Observational Study Designs
Quiz by Ivry Zagury-Orly
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15 questions
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- Q1Regarding observational study designsThey can be either descriptive or analyticThe investigator allocates or controls the exposure of interestThe investigator attempts to isolate the effect of the exposure onlyRCT is a type of observational study design45s
- Q2Which of the following statements is true regarding case seriesCase series typically allow us to measure the association between the exposure and outcomeHelpful in generating information on the natural history of diseaseSeries of case reports with a comparison group45s
- Q3The ecologic fallacy refers to:Failure to examine temporal relationships between exposures and outcomesAssessing exposure in large groups rather than in many small groupsExamining correlations of exposure and outcomes comes rather than time trendsAscribing the characteristics of a group to every individual in that group45s
- Q4A physician treated a 20-year-old patient, Jane, who reported numbness all over her body. After taking an extensive history the physician discovered the patient had recently been to the beach and had stored the sunscreen she used in her cooler. The physician wrote on this incident and described why she concluded the spray sunscreen resulted in Jane’s numbness. What is the observational study involved?Analytic observational (case-control or cohort)Cross-sectional studyEcologic studyCase report or case series60s
- Q5This figure depicts the relationship between breast cancer incidence and average dietary fat consumption in each country. In using the ______ design the authors concluded the higher the average dietary fat consumption for a country, the higher breast cancer incidence for that country generally is.Cross-sectional studyEcologic studyCase report or case seriesAnalytic observational (case-control or cohort)60s
- Q6In a small pilot study, 50 men with lung cancer and 50 men with no lung cancer were contacted and asked whether they had ever smoked cigarette. Each man with cancer was matched by age, race, weight, and SES to a man without disease. What kind of study design is this?Prospective cohort studyCase-control studyCross-sectional studyRetrospective cohort study60s
- Q7The physical examination records of the entire incoming freshman class of 1930 at HMS was examined in 1970 to see if their recorded height and weight at the time of admission to the university was related to the development of coronary heart disease by 1985. This is an example of:A retrospective cohort studyA prospective cohort studyA case-control studyA cross-sectional study45s
- Q8True or False 1. Case-crossover studies use the exposure history of each case as his or her own control to examine the effect of exposures on outcome. 2. Case-crossover studies generally introduce a between-person confounding bias but eliminate possible recall bias. 3. An extension of the case-crossover study is the case-time control study design.TTFTTTTFTFTT60s
- Q9"RR for breast cancer and cigarette smoking from various studies are between 1–1.5" this statement indicates…SpecificityCoherence of explanationDose-response relationshipStrength of the association45s
- Q10Consistency on repetition shows….Whether the association contradicts what is already known about the biology or natural history of the disease of interestEnsuring exposure occurred before outcome or disease of interest and that time period between exposure and outcome has biologic plausibilityWhether the exposure occurs without the subsequent outcome of interest, or whether the outcome occurs without the exposure of interestWhether the same association has been observed by different persons in different settings45s
- Q11The following parameter shows whether the association contradicts what is already known about the biology or natural history of the disease of interest…Dose-response relationshipTime sequenceCoherence of explanationBiologic plausibility45s
- Q12Specificity shows…Whether there are other associations between exposure and outcome similar to the one under studyGradient of risk is associated with the degree of exposureWhether the exposure occurs without the subsequent outcome of interest, or whether the outcome occurs without the exposure of interest45s
- Q13The following health outcomes could be studied using a cross-sectional study design, except...The prevalence of diabetes among adults in the United States in 2018The number of new cases of diabetes diagnosed among at risk adults in the United States in 2018The number of people in a population with diabetes who are obese and the number of people in a population with diabetes who are not obese, in the United States in 2018The prevalence of diabetes among all patients seen at a particular health clinic on one day in 201860s
- Q14Researchers are studying HIV prevalence using a cross-sectional study design. The following factors may affect the researchers’ assessment of HIV prevalence in their study population, except…Population changes (e.g. migration) due to HIV infection, for example people who leave their communityChanges in HIV treatmentChanges in HIV diagnosticsChanges in HIV virulence (HIV virulence refers to the ability of the virus to cause disease)60s
- Q15A case – control study in which cases and controls are selected from among members of cohort is known as...Cohort retrospective studyCase-control studyNested case–control studyCase-cohort study60s
