. A student draws Earth orbiting the Sun and labels Earth’s orbital velocity on January 4. The student needs to use the equation for the orbital velocity of objects in circular orbit to label Earth’s orbital velocity on July 3 and October 3.
v = √(GM/r)
· where v is the orbital velocity, G is the gravitational constant, Mₛᵤₙ is the mass of the Sun, and r is the distance between the Sun and Earth.
Question:
"What is the orbital velocity of Earth on July 3 and October 3? Move one orbital velocity to each remaining date."

. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap heat as it tries to leave Earth, causing global warming. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide from the burning of fossilfuels, the removal of trees to clear land, and respiration.
What two effects would a reduction in the burning of fossil fuels have on biodiversity?
☐ A. The end of global warming would increase ecosystems’ ability to support biodiversity. ☐ B. The improved air quality would support the health and survival of more types of organisms. ☐ C. The increased acidity in oceans would lead to food webs that fail to support biodiversity. ☐ D. The reduced melting of polar ice caps would preserve habitats for diverse populations of organisms. ☐ E. The increase in shifting weather patterns would change habitats and decrease biodiversity in some areas.
30. The table shows three different scenarios modeling the concentration ofCO₂ in the atmosphere by the year 2100. The average concentration of CO₂ in2016 was 403 ppm.
Scenario
Energy Sources
Projected CO₂ Concentration (ppm)
A
Fossil fuels, green energy
717
B
Mostly fossil fuels
856
C
Mostly green energy
549
How would eachscenario most likely affect the rate of sea ice melting in 2100 compared to2016? Move one description under each scenario in the table.
Scenario A
Scenario B
Scenario C
31. Use the balanced equation to answer the question.
C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6+ 6\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O}C6 H12 O6 +6O2 →6CO2 +6H2 O
How manymolecules of C₆H₁₂O₆ areneeded to produce 18 molecules of CO₂?
A. 3
B. 9
C. 12
D. 18
32. Use the information to answer the question.
People often use hot packs to keep their hands warm. People can use cold packs to help them stay cool on hot days. A company investigates chemical reactions that would be suitable for a hot pack and a cold pack. An energy diagram shows changes in bond energy throughout a chemical reaction.
Which energy diagram would be suitable for each application? Move a graph to each application.
Use the graph to answer the question. It shows the motion of a motorcycle.
(Graph shows Speed (m/s) vs Time (s) with a line increasing from the origin and then becoming horizontal at point X)
Which statement best describes what happens to the motion of the motorcycle at point X?
A. It turns while changing speed. B. It goes from constant acceleration to a stop. C. It goes from a constant speed to acceleration. D. It stops accelerating and moves at a constant speed.

A student places a compass on a table. She plans to put a powerful magnet next to the compass, as shown in the picture.
Which picture best illustrates the net force or forces the magnet will exert on the compass when the student puts the magnet next to the compass?

35. How doesthe amount of water on Earth stay balanced? One major cause of water levelchange is the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps. Match the Earth systemand type of change that is most affected by this melting.
Earth System
Change to Earth’s System
Atmosphere
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
Choices to place:
· Increased flooding
· Increased sea level
· Higher humidity in the air
36. Thediagram shows some of the elements of the periodic table. Students are using itto help decide how different elements form.
Elements shown:
· He (Helium, 2)
· C (Carbon, 6)
· Fe (Iron, 26)
· U (Uranium, 92)
Which elements dostars produce during each stage? Move the elements each stage produces intothe table.
Supernova Only
Both Supernova and Main Sequence
Elements to sort:
· Carbon (C)
· Helium (He)
· Iron (Fe)
· Uranium (U)
Photocopiers needelectrostatic forces to work. The toner (colored powder) sticks to a chargedsheet. A student investigates three unknown substances to determine which couldbe used in the charged sheet. He prepares a table of some of the properties ofeach unknown substance.
What is therelative strength of the electric forces between the particles in eachsubstance? Move each word to the table to describe the relative strength of theelectric forces.
Unknown Substance
Boiling Point
Melting Point
Electrical Conductivity in Solid State
Solid Form
Dissolution in Water
Strength of Electric Forces
1
Low
Low
Poor
Brittle
Insoluble
2
High
High
Strong
Which equation is a balanced double replacement reaction?
A. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
B. 2 HCl + NaOH → 2 NaCl +H₂O
C. 2 HCl + 2 NaOH → 2 NaCl+ H₂O
D. HCl + 2 NaOH → 2 NaCl +2 H₂O
The food web shows the feeding relationships of some of the organisms in the Florida Everglades ecosystem.
(Organisms shown: Great blue heron, Alligator, Carp, Mud turtle, Mosquito, Butterfly orchid, Bladderwort)
If humans catch most of the carp in this ecosystem, which event will most likely happen to the other species in the food web?
A. Mud turtles will decrease in number because they will lose habitat. B. Mosquitoes will decrease in number, due to an increase in predation. C. Herons and alligators will decrease in number, due to a decrease in food. D. Bladderworts and orchids will decrease in number because of more competition.

