NAT IN SCIENCE | Quizalize

20. Ang unang yugto sa pagbuo ng Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Management (CBDRRM) Plan ay tinatawag na ________. A. pagtugon sa sakuna B. paghahanda sa pagtugon C. pagsasaayos at pagbangon D. pagtataya ng panganib at paghahanda ANSWER: D 21. Ang gawaing ito ay isinasagawa upang maging handa ang komunidad at maiwasan ang malawakang pinsala nito sa pamamagitan ng aktibong pakikibahagi ng mamamayan. Ito ay nakapaloob sa _______. A. Philippine Disaster Risk Management B. Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council C. Community Preparedness and Risk Management Approach D. Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Management Approach ANSWER: D 22. Bahagi ng rehabilitasyon at pagbawi mula sa kalamidad ang mga hakbang at gawain na nakatuon sa pagsasaayos ng mga nasirang pasilidad at estruktura. Ano ang pangunahing gampanin ng yugtong ito? A. Mabigyan ng sapat na proteksiyon ang mga nasalanta ng kalamidad. B. Manumbalik sa dating kaayusan at normal na pamumuhay ang mga nasalantang komunidad. C. Makapagbigay ng mga inaasahang serbisyong panlipunan at paglilingkod sa pamahalaan. D. Maipagkaloob sa mga nasalantang komunidad ang mga pangunahing pangangailangan at gamot. ANSWER: B 23. Alin sa sumusunod na mga sitwasyon ang nagpapakita ng Top-Down Approach sa pagbuo ng Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Plan? A. Pinamunuan ni Kerwin, isang lider ng Non-Government Organization (NGO) ang pagtukoy sa mga kalamidad na maaaring maranasan sa kanilang komunidad. B. Ipinatawag ni Kapitan Capin ang kaniyang mga kagawad upang bumuo ng plano kung paano magiging ligtas ang kaniyang nasasakupan mula sa panganib ng paparating na bagyo. C. Hinikayat ni Albert ang kaniyang mga kapitbahay na maglinis ng estero upang maiwasan ang pagbara nito na maaaring magdulot ng malalim at matagalang pagbaha sa darating na tag-ulan. D. Nakipag-usap si Kelly sa mga may-ari ng malalaking negosyo sa kanilang komunidad upang makalikom ng pondo sa pagbili ng mga first aid kit at iba pang proyekto bilang paghahanda sa iba’t ibang kalamidad. ANSWER: B 24. Bakit mahalaga ang pagkakaroon ng community engagement o kolaborasyon sa pamayanan at iba pang katuwang na sektor? A. Makatutulong ito upang makalikom ng mas maraming pondo. B. Magiging makabuluhan ang plano kung ang gagawa nito ay ang mamamayan. C. Malaki ang posibilidad na maging matagumpay ang proyekto kapag pinagplanuhan. D. Mas magiging komprehensibo at matagumpay ang plano kung binubuo ito ng iba’t ibang sektor. ANSWER: D 25. Sa pagbuo ng CBDRRM Plan, ano ang PINAKAMABISA mong nararapat gawin bilang mamamayan ng isang lugar upang maging handa sa pagdating ng iba’t ibang panganib at kalamidad? A. Maging aktibong kabahagi sa pagbubuo ng plano para sa buong pamayanan. B. Makibahagi sa gawaing panrehabilitasyon at tulungan ang mga naapektuhan. C. Magsagawa ng personal plan para matugunan ang pangangailangan ng lipunan. D. Magkaroon ng planong pampinansiyal upang matustusan ang pangangailangan ng mga tao. ANSWER: A 26. Ang pinuno ng mga bansang kasapi ng organisasyon ay nagpupulong-pulong upang magtulungan para sa kapakanan ng kanilang pangangailangan. Anong anyo ng globalisasyon ang tinutukoy nito? A. ekonomiko B. kultural C. politikal D. teknolohikal ANSWER: C 27. Alin sa sumusunod ang buhay na manipestasyon ng globalisasyon? A. ekonomiko B. OFWs C. sosyo-kultural D. teknolohikal ANSWER: B 28. Ang brain drain ay tumutukoy sa mga propesyonal na manggagawa, samantalang ang brawn drain ay tumutukoy sa ___________. A. construction workers B. domestic workers C. overseas workers D. skilled workers ANSWER: A 29. Alin sa sumusunod ang negatibong epekto ng paglitaw ng maraming multinational companies at transnational companies? A. pagkakaloob ng hanapbuhay B. pagbaba ng presyo ng produkto C. pagdami ng produkto at serbisyo D. pagkalugi ng multinational companies at transnational companies ANSWER: D 30. “Ang globalisasyon