Loading...
Pest and Hygiene Management
Quiz by Myrnelle Sylvester
Customize this quiz to suit your class
Instantly translate to 100+ languages
Tag the questions with any skills you have. Your dashboard will track each student's mastery of each skill.
Give this quiz to my class
• Agriculture is growing of crops and keeping of animals. • People who practice agriculture are called farmers. • Agriculture is very important to the family. Benefits to the family • It provides food. • It provides money. • Agriculture gives us medicine. • It provides jobs. • Agriculture gives us transport and power. • It helps most families become self sufficient. • Farm tools are instruments used on farms to make work easier. • They are usually handheld and are used frequently when practicing agricultural activities. • Farm tools are light in weight, easy to handle and are suited to the strength of the farmer Name of tool Picture Use Watering can For fine watering of seed beds bucket Carrying manure, fertilizer,seed and ripe crops Name of tool Picture Use Sickle Cutting grass and harvesting of cereals like rice and wheat Slasher Cutting down tall grass and weeds USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use Garden trowel Transplanting seedlings and making planting holes Hand fork Shallow cultivation of soil Aerating the soil USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use Shovel Loading and offloading soil or manure into a wheelbarrow, scotch cart or truck Spade Digging and turning over of moist soil USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use Garden fork Loosening and turn soil Garden line Marking straight ridges and garden beds USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use wheelbarrow Moving items around the farm Items such as soil, mulch, animal feed. Etc Knapsack sprayer Spraying pesticides and herbicides Spraying fertilizers on crops. • An inventory is a record of the things that you have. • This is a list of tools issued out and tools received back and from whom Inventory of farm tools Inventory record sheets Created by Date Name of tool Sheet Tool numbenumber Description r Location Quantity Spade 1/15 Black,wooden handle Store room 2 SAFETY IN AGRICULTURE • Agricultural activities can be dangerous. • Hazards involved results in injury, disability and death of people and animals. • The hazards are usually caused by physical injury and chemical poisoning. Common hazards in Agriculture 1. physical injury These include: • Injury caused by accidents during use of farm tools, equipment and machinery. • Misuse and improper storage of farm tools and equipment. • Being kicked by animals. • Drowning in farm pond, pool or dam. Common hazards in Agriculture 2 . Chemical poisoning These include: • Spraying without protective clothing. • Eating or smoking when spraying chemicals. • Dumping toxic chemical left overs on land and in water. • Eating agriculture produces without prior permission from adults. • Pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers pollute water sources and kill animals. Chemical poisoning Ways of preventing common agricultural hazards 1. Wear protective clothing such as gloves, gumboots, respirator, hat and overalls. 2. Do not eat, drink or smoke when spraying. 3. Dispose off all chemical remains safely. 4. Bury or burn empty chemical containers and chemical left overs. 5. Wash thoroughly with running water and soap after using chemicals. 6. Do not spray during windy days. 7. Handle tools the right way. 8. Fence farm ponds and dams. Ways of preventing common agricultural hazards Climate and Landuse Seasons of Zimbabwe Seasons of Zimbabwe Definition of terms • A season is a time of the year with almost the same weather patterns. • Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular time at a particular place. • it is the daily condition of air around us. • Seasons are determined by rainfall and temperature. Seasons of Zimbabwe • There are four seasons in Zimbabwe , which are: 1.The rain season 2.Post rain season 3.Cool dry season 4.Hot dry season Seasons of Zimbabwe 1.The rain season ( summer) • It is also called the hot- wet season. • The season begins in mid November to mid March. • The period is rainy and hot. • Dams and rivers fill up. Seasons of Zimbabwe 2 . The post rain season ( autumn ) • It starts mid March – May • The days are bright and sunny. • The leaves change from green to red, orange, yellow or brown before falling. • In addition, there is less sunlight because the days are shorter. • It is the harvesting period of most crops. Seasons of Zimbabwe 3. The cold dry season ( winter ) • It begins mid May – mid August • The mornings, evenings and nights are very cold. • Has short days and long nights. Seasons of Zimbabwe 4 . The hot season (spring ) • It begins mid August – mid November. • The days are very hot with cool nights. • A season for trees to develop new shoots. Summer Activities Agricultural activities done during the rain season includes: • Ploughing and planting of summer crops for example maize, cotton. • Weeding • Pest and disease control • Applying fertilizers. • Weekly dipping of animals because ticks, lice and mites would be many. • Harvesting of summer crops • Preparing fireguards. A fireguard is a fire break. • Beginning of the planting of wheat, barley and oats. Winter Activities • Planting of winter crops such as wheat, barley and oats. • Harvesting and selling of summer crops continues. • Constructing frost barriers for frost sensitive crops such as tomatoes. • Vaccinating animals against blackleg. • Supplementary feeding of grazing animals. • Dosing of animals to kill internal parasites. Spring Activities • Shelling and threshing of grain crops. • Dry planting of summer crops. • Carrying manure to fields. • Ploughing and harrowing. • Making planting holes Soil Components •Soil is made up of 4 components: 1)Mineral matter 2)Organic matter 3)Soil water 4)Soil air Seeds must be sown about 2 to 3 centimeters into the ground The germination process takes place within at most 1 week. When sowing seeds, the in-row