__ is the field of work in which someone manages one or more systems, be they software, hardware, servers or workstations.

__ are vital roles within every company’s IT department, often covering a wide range of technology support.

__ are responsible for administration, management, and support activities associated with the IT infrastructure at a multi-user organization.

As a __, you’ll frequently interact with end users, through ticketing systems. You’ll respond with appropriate changes and solutions while maintaining organizational policies for issue resolution.

 - The primary responsibility of a sysadmin is to support reliable and effective use of complex IT systems by end users, whether internal employees or external customers.

- Sysadmins are responsible for dependable access and availability to IT systems. Sysadmins are therefore required to troubleshoot and fix issues that compromise system performance or access to an IT service.

- Sysadmins are required to maintain records of IT assets usage. To plan for future IT investments and upgrades, you will document:

• End-user requests

• Business requirements

• IT issues

 - Most IT issues go unnoticed until the impact reaches end users. Sysadmins therefore monitor system health and identify anomalous network behavior, which may include security-sensitive activities such as unauthorized network access and data transfer.

- Sysadmins implement data backup and disaster recovery strategies for different IT systems and SDLC environments. You’ll also facilitate end-users in accessing data that may have been deleted or unavailable.

 - Sysadmins support various IT teams to ensure that software systems and feature releases are compatible with the IT infrastructure. For example, as sysadmin you may:

• Testing server load performance

• Install/upgrade hardware components

- Sysadmins regularly perform web service administration and configuration management activities, including ensuring that configuration changes are documented and follow organizational policies associated with access and cybersecurity.

 - To maintain network integrity, sysadmins ensure that network interactions follow organizational policies and protocols.

 - are centered on infrastructure and network security, with activities including:

• Network monitoring and analysis

• Identity and access management

• Maintaining security of hardware components

• Managing software licensing, updates, and patching

 - Sysadmins may be responsible for maintaining the integrity, performance, and efficiency of database systems.

 - Sysadmins are responsible for managing, troubleshooting, licensing, and updating hardware and software assets.

- Usually, sysadmins communicate directly with end users to solve technical issues. Sometimes, you may also conduct training programs to bring users up to pace with new software installations or IT system changes.

A __ designs and installs entire computer systems for companies, including local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN), Internet and intranet systems.

 - set up databases for companies and use database management software to figure out better ways to organize and analyze data.

 - Systems administrators may specialize in maintaining websites, which requires constant observation and maintenance. These administrators monitor the speed of the website and approve all content before it is published.

 - provide maintenance services by testing communications lines and overseeing repair to any damaged or malfunctioning equipment.

 is a protocol that provides quick, automatic, and central management for the distribution of IP addresses within a network.

A __ server issues unique IP addresses and automatically configures other network information.

When a device is turned on and connected to a network that has a DHCP server, it sends a request to the server, called a ___request.

After the DISCOVER packet reaches the DHCP server, the server holds on to an IP address that the device can use, then offers the client the address with a __ packet.

Once the offer has been made for the chosen IP address, the device responds to the DHCP server with a __ packet to accept it.

the server sends an __ to confirm that the device has that specific IP address and to define the amount of time that the device can use the address before getting a new one.

If the server decides that the device cannot have the IP address, it will send a __.

ISPs use DHCP to assign IP addresses.

In Windows, __ assigns a special temporary IP address when the DHCP server fails to deliver a functional one to a device and uses this address until it obtains one that works.

A ___ , or fixed IP address, is an IP address that never changes.

Static IP addresses are assigned manually by an administrator.

__ program that manages a computer’s resources, especially the allocation of those resources among other programs.

The first operating systems were developed in the __. These were small “__” that provided basic I/O operations (such as controlling punch card readers and printers) and kept accounts of CPU usage for billing.

The first operating systems were developed in the mid-1950s. These were small “__” that provided basic I/O operations (such as controlling punch card readers and printers) and kept accounts of CPU usage for billing.

__ also provided multiprogramming capabilities to enable several programs to run at once.

Computers acquired more powerful operating systems in the __ with the emergence of __, which required a system to manage multiple users sharing CPU time and terminals.

Computers acquired more powerful operating systems in the 1960s with the emergence of __, which required a system to manage multiple users sharing CPU time and terminals.

The __ of the __ had limited memory and required smaller operating systems. The most important operating system of that period was __.

The minicomputers of the __ had limited memory and required smaller operating systems. The most important operating system of that period was __.

The minicomputers of the 1970s had limited memory and required smaller operating systems. The most important operating system of that period was __.

__ an open-source version of UNIX developed in part by a group led by Finnish computer science student __

The highly successful XP standard was succeeded in __ by Windows Vista, which experienced a troubled rollout and met with considerable marketplace resistance, quickly acquiring a reputation for being a large, slow, and resource-consuming system.

Responding to Vista’s disappointing adoption rate, Microsoft in __ released Windows 7, an OS whose interface was similar to that of Vista but was met with enthusiasm for its noticeable speed improvement and its modest system requirements.

Responding to Vista’s disappointing adoption rate, Microsoft in 2009 released __, an OS whose interface was similar to that of Vista but was met with enthusiasm for its noticeable speed improvement and its modest system requirements.

__ in 2012 offered a start screen with applications appearing as tiles on a grid and the ability to synchronize settings so users could log on to another __ machine and use their preferred settings.

In 2015 Microsoft released __, which came with Cortana, a digital personal assistant like Apple’s Siri, and the Web browser Microsoft Edge, which replaced Internet Explorer.