Organisasi di BKI | Quizalize

Wage Rudolf Soepartman Wage Rudolf Soepratman merupakan seorang guru, violis, wartawan, sekaligus komposer Hindia Belanda yang dilahirkan di Jatinegara pada tanggal 9 Maret 1903. Pendidikannya dimulai pada tahun 1907 di Taman Kanak-Kanak di Frobelschool Jakarta. Selepas Taman Kanak-Kanak, ia melanjutkan pendidikannya ke Tweede Inlandscheschool (Sekolah Angka Dua) dan selesai pada tahun 1917. Dua tahun setelahnya, W.R. Soepratman lulus ujian Klein Ambtenaar Examen (KAE, ujian untuk calon pegawai rendahan). Pendidikannya kemudian berlanjut ke Normaalschool (Sekolah Pendidikan Guru). Karirnya dalam bidang musik tidak lepas dari peran kakak iparnya, W.M. Van Eldick. Ia diberikan hadiah oleh kakak iparnya sebuah biola saat ulang tahunnya yang ke-17. Bersama Van Eldik tersebutlah, ia mendirikan grup jazz band bernama Black and White. Kepandaian W.R. Soepratman dalam bermusik digunakannya untuk menciptakan lagu-lagu perjuangan yang salah satu di antaranya adalah Indonesia Raya. Puncak karier W.R. Soepratman terjadi saat kepindahannya dari Makassar ke Bandung. Ia memulai karier sebagai jurnalistik dengan menjadi wartawan di surat kabar Kaoem Moeda pada tahun 1924. la kemudian pindah ke Jakarta dan menjadi wartawan pada Surat Kabar Sin Po pada tahun 1925. Sejak itu, ia aktif menghadiri rapat-rapat organisasi pemuda dan partai politik yang diadakan di Gedung Pertemuan Batavia. Sejak saat itulah W.R. Soepratman berkenalan dengan tokoh-tokoh pergerakan. Dalam pelaksanaan kongres Pemuda II, tanggal 27-28 Oktober 1928, W.R. Soepratman ikut terlibat dalam menciptakan lagu kebangsaan negara Republik Indonesia. Saat itulah, untuk kali pertama lagu Indonesia Raya diperdengarkan dengan iringan gesekan biolanya di depan seluruh peserta kongres sebelum dibacakannya Putusan Kongres Pemuda yang dikenal sebagai Sumpah Pemuda. Setelah Kongres Pemuda II, kehidupan W.R. Soepratman tidak lagi tenang karena dimata-matai oleh polisi Belanda. Penyebabnya adalah kata "Merdeka, Merdeka" pada lagu karangannya itu. Pada tahun 1930, Pemerintah Hindia Belanda melarang rakyat Indonesia menyanyikan lagu Indonesia Raya di depan umum. Tahun 1933-1937, ia pindah dari Jakarta ke Cimahi, lalu ke Pemalang. Hingga bulan April 1937, ia dibawa kakaknya, Ny. Rukiyem Supratiyah, ke Surabaya dalam keadaan sakit. Kedatangan W.R. Soepratman di Surabaya segera diketahui teman-teman seperjuangannya. Mereka datang menjenguknya yang masih lemah setelah sakit. Tanggal tanggal 7 Agustus 1938, W.R. Soepratman ditangkap Belanda di studio Radio NIROM (Nederlandsch Indische Radio Omroep) di Jalan Embong Malang Surabaya, lantaran lagunya yang berjudul "Matahari Terbit" dinyanyikan pandu-pandu KBI (Kepanduan Bangsa Indonesia) di radio tersebut dan dianggap wujud simpati terhadap Kekaisaran Jepang. la sempat ditahan, kemudian dilepaskan setelah Belanda tidak dapat menemukan bukti-bukti bahwa dirinya bersimpati kepada Jepang. Kondisi kesehatannya pun makin menurun. Pada 17 Agustus 1938 (Rabu Wage), W.R. Soepratman meninggal dunia di Jalan Mangga 21 Tambak Sari, Surabaya karena gangguan jantung yang dideritanya. Almarhum dimakamkan di Pemakaman Umum Kapasan, Jalan Tambak Segaran Wetan, Surabaya.