40. Students are studying the carbon cycle. They draw amodel to show different processes in the carbon cycle. How does carbon change as itmoves through Earth systems? Place each process into themodel to describe the changes to carbon.
Some fruit flies grow legs instead of antennae on their heads. This happens because of a mutation to a single gene called Antp. Some fruit flies have no eyes because they are missing a single gene called ey. The first scientists who learned about these variations were surprised to learn how one gene could affect an entire organ.
(Images showing normal and mutated fruit flies with labels: Eye, Antennae, Legs instead of antennae)
Flies with non-mutated Antp genes only grow legs in the middle of their bodies (the thorax), and they grow antennae on their heads. As embryos develop, genes that affect legs are usually only active in the thorax. A scientist plans to watch a non-mutated fruit fly embryo develop to learn whether the Antp gene is active in the thorax and the head, or just the thorax.
Which question should the scientist use to gather evidence about where the Antp gene is active?
A. Which part of an embryo contains proteins that build Antp gene?
B. Which part of an embryo contains the DNA code for the Antp gene?
C. Which part of an embryo contains the protein that the Antp gene codes for?
D. Which part of an embryo contains genes with similar functions to the Antp gene?

42.Students conducted an investigation using yeast and different sugars totest the levels of carbon dioxide produced.
Cellular respiration reaction:
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
Investigation Results
Sample
Average CO₂ Production (mL/h)
No yeast (water only)
0.05
No sugar
0.19
Yeast and glucose
8.66
Yeast and lactose
0.27
Yeast and maltose
2.05
Yeast and sucrose
8.63
Which two statements support the claim that all cells undergo cellular respiration to produce energy for life functions?
A. Yeast cells will undergo cellular respiration only in the presence of glucose as its food source.
B. Any of the carbohydrates used in the investigation will provide the sugars necessary to produce all the energy the cells need for life functions.
C. Although sucrose is structurally a mirror image of glucose, cellular respiration with sucrose is inefficient and will not produce sufficient energy.
D. The most carbondioxide is released when glucose is the food source for the growing yeast cellsand glucose is the primary reactant in cellular respiration.
E. The extremely lowlevels of CO₂ in the yeast sample without any sugar indicates no reactionoccurred and the yeast cannot carry out its life functions.
Burmese pythons are a kind of snake. The pythons have been found living in Florida in recent years. They are not native to Florida. The area is hot and humid like the native environment of pythons. The pythons have no predators living in this area. This helps the pythons to survive.
Question: What will most likely happen to the animals in this area that the pythons prey on?
A. The animals will learn to run, swim, or fly away. B. The size of the animal populations will decrease. C. The prey animals will become predators to escape. D. The animals will move to the native environment of the pythons.
The correct answer is:
B. The size of the animal populations will decrease.
. Students are observing onion root tip cells under a microscope. They lookat a more magnified view and then look at a less magnified view.
Images titled: "Mitosis in Onion Root Tip"
Which three statements can the students use to support the claim that mitosis helps onions grow?
A. Not all cells undergo mitosis at the same rate, allowing for steady, controlled growth.
B. A cell divides into two identical cells, ensuring no differences in their genetic makeup.
C. The cells that are in the process of mitosis are small, allowing room for the two new cells.
D. The cells that are not actively dividing are incapable of carrying out the organism's life processes.
E. More outer layer cells than inner layer cells undergo mitosis, allowing the root tip's size to increase.