ay laganap na noon pa man at naging mas malawak sa kasalukuyang panahon.” Ang mahihinuha natin sa pahayag na ito ay _______. A. ugnayan ng mga bansa sa daigdig na walang pagitan o hadlang B. suliraning panlipunan na pumipigil sa kaunlaran ng mga bansa sa daigdig C. bagong anyo ng malayang kalakalan, pagpapalitan ng produkto, impormasyon at tao, dahil sa pag-unlad ng teknolohiya sa komunikasyon at transportasyon D. isyung panlipunan na tumatalakay sa pamahalaan, ekonomiya, relihiyon, teknolohiya, kapaligiran, komunikasyon at kultura ng mga bansa sa daigdig ANSWER: C 31. Alin sa dalawang pahayag ang nagsasaad ng PINAKAANGKOP na konsepto ng globalisasyon? I. Ang globalisasyon ay proseso ng mabilisang pagdaloy o paggalaw ng tao, bagay, impormasyon at produkto sa iba’t ibang direksiyon na nararanasan sa iba’t ibang panig ng daigdig. II. Ang globalisasyon ay may iba’t ibang pagkakakilanlan tulad ng ekonomiko, teknolohikal, sosyo-kultural at politikal. A. Mali ang nilalaman ng una at ikalawang pahayag. B. Tama ang nilalaman ng una at ikalawang pahayag. C. Tama ang nilalaman ng una at mali ang ikalawang pahayag. D. Mali ang nilalaman ng una at tama ang ikalawang pahayag. ANSWER: B 32. Alin sa sumusunod na mga pahayag ang nagsasaad ng dahilan sa pag-usbong ng globalisasyon? A. pagbuti ng mga lokal na kompanya sa presyo at kalidad ng serbisyo at produkto upang maging kompetitibo laban sa mga banyagang kompanya B. pagpapalitan ng impormasyon at teknolohiya at paggalaw ng mga tao dulot ng migrasyon C. pagbaba ng sahod ng mga manggagawa at pagdami ng mga taong walang trabaho dahil nalulugi ang maliliit na negosyo D. paglaganap ng biological weapons dulot ng mabilis na pagkalat ng impormasyon sa iba’t ibang panig ng mundo at pagdami ng pamilihan ng materyales na ginagamit dito ANSWER: B 33. Alin sa mga sektor ng manggagawa ang madalas nakararanas ng pang-aabuso at hindi pantay na oportunidad sa pagtratrabaho? A. agrikultura B. industriya C. pamahalaan D. serbisyo ANSWER: A 34. Ano ang tawag sa anyo ng subcontracting kung saan ang mga subcontractor ay may sapat na puhunan para maisagawa ang trabaho ng mga manggagawang ipinasok nila? A. iskemang subcontractor B. job mismatch C. job contracting D. labor-only contracting ANSWER: C 35. Bakit hindi maitaas ang pasahod, maipagkaloob ang kasiguraduhan sa trabaho, at madagdagan ang benepisyo ng mga manggagawa sa bansa? Ito ay dahil_____ A. sa sistema ng kontraktuwalisasyon. B. puro regular na ang mga manggagawa. C. mataas na ang pasahod sa ating manggagawa. D. marami ang benepisyong natatanggap ng ating manggagawa. ANSWER: A 36. Bilang tugon sa suliraning nararanasan ng mga manggagawa, mayroon silang karapatang hindi dapat malabag upang masabi na sila ay may disente at marangal na hanapbuhay. Alin sa sumusunod ang HINDI kabilang sa mga karapatan ng manggagawa? A. Karapatan sa pantay na suweldo para sa parehong trabaho. B. Karapatang sumali sa marahas at mapanganib na uri ng unyon. C. Karapatang maging ligtas at malayo sa panganib ang kalagayan ng pagtatrabaho. D. Karapatan na makatanggap ng sapat at karapat-dapat na suweldo para sa makataong pamumuhay. ANSWER: B 37. Halos mapudpod na ang sapatos ni Justin sa paghahanap ng trabaho ngunit hindi pa rin siya natatanggap. Maraming job fairs na rin ang kaniyang pinuntahan ngunit bigo siyang makakuha ng trabaho. Bakit kaya ito nangyayari kay Justin? A. Kulang pa ang kaniyang lakas ng loob. B. Kulang siya sa aspekto ng personal relations kaya hindi siya nagugustuhan. C. Hindi kaaya-aya ang kaniyang pisikal na kaanyuan kaya hindi siya natatanggap sa trabaho. D. Biktima si Justin ng job mismatch kung saan hindi tugma ang kaniyang kakayahan at kasanayan na hinahanap ng mga kompanya. ANSWER: D 38. Ayon sa tala ng Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), maraming job fairs noong 2010 ngunit kakaunti lamang ang mga natanggap na kalipikadong aplikante mula sa maraming bilang ng mga nag-apply. Alin ang HINDI angkop na dahilan nito? A. Ang