“By ___ months of age, they can adjust the width of their grasps as they reach for objects of different sizes. By ___ months of age, they can adjust the speed of their hand movements as they approach objects depending, for example, on whether they intend to toss the objects or place them in a container.”

Which of these monkey(s) is known for having low-dexterity and therefore, no obvious second-order grasp planning?

When Pennsylvania State University students completed tasks involving grasping a horizontal dowel, researchers concluded that end state comfort overrides the use of one’s dominant hand.

What is the average age children begin to show second-order grasp planning as reliably as adults?

Which type of monkey led researchers to the theory that young children tend not to use second-order grasp planning, because they do not find extreme joint angles as uncomfortable as adults. 

When participants were asked to move the plunger to a lower level, they grasped it ___on the shaft, but when they were asked to bring the plunger to a higher level, they grasped it ___ on the shaft.

A study of the University of British Columbia found that second-order planning only directly applies to arms and hands.

Second-order grasp planning was in place as long as ___ million years ago, when the lemur line and the hominid line diverged.

End-State Comfort = 

During several studies, participants turned knobs in varying degrees of rotation. The more rotation that was required, the more ______-order planning required.

What was the name of the painting in the assigned reading, used to illustrate second-order planning?

Definitions:  First-Order Planning = 

Anticipatory changes of this sort have been studied in depth in speech production - for ex- ample, in rounding the lips before pronouncing the "t" in "tulip" (as opposed to the "t" in "tailpipe," for example) - a phenomenon called ____________,

University of Giessen, Germany, showed that some toddlers as young as _______ old do indeed exhibit second-order grasp planning. However, it takes years for most children to show such planning as commonly as adults.

Definition:  Second-Order Planning = 

________ Psychologists analyze behaviour to gain insight into the intelligence behind it

In what position can individuals move their extended forearm fastest?

What kind of relationship exists between grasp high and object placement height?

In the study that focuses on moving a target (plunger) to varying heights, how did the diameter of the start ring affect the results?

Can non-tool using animals have the same grasp order planning as humans/chimps.

What are the three variables to grasp an object?

Second order grasp planning is sensitive to what?

What percentage of the population is left-handed?

Why at around age 10, do children begin avoiding awkward limb positions?

What's the best way to study action planning?