Students conducted an investigation using yeast and different sugars to test the levels of carbon dioxide produced.
Cellular respiration reaction:
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
Investigation Results
Sample
Average CO₂ Production (mL/h)
No yeast (water only)
0.05
No sugar
0.19
Yeast and glucose
8.66
Yeast and lactose
0.27
Yeast and maltose
2.05
Yeast and sucrose
8.63
Which two statements support the claim that all cells undergo cellularrespiration to produce energy for life functions?
Burmese pythons are a kind of snake. The pythons have been found living in Florida in recent years. They are not native to Florida. The area is hot and humid like the native environment of pythons. The pythons have no predators living in this area. This helps the pythons to survive.
Question: What will most likely happen to the animals in this area that the pythons prey on?
A. The animals will learn to run, swim, or fly away. B. The size of the animal populations will decrease. C. The prey animals will become predators to escape. D. The animals will move to the native environment of the pythons.
The correct answer is:
B. The size of the animal populations will decrease.
Use the diagram of a normal gene and a mutated gene to answer the question.
(Diagram of Normal DNA and Cancer-causing DNA showing changes in amino acids)
In skin cells, single-base pair mutations have been associated with the development of a type of skin cancer. Scientists first noticed this mutation in people who are frequently exposed to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun or tanning beds. This mutation occurs in a gene that codes for a protein that regulates cell division. Which two statements describe a causal relationship between this mutation and skin cancer rather than a correlational relationship? Move two statements that describe a causal relationship between the mutation and skin cancer to the box.

A group of students is using the Big Bang theory to explain how the universe formed.
Question: According to the Big Bang theory, how did the Universe form? Move the events into order in the table.
Events to order:
Hydrogen atoms form
First stars form
First galaxies form
The universe begins expanding
Here is the correct order of events according to the Big Bang theory:
Order
Event
1
Universe begins expanding
2
Hydrogen atoms form
3
First stars form
4
First galaxies form
Why is the number of producers usually much greater than the number ofother organisms in an ecosystem?
Yeast cells are capable of anaerobic or aerobic respiration. Two students set up an experiment using a balloon and a flask containing a mixture of yeast, glucose, and water to determine which type of respiration the yeast are using. During the experiment, the yeast mixture bubbled, and the balloon expanded. The students allowed the experiment to run until the yeast mixture stopped bubbling. The students concluded that the yeast respired aerobically at first and then switched to anaerobic respiration. Observations Table: Substance Start of Experiment End of Experiment Glucose Present in flask Absent in flask Carbon Dioxide Not assessed Present in balloon Water Present in flask Present in flask Alcohol Absent in flask Present in flask Oxygen Present in a balloon Absent from balloon Scenario: Students test yeast respiration with glucose and water in a flask with a balloon. Yeast bubbled, and the balloon expanded. The experiment ends when bubbling stops. Question: Which two pieces of evidence support their conclusion (that yeast switched from aerobic to anaerobic respiration)? A. The glucose was used up by the end of the experiment. B. Carbon dioxide was released and made the balloon expand. C. Water was still present in the flask at the end. D. Alcohol was produced during the experiment. E. Oxygen was present at the beginning but not at the end.
A population of coyotes lives in a small valley. The coyotes prey mainly on rabbits. The rabbits eat meadow plants that grow in the valley. Each year, there are about the same number of coyotes, rabbits, and plants in the valley. One year a drought kills about half of the meadow plants.
What effect will the drought have on the coyote population in the valley?
A. It will decrease because the rabbits will decrease.
B. It will stay the same because only the plants are affected.
C. It will increase because there will be more space for them.
D. It will decrease because there will be fewer plants for them.
Students learn that cells manufacture proteins using DNAas the blueprint. They wonder about the protein synthesis process.
How do cells use DNA to produce proteins? Place the stepsbelow in order.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Given steps (to be placed in order):
· A complementary strand of mRNA isformed.
· A portion of the DNA double helix isunwound.
· mRNA bonds with a ribosome in thecytoplasm.
· A chain of amino acids is made by tRNAmolecules.
· Secondary and tertiary structures areformed by folding.
Here is the correct order of steps in protein synthesis using DNA asthe blueprint:
Step
Process
A portion of the DNA double helix is unwound.
A complementary strand of mRNA is formed. (Transcription)
A chain of amino acids is made by tRNA molecules. (Translation)
Secondary and tertiary structures are formed by folding.
mRNA bonds with a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
The model shows the typical stages of the life cycle of a star. Life Cycle of a Star (Includes diagram showing progression: star-forming nebula → average or massive main-sequence star → red giant or supernova, etc.) Question: Based on the model, what will happen next in the life cycle of the Sun? A. ☐ It will become an average main-sequence star when nuclear fusion begins. B. ☐ It will become a neutron star when its electrons and protons combine into neutrons. C. ☐ It will become a red giant when enough of its hydrogen has been fused into helium. D. ☐ It will become a white dwarf when its outer layers blow away and the core gets hotter and denser
How does carbon move through the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem? Place the processes in the cycle.