mga aplikante ay hindi interesado sa mga trabaho sa bansa. B. Kapansin-pansin ang patuloy na paglaki ng bilang ng job skills mismatch ng mga aplikante sa bansa. C. May patuloy na mismatch sa kasanayan at kakayahan mula sa tinapos na kurso at sa hinihinging kalipikasyon ng mga employer. D. Maraming kurso sa higher education institutions sa bansa ang hindi na tumutugon sa pangangailangan ng mga pribadong kompanya na nagtatakda ng mga pamantayan sa pagpili ng mga manggagawa. ANSWER: A 39. Alin ang angkop na salita na tumutukoy sa sitwasyon kung saan inaako na ng lalaki ang mga gawain sa tahanan dulot ng migrasyon? A. helper B. house boy C. house father D. house husband ANSWER: D 40. Ang sumusunod ay mga ahensiya ng pamahalaan na nangangalaga sa kapakanan ng migrante MALIBAN sa __________________. A. Commission of Filipino Overseas B. Philippine Overseas Labor Offices C. Department of Labor and Employment D. Department of Science and Technology ANSWER: D 41. Isang epekto ng migrasyon ay ang pagtanggap o pagpapadala ng mga lakas-paggawa sa ibang bansa. Alin sa sumusunod ang HINDI nagpapakita ng magandang benepisyo ng brain gain? A. Malaki ang posibilidad ng promotion ng manggagawa. B. Gastusin ng kompanya ang pagpapadala ng manggagawa sa ibang bansa. C. Maaaring magtrabaho sa ibang bansa ang empleadong ipinadala upang matuto. D. Magiging asset ang migranteng manggagawa sa nagpapadala at tumatanggap na bansa kahit saan man sa mundo. ANSWER: B 42. Matagal na naghanapbuhay si Ginoong Pascual sa Australia, kaya sa kaniyang pag-uwi sa pamilya ay hindi siya pinansin ng kaniyang mga anak at nagtago ang mga ito sa kuwarto. Ano ang iyong mahihinuha rito? A. Malaki ang takot ng mga anak sa kanilang ama. B. Walang pasalubong si Ginoong Pascual sa mga anak. C. Hindi kilala si Ginoong Pascual ng kaniyang mga anak. D. Nagkakahiyaan ang mag-aama sa kanilang pagkikita. ANSWER: C 43. Paano nakaaapekto ang pangingibang-bansa sa estado ng ekonomiya ng bansa? A. Madaragdagan ang populasyon ng bansa. B. Mapananatiling matatag ang palitan ng piso at dolyar. C. Mahihirapan ang mga Pilipino na makisama sa mga dayuhan. D. Mas maraming papasok sa bansa na mga imported na produkto. ANSWER: B 44. Marami sa mga OFW na nasa Middle East ang napag-alamang nakararanas ng mga pang-aabuso mula sa kanilang mga amo tulad sa Saudi Arabia. Kung ikaw ang ambassador ng Pilipinas sa Saudi, alin ang pinakamabisa mong gagawin upang matulungan at maprotektahan sila? A. Pababayaan sila hanggang matapos ang kanilang kontrata. B. Maglulunsad ng rally sa embahada ng Saudi Arabia sa Pilipinas. C. Hihingi ng tulong pinansiyal at pauuwiin ang mga manggagawa sa Saudi. D. Maglilikom ng mga ebidensiya ng mga pang-aabuso at isusuplong ang mga amo sa kinauukulan. ANSWER: D 45. Alin sa sumusunod ang konseptong tumutukoy sa slavery? A. pang-aalipin B. sitwasyong payapa C. sapilitang pagtatrabaho D. pagpupuslit ng mga tao ANSWER: A 46. Kung ikaw ay opisyal ng pamahalaan na nangangalaga sa kapakanan ng mga OFW, alin sa sumusunod ang dapat mong gawin sa mga kaso ng pang-aabuso sa mga Pilipino? A. Pauuwiin ang lahat ng OFW at bibigyan na lamang ng trabaho sa Pilipinas. B. Pababayaan na lamang ang mga OFW dahil isolated cases lang naman ang mga ito. C. Ipauubaya na lamang ang mga gagawing aksiyon sa pamahalaan ng bansa kung saan nagtatrabaho ang mga OFW. D. Magtatatag ng mga mekanismo upang ma-monitor ang kalagayan ng mga OFW at gagawa ng kaukulang hakbang kung may pang-aabuso. ANSWER: D 47. Bilang isang mag-aaral sa kasalukuyan, alin sa sumusunod ang maaari mong magawa upang masigurong makaaangkop ka sa pangangailangan ng ating bansa na umunlad sa kabila ng globalisasyon? A. Magpalipas ng panahon at umasa na lamang sa pamilya. B. Tumigil sa pag-aaral at magtrabaho na upang kumita ng pera. C. Magsumikap sa pag-aaral upang makatapos at magkatrabaho. D. Maging layunin ang makapagtrabaho sa ibang bansa upang yumaman. ANSWER: C 48. Alin sa sumusunod na mga pangungusap ang