the powerful attractive force that binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus

a powerful attractive force that acts over a short range responsible for beta decay

weakest fundamental force, hypothetically mediated by gravitons, in general relativity is accounted for by the curvature of spacetime, gravitational waves have been detected by LIGO

mediated by photons, unified with the weak force as the electroweak force governed by Maxwell's equation. The attraction between oppositely charged particles.

is a vision of a physics theory that can combine three of the four fundamental forces into one single equation

The theory that describes the strong nuclear force. It is a quantum field theory in which quarks interact with one another by exchanging force-carrying particles called "gluons." It has two striking features that distinguish it from the weak and electromagnetic forces. First, the force between two quarks remains constant as the quarks are

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An explanation of how the elementary particles interact with the four fundamental forces to serve as the basic building blocks of the universe

theories under development that comprehensively explain all four fundamental forces in nature

particles that cause force; the exchange of bosons between fields causes force

a subatomic particle of a class that is thought to bind quarks together.

are any particles made out of quarks (alternatively, any particle affected by the strong nuclear force). Generally, this means the baryons and the mesons. All hadrons are colorless (in the sense of the combined color of their constituent quarks). The name "hadron" comes from the Greek for "thick."

are one of the classes of "fundamental particles" (meaning that they cannot be broken down into smaller particles). . This word comes from the Greek for "light" (as in "not heavy"), even though the muon and tauon are fairly massive.

A quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle.

particles that make up protons and neutrons come in flavors such as up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom

carry the weak force. The weak force is responsible for radioactive decay.

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.

Defined the laws of motion and universal gravitation and used them to predict the motion of stars and planets around the sun.

1913- discovered that electrons move around the nucleus in orbits called electron shells.

United States physicist who contributed to the theory of the interaction of photons and electrons (1918-1988)

proof of black holes;

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contributed to creation of quantum mechanics; formulated the Schrödinger wave equation

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

discovered that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every part of the fluid and to the walls of its container (Pascal's principle)

Dutch physicist who proposed the wave theory of light

observed differential in pressure caused by velocity

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made fundamental contributions to fluid dynamics, lunar orbit theory (tides), and mechanics; also contributed prolifically to all areas of classical mathematics

discovered and studied hydrogen; first to measure Newton's gravitational constant; calculated mass and mean density of Earth

Who was the French physicist who succeeded in making the first accurate measurements of the electromagnetic force between charges?

invented the modern condensing steam engine and a centrifugal governor

studied light and color; known for his double-slit experiment that demonstrated the wave nature of light

father of electrodynamics

discovered that current flow is proportional to potential difference and inversely proportional to resistance (Ohm's law)

discovered electromagnetic induction and devised first electrical transformer

discovered mechanical equivalent of heat

propounded the theory of electromagnetism; developed the kinetic theory of gases

discovered and studied x rays

Discovered radioactivity of uranium

formulated the quantum theory; explained wavelength distribution of blackbody radiation

created Mathematica, the first modern computer algebra system; contributed to development of complexity theory

father of nanotechnology

British theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize laureate for his work on the mass of subatomic particles