A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

The Election of 1800 was the first peaceful transition of power from one party to another. Politics had become more partisan between the Federalists, led by President John Adams, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson, who had been opponents in the previous election

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Political party lead by Andrew Jackson from 1828 to 1856. Campaigned against strong central government and fought to end elitism.

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland.

Established the power of judicial review.

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Established national supremacy; established implied powers; use of elastic clause; state unable to tax fed. institution; John Marshall; "the power to tax involves the power to destroy."

Affirmed federal control of interstate commerce under commerce clause of the Constitution.

An economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services

Law that forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports and closed American ports to British ships

A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank.

Ecnomic downturn caused by loose lending practices of state banks' and overspeculation. Martin Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stablize and lessen the economic situation

The South opposed money being used from tariffs for internal improvements

The pro slavery whites launched a massive defense of slavery, including claims that slavery was supported by the authority of the Bible and the wisdom of Aristotle, that it was good for the Africans, taking them from the barbarism of the jungle and introducing them to Christian civilization. One often used argument was that the relationship between masters and slave resembled that of a family.

In 1661 a set of "codes" was made. It denied slaves basic fundamental rights, and gave their owners permission to treat them as they saw fit.

Declared that slavery was a "positive good"

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.

Kicked off the equal-rights-for-women campaign led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (1848)

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

American educator who was the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, suggested reforms in education

Idealistic and impractical communities. Who, Rather than seeking to create an ideal government or reform the world, withdrew from the sinful, corrupt world to work their miracles in microcosm, hoping to imitate the elect state of affairs that existed among the Apostles.

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she escaped in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women., United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

An African American preacher who helped start the free African society and the African Methodist Episcopal church

Work songs, devotional music--"spirituals" and gospel hymns, African American

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.

(1809-1884) American inventor and industrialist, he invented the mechanical reaper and harvesting machine that quickly cut down wheat.

American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster.

Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life.

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

Program of internal improvements and protective tariffs promoted by Speaker of the House Henry Clay in his presidential campaign of 1824.

Built from 1817- 1825 ; 7 million dollars. The canal allowed farm products from the great lakes region to flow east ; people and manufactured goods from east to flow west ; trade stimulated by canal helped new york city become the nation's largest city.

Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them

The first highway built with entirely federal funds. Congress authorized the road in 1806 during the Jefferson Administration.

A prevailing view among upper and middle class women during the 19th century. According to these ideals, women were supposed to embody perfect virtues in all senses. The virtues were piety, purity, submission, and domesticity.

A bank Congress charted that had the power to establish a national currency to make large loans to business.

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

Lead to the panic of 1837 and all that lead up to it, and a change in the American Political Party System.

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South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

A leading attorney who argued many famous cases in the Supreme Court. Congressman from New Hampshire and senator representing Massachusetts.

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.