Fine particles of soil and rock carried by flowing water and deposited when the water slows down.

The study of natural features of the Earth's surface, including landforms, climate, and natural resources.

A complex society with cities, organized government, social classes, specialized jobs, and systems of writing.

The movement of people from one place to another, often in search of better living conditions.

To tame wild animals or develop wild plants for human use through selective breeding.

The artificial watering of crops using canals, ditches, or other methods.

The long-term weather patterns of a region, including temperature, rainfall, and seasonal changes.

The physical features and elevation of land in a particular area.

An amount that is more than what is needed for basic survival.

Natural or artificial walls of earth built along rivers to prevent flooding.

The region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq, known as the cradle of civilization.

The curved region of fertile land stretching from Mesopotamia to Egypt where agriculture first developed.

A place where people establish a permanent community with homes, farms, and other buildings.

Materials found in nature that people use to meet their needs, such as water, fertile soil, metals, and stone.

Related to farming and agriculture as the basis of society and economy.

The flat area of land next to a river that gets covered with water during floods.

An independent political unit consisting of a city and the surrounding farmland it controls.

A low area of land between hills or mountains where a river flows.

Rich earth that contains the nutrients plants need to grow well.