Question 1

What does descriptive research primarily focus on?

Accepted Answer

Observing and summarizing characteristics of a population or event

Answer

Manipulating variables to determine cause and effect

Answer

Testing hypotheses about variables

Answer

Comparing different populations

Question 2

Is correlational research used to determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables?

Accepted Answer

No

Answer

Not applicable

Answer

Yes

Answer

Sometimes

Question 3

What type of research investigates variables that cannot be manipulated due to prior events?

Accepted Answer

Ex post facto research

Answer

Longitudinal research

Answer

Experimental research

Answer

Descriptive research

Question 4

Does quasi-experimental research allow for causal inferences despite not using random assignment?

Accepted Answer

Yes

Answer

Not at all

Answer

Only in certain cases

Answer

No

Question 5

In experimental research, why is random assignment used?

Accepted Answer

To ensure that differences observed are due to the manipulated variable

Answer

To randomly select participants

Answer

To categorize participants into groups

Answer

To control for sample size

Question 6

Can descriptive research alter variables during observation?

Accepted Answer

No

Answer

Only in some cases

Answer

Depends on the observation method

Answer

Yes

Question 7

What is the primary objective of correlational research?

Accepted Answer

To identify relationships between variables

Answer

To manipulate variables

Answer

To establish causation

Answer

To conduct experiments

Question 8

Which type of research is characterized by its exploration of non-manipulable events?

Accepted Answer

Ex post facto research

Answer

Experimental research

Answer

Descriptive research

Answer

Quasi-experimental research

Question 9

Does quasi-experimental research require random assignment to draw conclusions?

Accepted Answer

No

Answer

Only sometimes

Answer

Completely necessary

Answer

True

Question 10

In terms of reliability, what does random assignment in experimental research help accomplish?

Accepted Answer

It minimizes selection bias

Answer

It maximizes sample size

Answer

It ensures equal distribution of variables

Answer

It guarantees true results

Question 11

What type of research involves measuring the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them?

Accepted Answer

Correlational research

Answer

Causal-comparative research

Answer

Experimental research

Answer

Descriptive research

Question 12

What type of research describes a population or phenomenon as it exists without attempting to influence or alter it?

Accepted Answer

Descriptive research

Answer

Causal-comparative research

Answer

Correlational research

Answer

Experimental research

Question 13

What type of research examines the effects of a treatment or intervention but does not use random assignment to control groups?

Accepted Answer

Quasi-experimental research

Answer

Correlational research

Answer

Descriptive research

Answer

Causal-comparative research

Question 14

What type of research uses random assignment to ensure that any differences observed between groups are due to the manipulated independent variable?

Accepted Answer

Experimental research

Answer

Causal-comparative research

Answer

Descriptive research

Answer

Correlational research

Question 15

What are the main differences between quasi-experimental and experimental research, and how does each handle random assignment and control of variables?

Accepted Answer

Experimental research relies on random assignment and control of variables&#44; while quasi-experimental research lacks random assignment but still attempts to control variables.

Answer

Quasi-experimental research uses random assignment, while experimental research does not control variables.

Answer

Quasi-experimental research controls more variables than experimental research and always uses random sampling.

Question 16

What is an ex-post facto research design, and how is it used to explore cause-and-effect relationships in situations where manipulation of variables is not possible? Provide examples to support your explanation.

Accepted Answer

Ex-post facto research design collects data retrospectively without manipulating variables&#44; allowing researchers to analyze relationships based on existing conditions. It is used when it’s unethical or impractical to manipulate variables&#44; such as studying the effects of smoking on lung cancer.

Answer

Ex-post facto design focuses only on future outcomes, with no interest in past data or pre-existing conditions.

Answer

An ex-post facto design involves manipulating variables after data has been collected to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

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