tumutukoy sa konsepto ng fair trade? A. Itinatakda ng mga bansa ang pamantayan ukol sa mga kakayahan ng mga manggagawa. B. Ang mayayamang bansa ay nagbibigay ng tulong sa pinakamahihirap na tao sa mundo lalo na sa Aprika at Asya. C. Sinisiguro ng mga bansa ang patas o pantay na kalakalan gaya ng pagbabantay sa tamang presyo ng mga produkto. D. Ang pamahalaan ay nakikialam sa kalakalang panlabas na may layong protektahan ang mga lokal na namumuhunan. ANSWER: C 49. Marami sa mga pamilya ng OFWs ay nakararanas ng pangungulila sa kanilang kaanak na humahantong sa pagkawasak nito. Paano kaya sila matutulungan? A. Makisimpatiya sa kanila. B. Bigyan sila ng sulat isa-isa. C. Bigyan sila ng load pantawag sa kanilang kaanak. D. Magtayo ng isang samahan ng mga pamilya ng OFW upang gumabay sa kanila. ANSWER: D 50. Sa Pilipinas ay marami ang nangangarap na mangibang-bansa dulot ng kahirapan sa buhay. Nangangamba naman ang mga ekonomista dahil naaapektuhan ng brain drain at brawn drain ang ekonomiya. Bilang ekonomista, ano ang maaari mong gawin upang masolusyunan ang isyung ito? A. Pigilan ang mga nais mangibang-bansa. B. Hayaang umalis ang mga nais na magtrabaho sa ibang bansa. C. Bigyan ng suportang pinansiyal ang mamamayan na walang trabaho. D. Gumawa ng isang development plan na tutugon sa mga isyu ng migrasyon. ANSWER: D

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Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course U.S. History, and today, we're going to talk about slavery, which is not funny. 0:06 Yeah, so we put a lei on the eagle to try and cheer you up, but let's face it, this is going to be depressing. 0:10 With slavery, every time you think, like, "Aw, it couldn't have been that bad," it turns out to have been much worse. 0:14 Mr. Green, Mr. Green! But what about – 0:15 Yeah, Me from the Past, I'm going to stop you right there, because you're going to embarrass yourself. Slavery was hugely important to America. 0:20 I mean, it led to a civil war and it also lasted what, at least in U.S. history, counts as a long-ass time, from 1619 to 1865. 0:29 And yes, I know there's a 1200-year-old church in your neighborhood in Denmark, but we're not talking about Denmark! 0:35 But slavery is most important because we still struggle with its legacy. 0:38 So, yes, today's episode will probably not be funny, but it will be important. 0:42 [Theme Music] North & South economic ties 0:51 So the slave-based economy in the South is sometimes characterized as having been separate from the Market Revolution, but that's not really the case. 0:57 Without southern cotton, the North wouldn't have been able to industrialize, at least not as quickly, because cotton textiles were one of the first industrially products. 1:04 And the most important commodity in world trade by the nineteenth century, and 3/4 of the world's cotton came from the American South. 1:11 And speaking of cotton, why has no one mentioned to me that my collar has been half popped this entire episode, like I'm trying to recreate the Flying Nun's hat. 1:18 And although there were increasingly fewer slaves in the North as northern states outlawed slavery, cotton shipments overseas made northern merchants rich. 1:26 Northern bankers financed the purchase of land for plantations. 1:29 Northern insurance companies insured slaves who were, after all, considered property, and very valuable property. 1:35 And in addition to turning cotton into cloth for sale overseas, northern manufacturers sold cloth back to the South, where it was used to clothe the very slaves who had cultivated it. 1:45 But certainly the most prominent effects of the slave-based economy were seen in the South. Slave-based agriculture in the South 1:49 The profitability of slaved-based agriculture, especially King Cotton, meant that the South would remain largely agricultural and rural. 