Middle Ages in Europe

Frankish leader of a large kingdom who converted to Christianity and combined several Frankish kingdoms into one.

The leading palace official under a Frankish King. Eventually became the most powerful person inside the Merovingian House.

Became the sole ruler of the Frankish kingdom; declared Roman Emperor by the pope.

an estate on which most people lived under feudalism; contained farmland, blacksmith, mill, and church

means "papa;" the bishop of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church

of or relating to a pope or to the papacy.

Pope who led the Church at the height of its power in the Middle Ages

The warming of the climate in Europe in the beginning of the eleventh century; allowed for better crops and more food

A legal document issued by the king or noble that listed privileges of the town's inhabitants and freed them from most feudal duties (still paid taxes)

Laid the foundation for a strong monarchy through his conquest of England.

strengthened English royal authority by expanding the use of royal courts (circuit courts)

Developed by Henry II; traveling judges heard cases in a particular province (circuit) of England.

Originally the Count of Paris, he was the king of France who founded the Capetian dynasty.

developed a strong monarchy in France by reaquiring French land owned by the English king and increased the effectiveness of the royal government by sending officials to enforce laws.

royal officials who collected taxes for the king and ensured justice in carrying out laws