0RGANISASI ISLAM DI INDONESIA

Sai cosa sono le microplastiche? Quando si parla di microplastiche si fa riferimento a particelle di materiale plastico più piccole di 5 mm, ci sono due tipi di microplastiche ci sono le microplastiche primarie che sono fabbricate di proposito per essere aggiunte ad alcuni prodotti e modificarne le proprie proprietà, per esempio sono presenti in alcuni dentifrici e saponi liquidi sotto forma di granuli abrasivi, ma le ritroviamo anche in diverse prodotti di bellezza dove contribuiscono a creare una sensazione delicata sulla pelle, così come nei bagnoschiuma glitterati. Poi ci sono le microplastiche secondarie, formate dalla frammentazione di materiali di plastica più grande che può venire per effetto degli agenti atmosferici oppure per erosione meccanica, la loro diffusione naturale è provocata dal littering ma anche dall’abrasione degli pneumatici o dei tessuti sintetici come ad esempio i vestiti da sport. Un terzo delle microplastiche presenti nei mari proviene proprio da quest'ultima fonte, si staccano dai vestiti sintetici lavaggio dopo lavaggio; le microplastiche non sono biodegradabili al contrario si accumulano nell'ambiente nel corso del tempo e costituiscono una delle più recenti e pericolose forme di inquinamento ambientale. Le microplastiche primarie insieme frammenti più piccoli delle secondarie finiscono prima o poi nelle stazioni di depurazione delle acque ma non vengono filtrate perché troppo piccole, risultato, finiscono nei laghi negli di oceani, nel mare e anche nel suolo uno studio recente ha dimostrato che le microplastiche sono presenti un po' ovunque e possono anche essere trasportate dalle gocce di pioggia oppure dall'aria e raggiungere così le vette delle montagne oppure le calotte polari. Solo settant'anni fa la plastica non esisteva e ora sta contaminando ogni angolo del pianeta in Europa si stima che più di 40.000 tonnellate di microplastiche inquinano direttamente il mare. Ogni anno lo zooplancton marino può ingerire queste particelle che risalgono così la catena alimentare fino ad arrivare ai mammiferi marini, ai grossi pesci e infine all'uomo. Anche se gli effetti sugli organismi e sulla nostra salute non sono ancora del tutto noti, i primi risultati indicano che potrebbero esserci dei rischi, il fenomeno va quindi trattato con molta attenzione nell’attesa che si trovino delle soluzioni più sostenibili per sostituire le microplastiche ognuno di noi può agire per limitare il fenomeno: 1- smaltimento: smaltire rifiuti di plastica nella maniera giusta consegnandoli nei centri di raccolta e ovviamente non lasciarli in natura dove possono frammentarsi e diventare elementi più piccoli ovvero microclimatiche. 2- usarne meno, ricordate che la plastica migliore è quella che non si usa, evitate di usarla tutte le volte che potete e sostituitela con gli oggetti e materiale riutilizzabili. 3- bucato: cercate di usare detersivi naturali per il bucato, in modo da preservare più a lungo i vestiti sintetici come quelli da sport che altrimenti si degradano più in fretta disperdendo le microplastiche che la lavatrice non è in grado di filtrare. Bene, e ora sai cosa sono le microplastiche?

