Unique proteins on the surface of cells. Foreign antigens trigger an immune response.

Unique proteins on the surface of cells. Self antigens trigger an immune response.

What happens after your body has fought off an infection that makes you immune to that pathogen?

White blood cells called memory cells remain in the body remembering which shaped antibody to produce if it encounters the same (antigen on the) pathogen again.

White blood cells called memory cells remain in the body remembering which shaped antitoxin to produce if it encounters the same (antigen on the) pathogen again.

What is the secondary response?

The production and release of antibodies the second time the body encounters the antigen

The production and release of antibodies the first time the body encounters the antigen

What is the primary response?

The production and release of antibodies the first time the body encounters the antigen

The production and release of antibodies the second time the body encounters the antigen

What is the secondary immune response like in comparison to the primary immune response?

It is a greater amount of antibodies produced and released in a shorter time. Bigger and quicker response

It is a greater amount of antibodies produced and released in a longer time. Bigger and quicker response

A dead/weakened/just the antigen of a pathogen

How does a vaccine help?

The vaccine enables our bodies to encounter the antigen before the live/strong version leading us to form memory cells so that we are able to produce the correct antibodies before the normal version of the pathogen is able to cause harm/death.

The vaccine enables our bodies to encounter the antigen before the weak version leading us to form memory cells so that we are able to produce the correct antibodies before the normal version of the pathogen is able to cause harm/death.

What is herd immunity?

A large proportion of the population is immune to a disease, the spread of the pathogen is very much reduced and the disease may disappear.

A large proportion of the population is not immune to a disease, the spread of the pathogen is very much reduced and the disease may disappear.

What happens if less people take a vaccine for a particular disease?

Herd immunity is lost and people are likely to suffer from the disease as it will be able to spread throughout the population

Herd immunity is lost and people are likely to suffer from the disease as it will not be able to spread throughout the population

What are antibiotics?

Drugs which are taken to kill bacteria.

Chemicals that are used to kill bacteria outside the body

Drugs that stop you from feeling pain temporarily, they have no effect on the pathogen.

What are painkillers?

Drugs that stop you from feeling pain temporarily, they have no effect on the pathogen.

Chemicals that are used to kill bacteria outside the body

Chemicals used to kill bacteria in places such as toilets and kitchens.

Drugs which are taken to kill bacteria.

What are disinfectants?

Chemicals used to kill bacteria in places such as toilets and kitchens.

Drugs which are taken to kill bacteria.

Chemicals that are used to kill bacteria outside the body

Drugs that stop you from feeling pain temporarily, they have no effect on the pathogen.

What are antiseptics?

Chemicals that are used to kill bacteria outside the body

Drugs which are taken to kill bacteria.

Drugs that stop you from feeling pain temporarily, they have no effect on the pathogen.

How do antibiotics work?

They kill bacteria without harming your cells as they target their way of dividing or forming their cell walls.

They kill bacteria whilst harming your cells as they target their way of dividing or forming their cell walls.

Why is the development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria a problem?

It takes a lot of time to develop new antibiotics which can kill off the antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria.

They live inside our cells and so are hard to access and they don't divide themselves so we can't damage them without damaging our own cells.

Strains of bacteria develop resistance due to people not finishing their course of antibiotics, over prescribing antibiotics when they aren't really needed

Why can antibiotics not kill viruses?

They live inside our cells and so are hard to access and they don't divide themselves so we can't damage them without damaging our own cells.

Strains of bacteria develop resistance due to people not finishing their course of antibiotics, over prescribing antibiotics when they aren't really needed

It takes a lot of time to develop new antibiotics which can kill off the antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria.

What leads to higher numbers of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria?

Strains of bacteria develop resistance due to people not finishing their course of antibiotics, over prescribing antibiotics when they aren't really needed

They live inside our cells and so are hard to access and they don't divide themselves so we can't damage them without damaging our own cells.

It takes a lot of time to develop new antibiotics which can kill off the antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria.

What is not a good drug?

Have problems taking and removing the drug

Safe - not have unacceptable side effects

Stable - must be able to store and use it for some time

Effective - must cure/prevent disease