1:56 Slave states were home to a few cities, like St. Louis and Baltimore, but with the exception of New Orleans, 2:00 almost all southern urbanization took place in the upper South, further away from the large cotton plantations. 2:06 And slave-based agriculture was so profitable that it siphoned money away from other economic endeavors. 2:11 Like, there was very little industry in the South. 2:13 It produced only 10% of the nation's manufactured goods. 2:16 And, as most of the capital was being plowed into the purchase of slaves, there was very little room for technological innovation, like, for instance, railroads. 2:23 This lack of industry and railroads would eventually make the South suck at the Civil War, thankfully. 2:27 In short, slavery dominated the South, shaping it both economically and culturally, and slavery wasn't a minor aspect of American society. Popular attitudes concerning slavery 2:35 By 1860, there were four million slaves in the U.S., and in the South, they made up one third of the total population. 2:42 Although in the popular imagination, most plantations were these sprawling affairs with hundreds of slaves, 2:47 in reality, the majority of slaveholders owned five or fewer slaves. 2:51 And, of course, most white people in the South owned no slaves at all, though, if they could afford to, they would sometimes rent slaves to help with their work. 2:57 These were the so-called yeoman farmers who lived self-sufficiently, raised their own food, and purchased very little in the Market Economy. 3:04 They worked the poorest land and, as a result, were mostly pretty poor themselves. 3:08 But even they largely supported slavery, partly, perhaps, for aspirational reasons, and partly because the racism inherent to the system gave even the poorest whites legal and social status. 3:18 And southern intellectuals worked hard to encourage these ideas of white solidarity and to make the case for slavery. 3:23 Many of the founders, a bunch of whom you'll remember, held slaves, saw slavery as a necessary evil. 3:29 Jefferson once wrote, quote, "As it is, we have the wolf by the ear, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. 3:37 Justice is on one scale, and self-preservation in the other." 3:41 The belief that justice and self-preservation couldn't sit on the same side of the scale was really opposed to the American idea, 3:47 and, in the end, it would make the Civil War inevitable. 3:50 But as slavery became more entrenched in these ideas of liberty and political equality were embraced by more people, 3:55 some southerners began to make the case that slavery wasn't just a necessary evil. 3:59 They argued, for instance, that slaves benefited from slavery. 4:03 Because, you know, because their masters fed them and clothed them and took care of them in their old age. 4:07 You still hear this argument today, astonishingly. 4:09 In fact, you'll probably see asshats in the comments saying that in the comments. 4:12 I will remind you, it's not cursing if you are referring to an actual ass. 4:15 This paternalism allowed masters to see themselves as benevolent and to contrast their family-oriented slavery with the cold, mercenary Capitalism of the free-labor North. 4:26 So yeah, in the face of rising criticism of slavery, some southerners began to argue that the institution was actually good for the social order. 4:33 One of the best-known proponents of this view was John C. Calhoun, who, in 1837, said this in a speech on the Senate floor: 4:40 "I hold that, in the present state of civilization, 4:43 where two races of different origin and distinguished by color and other physical differences as well as intellectual, are brought together, 4:51 the relation now existing in the slave-holding states between the two is, instead of an evil, a good. A positive good." 4:59 Now, of course, John C. Calhoun was a fringe politician, and nobody took his views particularly seriously. 5:04 Stan: Well, he was Secretary of State from 1844 to 1845. 