Connected the East Coast with the West Coast, was built by mostly Irish and Chinese immigrants

Allowed for the ability to transport people and goods across the nation with efficient speed; opened the west to further expansion; helped transport grain and beef back east

Handled the most dangerous work on the Transcontinental Railroad, worked from west to east, discriminated against

Lured settlers to the west with cheap, fertile land

Closed the open range of the west, restricted ability of Native Americans to roam freely, increased conflict over land ownership between settlers and Native Americans

Killed in droves by the US government in order to starve the Plains Indians

US 7th Calvary Unit is wiped out by the Plain Indians

Lakota chief who led the Sioux in the Battle of Little Big Horn; he was killed in the Wounded Knee Massacre

Last major conflict between the American Indians and the US Army; end of Native American resistance to white settlers' westward expansion

Sitting Bull's tribe participate in the Ghost Dance movement, the people resist turning in their weapons, and a fight breaks out between the 7th Calvary and the Sioux Indians; over 300 people are killed, including women and children

Connected vast regions of the United States and allowed for the efficient transport of goods

Led to increased efficiency and connectivity across the country; led to larger corporations, particularly in the steel and oil industries

Developed cheap, efficient methods for the mass production of steel rails

Increased with the growing railroad industry as railroads could connect drilling areas with markets

Creator and owner of the Standard Oil Company; known for cutting his costs by owning all the stages required to produce oil and creating a monopoly in oil

A business includes all elements of production from raw material to sale of the finished product

AKa Trust; a business that has no competition in the market

Creator and owner of the Carnegie Steel Company; know for contributing over $350 mil to charitable causes

Used the latest technology of the Bessemer process to forge steel more efficiently; first billion-dollar company; used vertical integration

Used Morse Code to receive and transmit coded messages across long distances; invented by Samuel Morse

Allowed for information to be transmitted rapidly, encouraged business growth

Allowed for voice-to-voice communication over electric wires; invented by Alexander Graham Bell

Invented by Thomas Edison, it replaced the dangerous and expensive lamp oils used for illumination

Allowed factories to be lit and operate twenty-four hours a day; illuminated buildings, streets, and neighborhoods

One of the most famous and successful inventors, held over 1,000 patents, and developed the idea of research labs in Menlo Park, NJ

Came from Southern and Eastern Europe, spoke little English, mostly Catholic or Jewish, poor, unskilled; did not assimilate like previous immigrant groups

Located in New York harbor, it processed new immigrants from Europe in an inspection process that lasted several hours

Located in San Francisco, California, it processed new immigrants from Asia in an inspection process that could take days, months, or years

Law that banned Chinese immigration to America for 10 years; the result of hostility and discrimination towards Chinese immigrants

Over-crowded cities increased crime and poverty, increased demand for goods led to economic growth, new cultural items (opera, kindergarten, foods) were added to American culture

Organized workers to obtain concessions such as better working conditions, higher pay, shorter hours

Violent protest between workers and business management

Founded the American Federation of Labor

Skilled workers union that organized workers by craft; used collective bargaining and strikes to gain higher pay and better working conditions for workers; at its height, it had 4 million members