Question 1

What is halothane?

Accepted Answer

General inhalation anesthetic used to induce and maintain general anesthesia.

Answer

Nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon, inhalation anesthetic that provides relatively slow induction with increased excitation of the tissue.

Answer

General anesthetic administered intravenously to induce muscle relaxation

Answer

General anesthetic administered intravenously to induce and maintain general anesthesia.

Question 2

What is the mechanism of action of halothane?

Accepted Answer

Halothane induces immobilization of muscles by binding to K+ channels in cholinergic neurons.

Answer

Halothane’s effect are likely due to binding to Mg2+ channels causing hyperpolarization.

Answer

Halothane depresses nerve conduction by binding to Na+ channels in cholinergic neurons.

Answer

Halothane produces loss of consciousness by binding to Acetylcholine receptors causing hyperpolarization.

Question 3

What is succinylcholine?

Accepted Answer

A skeletal muscle relaxant for intravenous administration used as an adjunct to general anesthesia.

Answer

A smooth muscle relaxant for intravenous administration used as an adjunct to general anesthesia.

Answer

A general inhalation anesthetic used to induce skeletal muscle relaxation.

Answer

A general inhalation anesthetic used to induce general anesthesia.

Question 4

How does succinylcholine function?

Accepted Answer

It binds to nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction and opens ligand-gated channels leading to depolarization.

Answer

It hyperpolarizes the neuromuscular junction preventing the membrane from starting an actional potential.

Answer

It works in conjunction with Acetylcholine to depolarize the membrane.

Answer

It prevents acetylcholinesterase from hydrolyzing Acetylcholine keeping the membrane depolarized.

Question 5

What is end-tidal CO2?

Accepted Answer

The partial pressure of CO2 at the end of exhalation.

Answer

The difference in partial pressure of CO2 and O2 dissolved in the blood plasma.

Answer

The partial pressure of CO2 measured in the lung alveoli.

Answer

The difference in partial pressure of CO2 and O2 during exhalation.

Question 6

What is lactic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

The body uses anaerobic glycolysis and lactate, a part of this cycle, builds up over time

Answer

Increased amount of lactic acid is excreted

Answer

Excess lactic acid is consumed

Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation uses the lactate to generate ATP, but over time, this lactate builds up as the oxidative phosphorylation cannot keep up

Question 7

How was malignant hyperthermia caused in the PBL case when the infant was surgically treated for Hirschsprung’s disease?

Accepted Answer

There was an allergic reaction to the anesthetic

Answer

None of the above

Answer

The child had malnourishment

Answer

The lactic acidosis caused by Hirschsprung’s disease caused malignant hyperthermia

Question 8

What is the mechanism by which the PBL case infant’s conditions were caused?

Accepted Answer

Myoplasmic calcium enters the muscle cell causing continued contraction

Answer

The oxidative phosphorylation process created excess ATP

Answer

All of the above

Answer

The infant had a potential thiamine deficiency

Question 9

Which of the arrows in the image shows a ganglion body?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Answer

First arrow

Answer

Second arrow

Answer

Third arrow

Question 10

What drug can alleviate the PBL case infant’s symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Dantrolene sodium

Answer

None of the above

Answer

Dinitrophenol

Answer

Sulfatiazol

Question 11

A distal intestinal obstruction is a blockage of viscid (sticky) faecal material in what area?

Accepted Answer

Ileum to proximal colon

Answer

The duodenum to jejunum

Answer

Appendix

Answer

Jejunum to ileum

Question 12

All of the below may be the cause of a low hematocrit EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytosis

Answer

Vitamin or mineral deficiencies

Answer

A large number of white blood cells due to long-term illness

Answer

an insufficient supply of healthy red blood cells

Question 13

A high hematocrit may indicate all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Infection or disorder such as lymphoma

Answer

Low availability of oxygen (ex: Lung or heart disease, smoking, high altitude)

Answer

Dehydration (ex: heat exhaustion)

Answer

Polycythemia vera, disorder that causes your body to produce too many red blood cells

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