spacing should be 5 – 10 centimeters whereas the inter-row spacing should be 25 centimeters. Management Practices Watering is necessary but does not overdo it – water depending on the state of the pea plants. Generally, peas do not require lots of water. WEEDING - Weeding should be done occasionally as informed by the state of the field. MULCHING – to conserve soil moisture PEST CONTROL – to protect crops from damage DISEASE CONTROL – to protect crops from damage TRELLISING – to support indeterminate varieties PEST, DISEASE AND WEED CONTROL Aphids, beetles, leaf weevils, nematodes, and leaf miners are some of the common pests to look out for. Powdery and Downey mildew, fusarium wilt are some of the common diseases to look out for. As much as you can use chemical methods to deal with pests, diseases and weeds you can still use biological and cultural control methods. Most of the pests and diseases that affect peas can be dealt with by usingcultural methods like weed control. getting rid of affected plants and plant debris can control pest and diseases control.Land preparation •Carrots can be planted in beds. •The beds should be prepared before planting. (a)digging: this is done using a hoe or a spade so as to loosen the soil. •During digging , remove roots and stems of weeds. (b) manuring: add 2kg of well rotten manure per square metre. •Work the manure deeply into the soil so that the roots of the carrots do not come into directly contact with manure. •Improperly incorporated manure causes development of carrots that have side roots. •this condition is called forking. Planting •Carrots are planted in beds where they will mature. •Water the bed a day before planting. •Mark the rows 30cm apart. •Carrots seeds are very small, therefore due to their size sow the seeds thinly along the rows. •Rub the seeds between your fingers as you sow. •Cover the seeds with fine sand. •The bed can be covered with grass so that the soil remain moist. •Water the bed soon after sowing using a watering can fitted with a fine rose. Caring for carrots (a) Thinning: is when you remove some of the baby plants in a row to free up space for the rest so that they can grow to full size. • Thinning in carrots is usually done two weeks after germination. • Thin out to leave a spacing of 4 -6 cm from each plant. (b) Watering: If carrots are not watered enough they will not grow fast. • Therefore carrots need a steady supply of water to keep the soil moist during the growing period. (c) Weeding: weeds are removed by hand, especially those in the rows. (d) Top dressing: carrots are usually not top dressed. •Fertilizer can only be applied after one has noticed leaves turning yellow. (e) Pest and disease control: aphids and nematodes attack carrots. •Dimethoate is used to control aphids. Harvesting carrots •Carrots are harvested 2 to 3 months after planting. •Bigger ones are harvested first inorder to leave more room for the young seedlings to develop. •Water the bed first the lift the carrots by hand. •A garden fork can also be used to loosen the soil, then pull up by hand. •The carrots can then be tied into bunches of 5 – 7 carrotsPeas Peas are one of the most important vegetables Zimbabweans can grow for export. They are legumes Legumes fix Nitrogen IMPORTANCE OF PEAS Peas have a lot of health benefits for human consumption. They can be eaten raw or added to a variety of dishes Peas have vitamins and antioxidants. They are good for heart performance. They are good for dealing with high blood pressure. They have a very high protein content VARIETIES Some of the common varieties to grow are Snowbird, Sabre, Serge, Alaska, Greenfeast and Recruit Varieties are also called cultivars FAVOURABLE CLIMATE Peas prefer cold conditions to grow well. Temperatures of 22 degrees or below (starting at 13 degrees Celsius) are the best for peas farming. The best temperature is 22 degrees Celsius. Extremely hot temperatures will lead to lack of growth or hard pods. SOIL REQUIREMENTS Soil should be fertile. The soil should have good drainage. Soil pH must be in the range of 6 to 7.5. The best soil type is sandy loam – clay soils can also cut it The soil should be deep LAND PREPARATION Land preparation includes the following Dig or plough to aerate the soil and improve drainage Harrow to break the clods (big lumps) Make ridges to keep water within the bed level the bed to ensure equal water distribution SOWING AND PLANTING Seeds must be sown about 2 to 3 centimeters into the ground The germination process takes place within at most 1 week. When sowing seeds, the in-row spacing should be 5 – 10 centimeters whereas the inter-row spacing should be 25 centimeters. Management Practices Watering is necessary but does not overdo it – water depending on the state of the pea plants. Generally, peas do not require lots of water. WEEDING - Weeding should be done occasionally as informed by the state of the field. MULCHING – to conserve soil moisture PEST CONTROL – to protect crops from damage DISEASE CONTROL – to protect crops from damage TRELLISING – to support indeterminate varieties PEST, DISEASE AND WEED CONTROL Aphids, beetles, leaf weevils, nematodes, and leaf miners are some of the common pests to look out for. Powdery and Downey mildew, fusarium wilt are some of the common diseases to look out for. As much as you can use chemical methods to deal with pests, diseases and weeds you can still use biological and cultural control methods. Most of the pests and diseases that affect peas can be dealt with by usingcultural methods like weed control. getting rid of affected plants and plant debris can control pest and diseases control.Pest control and managementParasite and Pest -Week 1Agricultural Methods and Pest ManagementSustainable Farming Practices • Cover Crops: Protect soil from erosion and improve soil health. -Precision Agriculture: Uses technology to optimize field-level management regarding crop farming. • Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Combines biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools to manage pests sustainably.