The model shows the typical stages of the life cycle of astar.
Life Cycle of a Star
Question: Based on the model, what will happen next in the life cycle of the Sun?
A. ☐ It will become an average main-sequence star when nuclear fusion begins. B. ☐ It will become a neutron star when its electrons and protons combine into neutrons. C. ☐ It will become a red giant when enough of its hydrogen has been fused into helium. D. ☐ It will become a white dwarf when its outer layers blow away and the core gets hotter and denser.
In a woodland, the bark on most of the trees was dark gray. Over time, a population of moths that lived in the woodland gradually changed from light gray to dark gray.
Which best describes how this change in the moth population was the result of natural selection?
A. ☐ Moths with a dark gray color were able to survive and reproduce because predators had difficulty finding them. B. ☐ Dark gray moths migrated from another area, and their numbers increased because predators had difficulty finding them. C. ☐ The darker moths were more intelligent and learned to rest on darker trees, so these moths survived and reproduced before predators could eat them. D. ☐ Mutations increased the number of dark-colored moths, and these moths were better able to survive and reproduce because predators had difficulty finding them.
An engineer wants to install a solar panel at a certain location where the Sun stays low on the horizon in winter but moves to a higher angle off the horizon in summer. How should the engineer install the panel to produce the most amount of solar energy year-round? A. Curve the surface of the panel so that there are always several cells at an angle of 90° with the sunrays. B. Divide the solar panel in half and set each half at 90° with either the winter sunrays or the summer sunrays. C. ☐ Add a mechanism to the panel that adjusts it daily to be at an angle of 90° with the most intense sunrays of the day. D. ☐ Place the solar panel at an angle of 90° with the summer sunrays because summer is when there is the most daylight.
How does the amount of carbon in other Earth systems change because of burning fossil fuels? Move one label next to each Earth system to describe the change. Earth System Change in Carbon Levels Atmosphere Increases Biosphere Decrease Geosphere Decrease Hydrosphere Increase Labels: • Increases • Decreases • Stays relatively constant
Students investigated motion by using a rubber band to launch a small car across the floor. The motion of the cart is shown in the speed vs. time graph.
·
Question: Which statement explains the motion of the cart shown in the graph?
A. ☐ Forces acting on the cart were balanced for the entire time shown on the graph. B. ☐ Forces acting on the cart were unbalanced for the entire time shown on the graph. C. ☐ Forces on the cart were balanced until 6 an unbalanced force acted opposite to the direction of motion. D. ☐ Forces on the cart were unbalanced until 6 seconds, when a balanced force acted opposite to the direction of motion.
When a lead nitrate solution is poured into a potassium iodide solution, a bright yellow solid called lead iodide forms. Which is the balanced equation that represents this reaction?
A. Pb(NO₃)₂ + KI → PbI₂ + 2 KNO₃
B. Pb(NO₃)₂ + KI → 2 PbI₂ + KNO₃
C. Pb(NO₃)₂ + 2 KI → PbI₂ + KNO₃
D. Pb(NO₃)₂ + 2 KI → PbI₂ + 2 KNO₃