5:07 John: Well, I mean, who really cares about the Secretary of State, Stan? 5:10 Danica: Eh, he was also Secretary of War from 1817 to 1825. 5:13 John: All right, but we don't even have a Secretary of War anymore, so... 5:16 Meredith: And he was Vice President from 1825 to 1832. 5:19 John: Oh my god, were we insane?! 5:21 We were, of course, but we justified the insanity with Biblical passages and with the examples of the Greeks and Romans, 5:28 and with outright racism, arguing that black people were inherently inferior to whites. 5:33 And that not to keep them in slavery would upset the natural order of things. 5:37 A worldview popularized millennia ago by my nemesis, Aristotle. God, I hate Aristotle. 5:42 You know what defenders of Aristotle always say? 5:44 "He was the first person to identify dolphins." 5:47 Well, ok, dolphin identifier. 5:50 Yes, that is what he should be remembered for, but he's a terrible philosopher! Lives & experiences of enslaved people 5:53 Here's the truth about slavery: 5:55 It was coerced labor that relied upon intimidation and brutality and dehumanization. 6:00 And this wasn't just a cultural system, it was a legal one. 6:03 I mean, Louisiana law proclaimed that a slave "owes his master... a respect without bounds, and an absolute obedience." 6:09 The signal feature of slaves' lives was work. 6:12 I mean, conditions and tasks varied, but all slaves labored, usually from sunup to sundown, and almost always without any pay. 6:20 Most slaves worked in agriculture on plantations, and conditions were different, depending on which crops are grown. 6:25 Like, slaves on the rice plantations of South Carolina had terrible working conditions, 6:29 but they labored under the task system, which meant that once they had completed their allotted daily work, they would have time to do other things. 6:36 But lest you imagine this is like how we have work and leisure time, bear in mind that they were owned and treated as property. 6:42 On cotton plantations, most slaves worked in gangs, usually under the control of an overseer, or another slave who was called a "driver." 6:49 This was back-breaking work done in the southern sun and humidity, and so it's not surprising that whippings – or the threat of them – were often necessary to get slaves to work. 6:58 It's easy enough to talk about the brutality of slave discipline, but it can be difficult to internalize it. 7:03 Like, you look at these pictures, but because you've seen them over and over again, they don't have the power they once might have. 7:09 The pictures can tell a story about cruelty, but they don't necessarily communicate how arbitrary it all was. 7:14 As, for example, in this story, told by a woman who was a slave as a young girl: 7:18 "[The] overseer... went to my father one morning and said, "Bob, I'm gonna whip you this morning." 7:22 Daddy said, "I ain't done nothing," and he said, "I know it, I'm going to whip you to keep you from doing nothing," 7:28 and he hit him with that cowhide – you know it would cut the blood out of you with every lick if they hit you hard." 7:33 That brutality – the whippings, the brandings, the rape – was real, and it was intentional, because, in order for slavery to function, slaves had to be dehumanized. 7:43 This enabled slaveholders to rationalize what they were doing, and it was hoped to reduce slaves to the animal property that is implied by the term "chattel slavery." 7:51 So the idea was that slaveholders wouldn't think of their slaves as human, and slaves wouldn't think of themselves as human. 7:57 But it didn't work. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. 7:59 Slaves' resistance to their dehumanization took many forms, but the primary way was by forming families. Family, love, & religion of enslaved people 8:05 Family was a refuge for slaves and a source of dignity that masters recognized and sought to stifle. 