Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

Period of time where a cell carries on metabolism and replicates chromosomes prior to cell division

a protein that can regulate cell growth and division

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Phase of mitosis in which a nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes.

a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

A nuclear division resulting in the production of two somatic cells having the same genetic complement as the original cell.

Disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth

Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell.

one of a group of external regulatory proteins that stimulate the growth and division of cells

Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

Fertilized egg

Programmed cell death

Cells that divide and remain undifferentiated. Three types are totipotent, pluripotent, and multi-potent.

A mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably.

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.

Fertilized egg

A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.

Each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random

Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

Compound used by cells to store and release energy.

An organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer.

An organism that contains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer.

Process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.

Principle pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms.

Set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH.

Set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin Cycle.

breakdown of glucose into ATP

requires oxygen

does not require oxygen

break down of glucose, ALWAYS start of respiration

molecule that carries high energy electrons

aerobic process that releases CO2 and charges electron carriers

aerobic process that uses electrons from Kreb's cycle to make 32 ATP

anaerobic process that follows glycolysis and produces lactic acid or alcohol

breakdown of glucose into ATP

requires oxygen

does not require oxygen

break down of glucose, ALWAYS start of respiration

molecule that carries high energy electrons

aerobic process that releases CO2 and charges electron carriers

aerobic process that uses electrons from Kreb's cycle to make 32 ATP

anaerobic process that follows glycolysis and produces lactic acid or alcohol

Compound used by cells to store and release energy.

An organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer.

An organism that contains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer.

Process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.

Principle pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms.

Set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH.

Set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin Cycle.

Compound used by cells to store and release energy.

An organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer.

An organism that contains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer.

Process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.

Principle pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms.

Set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH.

Set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin Cycle.

a 6 carbon sugar that is the final product of photosynthesis

movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration

movement of molecules from high to low concentration through a protein channel

equal concentration of solute on either side of gradient

above strength solution (more solute/less water), cell shrivels

below strength solution (less solute/more water), cell swells

diffusion of water molecules

structure of plasma membrane

cell membrane allows some things in/out but not others

smallest living unit of life

all living things are made of cells, cells come from other cells, cell is the smallest living thing

aids in animal cell division

holds everything in the cell outside of the nucleus and inside the membrane

framework that supports cell structure

folded organelle that has two types, smooth and rough; used in transport and protein synthesis

cells with nuculei

organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages

breaks down material in the cell

organelle that stores genetic mateiral

specialized structures inside cells

flexible layer outside of the cell

cells that lack a nuculeus

organelles that build proteins

organelle that acts as cellular storage

converts glucose into usable energy

smallest living unit of life

all living things are made of cells, cells come from other cells, cell is the smallest living thing

cells with nuculei

organelle that stores genetic mateiral

specialized structures inside cells

flexible layer outside of the cell

cells that lack a nuculeus

genetic material inherited from parents.

enzyme involved in DNA replication.

copying DNA before cell division.

DNA bonds can only form between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.

made up of 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from the DNA to the rest of the cell.

carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis.

Combines with proteins to form ribosomes.

reverses the direction of parts o a chromosome.

The loss of all parts of a chromosome.

Part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

Single base pair in DNA has been changes.

group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein.

Group of three bases on tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon on mRNA.

Synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template.

Change in the genetic material of a cell.

Synthesis of amino acid sequence by the decoding of a mRNA molecule with the help of a ribosome and tRNA

Carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from the DNA to the rest of the cell.

carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis.

Combines with proteins to form ribosomes.

reverses the direction of parts o a chromosome.

The loss of all parts of a chromosome.

Part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

Single base pair in DNA has been changes.

group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein.

Group of three bases on tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon on mRNA.

Synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template.

Change in the genetic material of a cell.

Synthesis of amino acid sequence by the decoding of a mRNA molecule with the help of a ribosome and tRNA

genetic material inherited from parents.

enzyme involved in DNA replication.

copying DNA before cell division.

DNA bonds can only form between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.

made up of 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

building block of a larger molecule

many monomers, large molecule

macromolecule that provides energy - sugars

monomer of carbohydrates

polymer of carbohydrates

the process of combining monomers to form polymers

macromolecule that builds muscle, transports cellular substances, speeds up chemical reactions

monomer of proteins

a BIG molecule

macromolecule that stores energy and builds membranes

monomer and head of a lipid

monomer and tail of a lipid

element that easily bonds with others and is important to living tissue

macromolecule that stores and transmits genetic information - DNA and RNA

monomer of nucleic acids

substances that enters into a chemical reaction

the location where a substrate and enzyme bind to speed up a reaction

measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions - acids and bases

substances that produce excess OH- ions, higher than 7 on pH scale

substances that produce excess H+ ions, lower than 7 on pH scale

substance that neutralizes strong acids or bases - brings their pH closer to 7

the amount of energy needed to begin a reaction

general name for a substance, such as an enzyme, that speeds up a reaction

a type of protein the acts as a catalyst in chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

the reactant in an enzyme reaction

study of life

organic molecule that stores and transmits genetic information

process of combining genetic information from two parents or process of creating identical offspring from one parent

the ability to maintain a constant internal enviornment

the breaking down of and use of energy

change over time

the basic unit of life

group of similar cells that perform a specific function

groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function