Figure 18-11 represents the amount of energy stored as organic material in each trophic level in an ecosystem. The pyramid shape of the diagram indicates the low percentage of energy transfer from one level to the next. On average, 10 percent of the total energy consumed in one trophic level is incor- porated into the organisms in the next. Why is the percentage of energy transfer so low? One reason is that some of the organisms in a trophic level escape being eaten. They eventually die and become food for decomposers, but the energy contained in their bodies does not pass to a higher trophic level. Even when an organism is eaten, some of the molecules in its body will be in a form that the consumer cannot break down and use. For example, a cougar cannot extract energy from the antlers, hooves, and hair of a deer. Also, the energy used by prey for cellu- lar respiration cannot be used by predators to synthesize new bio- mass. Finally, no transformation or transfer of energy is 100 percent efficient. Every time energy is transformed, such as during the reactions of metabolism, some energy is lost as heat. Limitations of Trophic Levels The low rate of energy transfer between trophic levels explains why ecosystems rarely contain more than a few trophic levels. Because only about 10 percent of the energy available at one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level, there is not enough energy in the top trophic level to support more levels. Organisms at the lowest trophic level are usually much more abundant than organisms at the highest level. In Africa, for exam- ple, you will see about 1,000 zebras, gazelles, and other herbivores for every lion or leopard you see, and there are far more grasses and shrubs than there are herbivores. Higher trophic levels con- tain less energy, so, they can support fewer individuals.A population is a group of organisms that belong to the same species and live in a particular place at the same time. All of the bass living in a pond during a certain period of time make up a pop- ulation because they are isolated in the pond and do not interact with bass living in other ponds. The boundaries of a population may be imposed by a feature of the environment, such as a lake shore, or they can be arbitrarily chosen to simplify a study of the population. The humans shown in Figure 19-1 are part of the pop- ulation of a city. The properties of populations differ from those of individuals. An individual may be born, it may reproduce, or it may die. A population study focuses on a population as a whole—how many individuals are born, how many die, and so on. Population Size A population’s size is the number of individuals that the population contains. Size is a fundamental and important population property but can be difficult to measure directly. If a population is small and composed of immobile organisms, such as plants, its size can be determined simply by counting individuals. Often, though, individ- uals are too abundant, too widespread, or too mobile to be counted easily, and scientists must estimate the number of individuals in the population. Suppose that a scientist wants to know how many oak trees live in a 10 km2 patch of forest. Instead of searching the entire patch of forest and counting all the oak trees, the scientist could count the trees in a smaller section of the forest, such as a 1 km2 area. The scientist could then use this value to estimate the population of the larger area. SECTION 1 OBJECTIVES ● Describe the main properties that scientists measure when they study populations. ● Compare the three general patterns of population dispersion. ● Identify the measurements used to describe changing populations. ● Compare the three general types of survivorship curves. VOCABULARY population population density dispersion birth rate death rate life expectancy age structure survivorship curve FIGURE 19-1 A population can be widely distributed, as Earth’s human population is, or confined to a small area, as species of fish in a lake are. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 382 CHAPTER 19 If the small patch contains 25 oaks, an area 10 times larger would likely contain 10 times as many oak trees. A similar kind of sampling technique might be used to estimate the size of the pop- ulation shown in Figure 19-2. To use this kind of estimate, the sci- entist must assume that the distribution of individuals in the entire population is the same as that in the sampled group. Estimates of population size are based on many such assumptions, so all esti- mates have the potential for error. Population Density Population density measures how crowded a population is. This measurement is always expressed as the number of individuals per unit of area or volume. For example, the population density of humans in the United States is about 30 people per square kilome- ter. Table 19-1 shows the population sizes and densities of humans in several countries in 2003. These estimates are calculated for the total land area. Some areas of a country may be sparsely popu- lated, while other areas are very densely populated. Dispersion A third population property is dispersion (di-SPUHR-zhuhn). Dispersion is the spatial distribution of individuals within the popu- lation. In a clumped distribution, individuals are clustered together. In a uniform distribution, individuals are separated by a fairly con- sistent distance. In a random distribution, each individual’s location is independent of the locations of other individuals in the popula- tion. Figure 19-3 illustrates the three possible patterns of dispersion. Clumped distributions often occur when resources such as food or living space are clumped. Clumped distributions may also occur because of a species’ social behavior, such as when animals gather into herds or flocks. Uniform distributions may result from social behavior in which individuals within the same habitat stay as far away from each other as possible. For example, a bird may locate its nest so as to maximize the distance from the nests of other birds. These migrating wildebeests in East Africa are too numerous and mobile to be counted. Scientists must use sampling methods at several locations to monitor changes in the population size of the animals. FIGURE 19-2 TABLE 19-1 Population Size and Density of Some Countries Population size Population density Country (in millions) (in individuals/km2) China 1,289 135 India 1,069 325 United States 292 30 Russia 146 8 Japan 128 337 Mexico 105 54 Kenya 32 54 Australia 20 3 dispersion from the Latin dis-, meaning “out,” and spargere, meaning “to scatter” Word Roots and Origins Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. POPULATIONS 383 The social interactions of birds called gannets, which are shown in Figure 19-3b, result in a uniform distribution. Each gannet chooses a small nesting area on the coast and defends it from other gannets. In this way, each gannet tries to maximize its distance from all of its neighbors, which causes a uniform distribution of individuals. Few populations are truly randomly dispersed. Rather, they show degrees of clumping or uniformity. The dispersion pattern of a population sometimes depends on the scale at which the popu- lation is observed. The gannets shown in Figure 19-3b are uni- formly distributed on a scale of a few meters. However, if the entire island on which the gannets live is observed, the distribution appears clumped because the birds live only near the shore. POPULATION DYNAMICS All populations are dynamic—they change in size and composition over time. To understand these changes, scientists must know more than the population’s size, density, and dispersion. One important measure is the birth rate, the number of births occur- ring in a period of time. In the United States, for example, there are about 4 million births per year. A second important measure is the death rate, or mortality rate, which is the number of deaths in a

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