State and federal legislative bodies enact ____ that specify appropriate punishments for each statutory offense or class of offense.

Judges can suspend an entire sentence if the offender:

A(n) ____sentence has a fixed minimum and maximum term of incarceration, rather than a set period.

Presumptive sentences may be based on sentencing guidelines, which are developed by sentencing commissions comprised of:

From biblical times through the eighteenth century, ____ was the dominant justification for punishment.

Which of the following is an effort to do something for victims and their survivors—to return them, as much as possible, to their previous state and to make them “whole” again?

Before the Supreme Court's 1991 decision, ____ were considered irrelevant and potentially inflammatory and were not allowed.

According to your textbook, restorative justice seeks four goals. Three are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of restorative justice?

According to your text, one problem with restitution is that most offenders:

Generally, a presentence investigation report (PSI) is prepared by a:

Your text lists four examples of the claims that a convicted offender can make at allocution. Three are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of these claims?

Nearly ____ of state trial court decisions are affirmed on appeal.

Before 1968, the only issues the Supreme Court considered in relation to capital punishment concerned:

Between 1968 and 1972:

All but four of the capital offenses under federal law involve murder. Three of these are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?

Reductions in sentences for death row inmates, which are granted by a state's governor, are called:

Research confirms that ____ of capital offenders released from prison have killed again.

How many states have laws that protect the basic rights of crime victims in the criminal justice system?

From which of the following sources does the federal government's Crime Victims Fund receive its funding?

Which of the following is NOT a right granted to crime victims in at least some jurisdictions?

Which of the following is a problem with victims' rights laws and their implementation?

For which of the following uses do laws specify that restitution may NOT be court ordered?

Which of the following reasons was selected by half of all respondents who favored the death penalty in a recent Gallup poll?

For most offenses, a majority of defendants are sentenced either on the day of conviction or the next day.

Mandatory sentencing usually allows release on parole but does not allow credit for good time.

Today's state legislatures are increasingly replacing determinate sentences with indeterminate ones.

Judges almost always impose the sentence agreed upon during plea negotiations because if they did not, plea bargaining would not work.

Defendants are entitled to present new evidence or testimony on appeal if that evidence or testimony could have been (but was not) presented at trial.

About one-third percent of Americans executed since 1608 have been women.

The practical effect of the Furman decision was that the Supreme Court voided the death penalty laws of some 35 states.

In an appellate review, the appellate court compares the sentence in the case it is reviewing with penalties imposed in similar cases in the state.

Among Western industrialized nations, the United States is the only nation to employ capital punishment.

Death penalty support among the American public, at least according to the major opinion polls, remains relatively strong.