What housed schools, hosted social events and political gatherings, and were the center of many African American communities?

During the 1870s, Reconstruction governments in the South built a comprehensive public

The outcome of the election that made Rutherford B. Hayes president is known as

Who did the Republican convention unanimously nominate for president in 1868?

The Military Reconstruction Act divided the former Confederacy, except for Tennessee, into five

Fearing that the Civil Rights Act might be overturned in court, the Republicans introduced the

The overwhelming victory by the Republicans in the congressional elections of 1866 meant they were strong enough to override any presidential

Hundreds of formerly enslaved people served as delegates to state constitutional

When the powerful banking firm of Jay Cooke and Company was forced to declare bankruptcy, the nation’s financial community felt a wave of fear called the

For many African Americans, the end of Reconstruction meant a return to the

Secretary of War who agreed with congressional Republicans

laws that severely limited African Americans’ rights in the South

guaranteed African Americans males the right to vote

granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States except Native Americans

required Senate approval to remove any government official whose appointment required the Senate’s consent

passed by Congress to combat the violence in the South

gaining money illegally through politics

Northerners who moved to the South

white Southerners who worked with the Republicans and supported Reconstruction

influential newspaper publisher

paid a share of their crops for the land they farmed

When a merchant could take a farmer’s crops to cover debts

One of President Johnson’s proclamations stated that each former Confederate state had to call a constitutional convention to revoke its ordinance of secession and ratify the

By late 1870, all of the former Confederate states had rejoined the Union under the congressional

The greatest achievements of the Freedmen's Bureau were in