8:10 A paternalistic slave owner named Bennet H. Barrow wrote in his rules for the Highland Plantation: 8:15 "No rule that I have stated is of more importance than that relating to Negroes marrying outside of the plantation... It creates a feeling of independence." 8:23 Most slaves did marry, usually for life, and, when possible, slaves grew up in two-parent households. 8:28 Single-parent households were common, though, as a result of one parent being sold. 8:32 In the upper South, where the economy was shifting from tobacco to different, less labor-intensive cash crops, the sale of slaves was common. 8:40 Perhaps one-third of slave marriages in states like Virginia were broken up by sale. 8:45 Religion was also an important part of life in slavery. 8:47 While masters wanted their slaves to learn the parts of the Bible that talked about being happy in bondage, 8:52 slave worship tended to focus on the stories of Exodus, where Moses brought the slaves out of bondage, 8:57 or Biblical heroes, who overcame great odds, like Daniel and David. 9:01 And, although most slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, many did anyway. And some became preachers. 9:07 Slave preachers were often very charismatic leaders, and they roused the suspicion of slave owners, and not without reason. 9:13 Two of the most important slave uprisings in the South were led by preachers. 9:16 Thanks, Thought Bubble. 9:17 Oh, it's time for the Mystery Document? Mystery Document 9:19 We're doing two set pieces in a row? All right. [buzzing noise] [music] 9:24 The rules here are simple. 9:26 I wanted to re-shoot that, but Stan said no. 9:29 I guess the author of the Mystery Document. 9:30 If I am wrong, I get shocked with the shock pen. 9:33 "Since I have been in the Queen's dominions I have been well contented, yes well contented for sure, man is as God intended he should be. 9:40 That is, all are born free and equal. 9:43 This is a wholesome law, not like the southern laws which puts man made in the image of God on level with brutes. 9:49 O, what will become of the people, and where will they stand in the day of judgment. 9:53 Would that the 5th verse of the 3rd chapter of Malachi were written as with a bar of iron, 9:59 and the point of a diamond upon every oppressor's heart that they might repent of this evil, and let the oppressed go free..." 10:06 All right, it's definitely a preacher, because only preachers have read Malachi. 10:10 Probably African American, probably not someone from the South. 10:13 I'm going to guess that it is Richard Allen, the founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church? 10:18 [buzzing noise] DAAAH, DANG IT! 10:19 It's Joseph Taper, and Stan just pointed out to me that I should have known it was Joseph Taper because it starts out, 10:24 "Since I have been in the Queen's dominions..." 10:27 He was in Canada. He escaped slavery to Canada. The Queen's dominions! 10:31 All right, Canadians, I blame you for this, although, thank you for abolishing slavery decades before we did. 10:36 [electric sounds] AHHH! How people resisted & escaped slavery 10:37 So, the Mystery Document shows one of the primary ways that slaves resisted their oppression: by running away. 10:42 Although some slaves like Joseph Taper escaped for good by running away to northern free states, 10:47 or even to Canada, where they wouldn't have to worry about fugitive slave laws, even more slaves ran away temporarily, hiding out in the woods or the swamps, and eventually returning. 10:55 No one knows exactly how many slaves escaped to freedom, but the best estimate is that a thousand or so a year made the journey northward. 11:01 Most fugitive slaves were young men, but the most famous runaway has been hanging out behind me all day long: Harriet Tubman. 11:07 Harriet Tubman escaped to Philadelphia at the age of 29, and over the course of her life, she made about 20 trips back to Maryland to help friends and relatives make the journey north on the Underground Railroad. 11:17 But a more dramatic form of resistance to slavery was actual, armed rebellion, which was attempted. 