Explain by modeling how matter is classified as elements, compounds, homogeneous mixtures, or heterogeneous mixtures.
Use the periodic table to identify the atoms involved in chemical reactions.
Describe the properties of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension in water and relate to observable phenomena such as the formation of droplets, transport in plants, and insects walking on water.
Compare and contrast the properties of acids and bases, including pH relative to water.
Investigate how mass is conserved in chemical reactions and relate conservation of mass to the rearrangement of atoms using chemical equations, including photosynthesis.
Calculate and analyze how the acceleration of an object is dependent upon the net force acting on the object and the mass of the object using Newton's Second Law of Motion.
Investigate and describe how Newton's three laws of motion act simultaneously within systems such as in vehicle restraints, sports activities, amusement park rides, Earth's tectonic activities, and rocket launches.
Describe the life cycle of stars and compare and classify stars using the HertzsprungRussell diagram.
Categorize galaxies as spiral, elliptical, and irregular and locate Earth's solar system within the Milky Way galaxy.
Research and analyze scientific data used as evidence to develop scientific theories that describe the origin of the universe.
Describe how energy from the Sun, hydrosphere, and atmosphere interact and influence weather and climate.
Identify global patterns of atmospheric movement and how they influence local weather.
Describe the interactions between ocean currents and air masses that produce tropical cyclones, including typhoons and hurricanes.
Use scientific evidence to describe how natural events, including volcanic eruptions, meteor impacts, abrupt changes in ocean currents, and the release and absorption of greenhouse gases influence climate.
Use scientific evidence to describe how human activities, including the release of greenhouse gases, deforestation, and urbanization, can influence climate.
Describe the carbon cycle.
Explain how disruptions such as population changes, natural disasters, and human intervention impact the transfer of energy in food webs in ecosystems.
Describe how primary and secondary ecological succession affect populations and species diversity after ecosystems are disrupted by natural events or human activity.
Describe how biodiversity contributes to the stability and sustainability of an ecosystem and the health of the organisms within the ecosystem.
Identify the function of the cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles in plant or animal cells.
Describe the function of genes within chromosomes in determining inherited traits of offspring.
Describe how variations of traits within a population lead to structural, behavioral, and physiological adaptations that influence the likelihood of survival and reproductive success of a species over generations.
Use the periodic table to identify the atoms and the number of each kind within a chemical formula.
Distinguish between physical and chemical changes in matter.
Calculate average speed using distance and time measurements from investigations.
Measure, record, and interpret an object's motion using distance-time graphs.
Describe how gravity governs motion within Earth's solar system.
Describe the evidence that supports that Earth has changed over time, including fossil evidence, plate tectonics, and superposition.
Describe how plate tectonics causes ocean basin formation, earthquakes, mountain building, and volcanic eruptions, including supervolcanoes and hot spots.
Analyze the beneficial and harmful influences of human activity on groundwater and surface water in a watershed.
Describe human dependence and influence on ocean systems and explain how human activities impact these systems.
Diagram the flow of energy within trophic levels and describe how the available energy decreases in successive trophic levels in energy pyramids.
Identify and model the main functions of the systems of the human organism, including the circulatory, respiratory, skeletal, muscular, digestive, urinary, reproductive, integumentary, nervous, immune, and endocrine systems.
Compare the results of asexual and sexual reproduction of plants and animals in relation to the diversity of offspring and the changes in the population over time.
Describe and give examples of how natural and artificial selection change the occurrence of traits in a population over generations.
Identify elements on the periodic table as metals, nonmetals, metalloids, and rare Earth elements based on their physical properties and importance to modern life.
Compare and contrast gravitational, elastic, and chemical potential energies with kinetic energy.
Describe how energy is conserved through transfers and transformations in systems such as electrical circuits, food webs, amusement park rides, or photosynthesis.
Model and illustrate how the tilted Earth revolves around the Sun, causing changes in seasons.
Describe and predict how the positions of the Earth, Sun, and Moon cause daily, spring, and neap cycles of ocean tides due to gravitational forces.
Investigate how organisms and populations in an ecosystem depend on and may compete for biotic factors such as food and abiotic factors such as availability of light and water, range of temperatures, or soil composition.
Describe the historical development of cell theory and explain how organisms are composed of one or more cells, which come from pre-existing cells and are the basic unit of structure and function.
Describe how variations within a population can be an advantage or disadvantage to the survival of a population as environments change.
Identify and compare the basic characteristics of organisms, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic, unicellular and multicellular, and autotrophic and heterotrophic.
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