A student left a sealed jar of water outside her home. Water can be a solid, liquid, or gas. When she put it outside, the water was a solid. Twelve hours later, the water had changed phase and was a liquid. What happened to the water molecules?

Before the student left, the molecules were moving in place. After, the molecules were moving around each other.

Before the student left, the molecules were moving around each other. After, the molecules were moving in place.

Before the student left, the molecules were moving away from each other. After, the molecules were moving around each other.

Before the student left, the molecules were moving around each other. After, the molecules were moving away from each other.

Lily is doing a science experiment with a substance in a sealed jar. At first, the substance’s molecules are moving around each other. What will happen to Lily’s substance if she transfers energy into the substance and causes a phase change? After the phase change, the substance’s molecules will move . . .

faster, and the substance will be a gas.

slower, and the substance will be a solid.

faster, and the substance will be a liquid.

slower, and the substance will be a liquid.

Divers found two substances at the bottom of the ocean. At room temperature, both substances are liquid. Scientists then transferred the same amount of energy out of both substances. When a scientist checked again, Substance 1 had changed phase, but Substance 2 had not. How are Substances 1 and 2 different? Substance 1 has a . . .

stronger attraction between its molecules than Substance 2. Its molecules now move in place.

weaker attraction between its molecules than Substance 2. Its molecules now move in place.

weaker attraction between its molecules than Substance 2.Its molecules now move around each other.

stronger attraction between its molecules than Substance 2. Its molecules now move away from each other.

Anh measured the temperature of a pond near his house. Before he left for school, the water in the pond was 18°C. When he came home from school, the temperature of the pond was higher than it was in the morning. What happened to the water molecules while he was at school?

The molecules started moving faster.

The molecules got closer together.

A scientist has a container with a substance inside. At first, the molecules in the substance move away from each other. Later, the molecules move around each other. What change did the scientist observe in the substance?

Before, the substance was a gas. Later, it was a liquid.

Before, the substance was a liquid. Later, it was a gas.

Before, the substance was a solid. Later, it was a liquid.

Before, the substance was a liquid. Later, it was a solid.

Scientists digging in a cave found an unknown substance. The scientists found that the substance’s molecules were moving around each other. The scientists increased the speed of the substance’s molecules and caused a phase change. How did the scientists do this, and how did this affect the substance? The scientists transferred energy . . .

into the substance, and the substance changed into a gas.

out of the substance, and the substance changed into a solid.

into the substance, and the substance changed into a liquid.

out of the substance, and the substance changed into a liquid.

A cook had a jar containing a sweet food and a jar containing a sour food. The image above shows the sweet and sour foods. At room temperature, both foods are liquids. The same amount of energy was transferred into both substances. Later, one of the foods had changed phase while the other had not. Which food changed phase, and how did it change?

The sweet food changed because the molecules were able to move fast enough to overcome the attraction between them. Its molecules now move away from each other.

The sour food changed because the weak attraction between molecules let them move faster. Its molecules now move away from each other.

The sweet food changed because the strong attraction between molecules made their movement slower. Its molecules now move around each other.

The sour food changed because the molecules were able to move fast enough to overcome the attraction between them. Its molecules now move in place.

Which object has molecules that are moving?

Both have molecules that are moving.

Only the water in the glass has molecules that are moving.

Neither has molecules that are moving.

Only the water in the ocean has molecules that are moving.

What happens to molecules when their kinetic energy decreases?

It depends on the type of molecules.

Mario is making chocolate. In part of the chocolate-making process, he changed the phase from a liquid to a solid. What happened to the molecules of chocolate when it changed phase?

Before changing phase, the molecules were moving around each other. After changing phase, they were moving in place.

Before changing phase, the molecules were moving away from each other. After changing phase, they were moving around each other.

Before changing phase, the molecules were moving in place. After changing phase, they were moving around each other.

Before changing phase, the molecules were moving around each other. After changing phase, they were moving away from each other.

Scientists put a sample of water into a sealed tank. Water can be a solid, liquid, or gas. At first, the water was a liquid. Then, the scientists transferred energy out of the substance, and the water changed phase. What happened to the movement of the water molecules? After the phase change, the water molecules moved . . .

slower and started moving in place.

faster and started moving around each other.

faster and started moving away from each other.

slower and started moving around each other.

A scientist has two substances that she is testing in her lab: a pink substance and a green substance. At room temperature, both substances are liquids. The scientist transferred the same amount of energy into both substances. She finds only the pink substance changed phase. How is the pink substance different from the green substance? The pink substance has a . . .

weaker attraction between its molecules than the green substance. Its molecules now move away from each other.

stronger attraction between its molecules than the green substance. Its molecules move around each other.

stronger attraction between its molecules than the green substance. Its molecules now move away from each other.

weaker attraction between its molecules than the green substance. Its molecules now move in place.

The fuel tank of an airplane has a device that measures the fuel’s temperature. Before the airplane took off, the temperature of the fuel was 27°C. After the airplane had been flying for one hour, the temperature of the fuel had decreased to 3°C. Which of the following must have happened to the molecules of the fuel?

The molecules started moving slower.

The molecules became smaller in size.

The molecules got farther apart.