11:22 Now, individuals sometimes took matters into their own hands and beat or even killed their white overseers or masters. 11:27 Like Bob, the guy who received the arbitrary beating, responded to it by killing his overseer with a hoe. 11:33 But that said, large-scale slave uprisings were relatively rare. 11:36 The four most famous ones all took place in a 35-year period at the beginning of the 19th century. Slave rebellions 11:41 Gabriel's Rebellion in 1800 – which we've talked about before – was discovered before he was able to carry out his plot. 11:45 Then, in 1811, a group of slaves upriver from New Orleans seized cane, knives, and guns, and marched on the city before militia stopped them. 11:52 And in 1822, Denmark Vesey, a former slave who had purchased his freedom, may have organized a plot to destroy Charleston, South Carolina. 11:59 I say "may have" because the evidence against him is disputed and comes from a trial that was not fair. 12:05 But regardless, the end result of that trial was that he was executed, as were 34 slaves. Nat Turner's Rebellion 12:09 But the most successful slave rebellion, at least in the sense that they actually killed some people, was Nat Turner's in August 1831. 12:15 Turner was a preacher, and with a group of about 80 slaves, he marched from farm to farm in South Hampton County, Virginia, 12:21 killing the inhabitants, most of whom were women and children, because the men were attending a religious revival meeting in North Carolina. 12:27 Turner and 17 other rebels were captured and executed, but not before they struck terror into the hearts of whites all across the American South. 12:34 Virginia's response was to make slavery worse, passing even harsher laws that forbade slaves from preaching, and prohibited teaching them to read. 12:42 Other slave states followed Virginia's lead and, by the 1830s, slavery had grown, if anything, more harsh. 12:47 So, this shows that large-scaled armed resistance was – Django Unchained aside – not just suicidal, but also a threat to loved ones and, really, to all slaves. How enslaved people resisted their oppression & why it matters 12:55 But, it is hugely important to emphasize that slaves did resist their oppression. 12:59 Sometimes this meant taking up arms, but usually it meant more subtle forms of resistance, 13:03 like intentional work slowdowns or sabotaging equipment, or pretending not to understand instructions. 13:08 And, most importantly, in the face of systematic legal and cultural degradation, they re-affirmed their humanity through family and through faith. 13:16 Why is this so important? 13:17 Because too often in America, we still talk about slaves as if they failed to rise up, 13:21 when, in fact, rising up would not have made life better for them or for their families. 13:26 The truth is, sometimes carving out an identity as a human being in a social order that is constantly seeking to dehumanize you, is the most powerful form of resistance. 13:34 Refusing to become the chattel that their masters believed them to be is what made slavery untenable and the Civil War inevitable, so make no mistake, slaves fought back. 13:45 And in the end, they won. I'll see you next week. Credits 13:48 Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. 13:50 The script supervisor is Meredith Danko. 13:52 Our associate producer is Danica Johnson. 13:54 The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. 13:57 And our graphics team is Thought Cafe. 13:58 Every week, there's a new caption to the Libertage, but today's episode was so sad that we couldn't fit a Libertage in... 14:04 UNTIL NOW! [Libertage Rock Music] 14:08 Suggest Libertage caption in comments, where you can also ask questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of historians. 14:13 Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my home town, don't forget to be abolitionist.

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