The fuel gained cold molecules.

The diagram above describes the movement of molecules in a substance used to make fuel. What change did the fuel scientist observe in the substance?

Before the process, the substance was a liquid. After the process, it was a gas.

Before the process, the substance was a liquid. After the process, it was a solid.

Before the process, the substance was a solid. After the process, it was a liquid.

Before the process, the substance was a gas. After the process, it was a liquid.

The medicine in the diagram above has molecules that are moving around each other. The doctor needs to slow down the molecules enough to cause a phase change. How will she do this, and how will this affect the medicine? She transfers energy . . .

out of the medicine until it is a solid.

into the medicine until it is a gas.

out of the medicine until it is a liquid.

into the medicine until it is a liquid.

A scientist did a test to compare two substances: substance Q and substance R. At room temperature, both substances are liquid. When the scientist transferred the same amount of energy out of both substances, only one substance changed phase while the other did not. Which substance changed phase, and how did it change?

Substance Q changed phase because the attraction of the molecules was able to overcome their slower movement. Its molecules now move in place.

Substance Q changed phase because the strong attraction between molecules made their movement slower. Its molecules now move in place.

Substance R changed phase because the attraction was able to overcome the slower molecules. Its molecules now move away from each other.

Substance R changed phase because the weak attraction between molecules let them move faster. Its molecules now move around each other.

Jamil’s bicycle is made of aluminum. When are the aluminum molecules in his bicycle moving? The aluminum molecules are . . .

only moving when Jamil is riding his bicycle.

only moving when Jamil is not riding his bicycle.

Phase Change End of Unit "Assessment"

Create 50 assessment questions for Science material phase D on Cell Introduction (The Role of Microscopes in the Discovery of Cells, Animal Cells and Plant Cells, and Cell Specialization)

Reading Passage: The Anatomy of a Kill Chain In the lexicon of modern warfare, the term "kill chain" describes the end-to-end process of a military attack, from the initial identification of a target to its eventual destruction and the subsequent evaluation of the strike's effectiveness. Conceptually, the kill chain is a structural model used to understand and optimize the speed and precision of military operations. The fundamental principle of this model is that an attack functions as a sequence of interdependent stages; if any single link in the chain is broken, the entire operation fails. For strategic planners, this creates a dual objective: to accelerate one's own kill chain while simultaneously finding ways to disrupt the adversary's. Strategic Concept: The Kinetic Model (F2T2EA) The traditional military kill chain is often summarized by the acronym F2T2EA, representing a continuous cycle of find, fix, track, target, engage, and assess. The kinetic kill chain begins with Find, the reconnaissance phase where intelligence assets identify a potential target within a theater of operations. Once found, the process moves to Fix, which involves pinning down the target's specific location and ensuring it can be distinguished from friendly forces or non-combatants. Track follows, maintaining a persistent watch on the target's movements to prevent its escape. In the Target phase, commanders select the appropriate weapon system and verify the legality and strategic value of the strike. Engage is the kinetic moment—the actual deployment of ordnance against the objective. Finally, Assess involves battle damage assessment (BDA) to determine if the desired effects were achieved or if further engagement is required. This model emphasizes "compressing the sensor-to-shooter timeline," meaning the faster a military can move through these steps, the more lethal it becomes. The Evolution: The Cyber Kill Chain® As warfare expanded into the digital domain, Lockheed Martin adapted the kinetic model into the Cyber Kill Chain. This framework assists defenders in identifying and stopping Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs). Unlike a physical missile, a cyberattack often unfolds over weeks or months, but the sequential logic remains the same. The model consists of seven distinct stages: Stage Description of Attacker Activity 1. Reconnaissance The harvesting of information. Attackers research targets via social media, public records, and technical scanning to find vulnerabilities. 2. Weaponization Coupling a remote access trojan with an exploit into a deliverable payload (e.g., a malicious PDF or Microsoft Office document). 3. Delivery Transmission of the weapon to the target environment. Common vectors include email attachments, malicious websites, or USB drives. 4. Exploitation The weapon triggers. The code executes on the victim's system, typically by taking advantage of a software or operating system vulnerability. 5. Installation The attacker installs a persistent backdoor or malware on the victim's system, allowing them to maintain access even after a reboot. 6. Command & Control (C2) The compromised system opens a communication channel back to the attacker's server, allowing the intruder to give manual instructions. 7. Actions on Objective The final stage where the attacker achieves their goal, such as data exfiltration, encryption for ransom, or destruction of critical infrastructure. Strategic Implications for Defense The strategic value of the Cyber Kill Chain lies in its ability to provide a roadmap for "proactive defense." By understanding the sequence, security professionals can implement controls at every stage. For instance, robust email filtering can break the chain at the Delivery stage, while endpoint detection can stop the Installation phase. Crucially, the earlier a defender breaks the chain, the lower the cost of mitigation and the lower the risk of damage. If an attacker is stopped during Reconnaissance, they have gained nothing. If they are stopped during Actions on Objective, the damage may already be catastrophic. In both kinetic and cyber environments, the goal is the same: to create a "defensive depth" that makes the cost of a successful attack prohibitively high for the adversary.

Year 7 Modelling Data (NCCE): Assessment

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