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Public services #1
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New Trends in Agriculture Extension approaches Extension has been, and still is, under attack from a wide spectrum of politicians and economists over its cost and financing. As a result, Extension Systems have had to make changes, by restating the system’s mission, developing a new vision for the future, and formulating plans for the necessary transition to achieve the desired change. 1. Privatization of Agricultural Extension Service Privatization: Process of funding and delivering the extension services by private individual or organization is called Private Extension. Concept: Privatization of extension refers to services rendered in rural area & allied aspects of extension personnel working in private agencies or organization for which farmers are expected to pay a fee & it can be viewed as supplementary or alternative to public extension services (Sarvanan & Shivalinge 1980). Privatization approaches ➢ Share cropping system ➢ Village extension contract system ➢ Public extension through private delivery ➢ Service for vouchers Strengths of Private Extension System ➢ More demand - driven rather than supply – driven ➢ High quality of services in terms of satisfying information needs of clientele, trained manpower, sustained finances and resource allocation ➢ Provides for an information mix and choices available to farmers ➢ Enhanced efficiency of staff ➢ Assure continuous supply and quality agricultural products ➢ More effective because farmer can select an adviser who is the best able to help ➢ Healthy competition among service provider will lead to better quality and lower costs for service Weakness of Private Extension System ➢ Concentrate on area having favorable physical environment ➢ More face-to-face contacts (person oriented) ➢ Increased dependence of farmers and hence exploitation ➢ No education role ➢ Deprivation of small farmers ➢ Hamper the free flow of information 2. Cyber Extension or e-extension Concepts Cyber space: it is the imaginary or virtual space of computers connected with each other on Networks, across the Globe. Cyber extension: it means 'using the power of online networks, computer communications and digital interactive multimedia to facilitate dissemination of agriculture technology. Cyber Extension thus can be defined as the extension over cyber space. Important tools of cyber extension E-Mail, Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Gopher, Archie and World Wide Web (WWW) Strengths of Cyber Extension ➢ Access to the astounding information and continuously available ➢ Information rich and instantaneously available of information ➢ Interactive communication ➢ The information is available from any point on the globe ➢ Communication is dynamic ➢ Cut steps from traditional process ➢ Save money, time and effort ➢ Multiplicity of purpose Issues and Concerns of Cyber Extension ➢ Lack of Reliable Telecom Infrastructure in Rural Areas ➢ Erratic or no Power Supply ➢ Lack of ICT Trained manpower (willing to serve) in Rural Areas ➢ Lack of content (locally relevant and in local languages) ➢ Lack of Information Services to Rural Clientele ➢ Low Purchasing power of the Rural communities ➢ Lack of Holistic Approaches ➢ Issues of Sustainability Application of cyber extension ➢ Village information shops Dr. M.S. SwaminathanResearch Foundation, Chennai ➢ Information villagers MANAGE in Ranga Reddy District in Andhra pradesh ➢ Gyandoot net initiative of District Dhar, Madhya Pradesh. ➢ Warna wired village of National Informatics Center (NIC) in Kolhapur- Sangli Districts of Maharashtra 3. Market-Led-Extension (MLE) Concepts Market: A congregation of prospective buyers & sellers with a common motive of trading a particular commodity. Extension: It is the spreading/reaching out to the mass Market-led-extension: Agriculture & economics coupled with extension is the perfect blend for reaching at the door steps of common man with the help of technology. Dimensions of market-led extension ➢ Marketing mix: A planned mix of the controllable elements of a product's marketing plan commonly termed as 4Ps: product, price, place, and promotion. These four elements are adjusted until the right combination is found that serves the needs of the product's customers, while generating optimum income. ➢ Marketing plan: A marketing plan is a comprehensive document that outlines a business and marketing efforts for the coming year. It describes business activities involved in accomplishing specific marketing objectives within a set time frame. A marketing plan also includes a description of the current marketing position of a business, a discussion of the target market and a description of the marketing mix that a business will use to achieve their marketing goals. ➢ Market Intelligence: It is the information relevant to a company’s markets, gathered and analyzed specifically for the purpose of accurate and confident decision making. Market intelligence includes the process of gathering data from the company’s external environment, whereas the business intelligence process is primarily based on internal recorded events – such as sales, shipments and purchases. ➢ Market oriented production ➢ Use of Technology Strengths of market-led extension ➢ SWOT analysis of the market ➢ Organization of Farmers’ Interest Groups (FIGs) ➢ Enhancing the interactive and communication skills of the farmers ➢ Establishing marketing and agro-processing linkages ➢ Advice on product planning ➢ Educating the farming community ➢ Direct marketing ➢ Acquiring complete market intelligence ➢ Publication of agricultural market information Production of video films of success stories ➢ Challenges to market-led extension ➢ Gigantic size of extension system ➢ Information technology Diverse conditions ➢ Market intelligence ➢ Reforms in agricultural extension system Government Initiatives ➢ Central warehousing Corporation-1965 ➢ MSP by Commission for Agricultural Cost and Price (CACP) ➢ Food Corporation of India ➢ Then some others as: Cotton Corporation of India (CCI), Jute Corporation of India (JCI), National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), Agriculture and Processed food Export Development Authority (APEDA) etc. 4. Farmer--Led-Extension (FLE) Farmer--led-extension is defined as 'the provision of training by farmers to farmers, often through the creation of a structure of farmer promoters and farmer trainers' (Scarborough et al., 1997). Philosophy and principles ➢ Farmers and local institutions (e.g. producer organizations or village leaders) should play a key role in selecting farmer-trainers and monitoring and evaluating them. This helps make the programmes more accountable to the community or groups that they serve. ➢ Farmer-trainers are ‘of the community’; they communicate in local languages and are more sensitive to local cultures, mannerisms, farming practices, and farmers’ needs. ➢ Farmer-trainers should be selected on the basis of their skills and interest in sharing information, not just on their farming expertise. ➢ Farmer-trainers need strong linkages with and support from development agents (whether government, non-government organization (NGO), or private), the people who train and backstop them. Farmer-trainers generally serve as a complement to existing extension systems, rather than being a substitute for them. ➢ Facilitating organizations and local institutions need to be proactive in ensuring that women as well as men become farmer-trainers. ➢ Simple and appropriate reference materials should be made available to the farmer trainers. Essential Elements of Farmer--led-extension ➢ The group ➢ The Field ➢ The Facilitator ➢ The curriculum ➢ Programme leader ➢ Financing Special features of Farmer--led-extension ➢ All learning is field based & it is primary venue for learning ➢ FLE group learning constantly over the experimentation period ➢ FLE promotes healthy decisions & quality decisions ➢ Farmers conduct their own field studies with comparisons or treatments ➢ Facilitates Farmer-to-Farmer communication ➢ Field staff serve as facilitators ➢ FLE is a unique way to educate farmers ➢ It is an effective platform for sharing of experiences and collectively solving agriculture related problems. 5. Expert system Expert system is an intelligent computer program that uses knowledge and inferences procedures to solve problems (Daniel Hunt, 1986). Objectives of developing expert system ➢ To enhance the performance of agricultural extension personnel and farmer ➢ To make farming more efficient and profitable ➢ To reduce the time required in solving the problems ➢ To maintain the expert system by continuously upgrading the database Advantages of expert system ➢ Solves critical problems by making logical deductions without taking much time ➢ It combines experimental and conventional knowledge with the reasoning skills of specialists ➢ To enhance the performance of average worker to the level of an expert Limitations of expert system ➢ Expensive computer program ➢ Mostly developed not in regional languages ➢ Requires AC power and internet connection all the time ➢ Complex software requires computer skilled personnel Modules of expert system in agriculture ➢ COMAX: Integrated crop management in cotton ➢ SOYEX: Soybean oil extraction expert system ➢ PLANT/ds: Diagnosis of soybean diseases ➢ MAIZE: Maize expert system for field crop management ➢ SEMAGI: Weed control decision making in sunflowers ➢ Rice Crop Doctor: Developed by National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) Difference between conventional and expert system of extension Conventional Extension ➢ Universal approachability of same information is a problem ➢ Information is given whatever is available without considering needs and resources ➢ No Cost benefit analysis ➢ Information flow depends on availability of agent ➢ Require users to draw their own conclusion from facts Expert System of Extension ➢ Universal approachability of same information is possible ➢ Information is chosen based on their needs and resources ➢ Cost benefit analysis ➢ Information through Cyber Cafe at any place at any time ➢ Conclusion is drawn based on the decision given by the expertHealth 11/12 Review for Final Exam Core Concepts - Mental and Emotional Health, Substance Abuse Prevention, Safety and Violence Prevention, Family Life and Human Sexuality, Disease Prevention and Control, Healthy Eating Health Education Skills - goal setting, decision making, accessing information/resources, analyzing influences, communication, self-management, advocacy DIMENSIONS of Wellness - social, spiritual, emotional/mental, environmental, financial, intellectual, multicultural, occupational, physical, sexual RISK factors - anything that increases the risk of disease, injury, or illness. PROTECTIVE factors - anything that decreases the risk of disease, injury, or illness. INTERNAL health factors - health factors that can be either hereditary and genetic or acquired elements -- include smoking and personal diet or eating habits. Example – a genetic predisposition to an illness. EXTERNAL health factors - health factors that are part of the direct outer environment, the geographical location, micro-organisms, socio-economic elements that could affect an individual's health. Example – being unable to afford mental health services. Unit 1- Managing Personal and Community Wellness Explain Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in your own words using the image provided. Explain how each Social Determinant of Health may impact a person’s health. Levels of Disease Prevention • PRIMARY The goal is to avoid conditions altogether. • SECONDARY The goal is early detection. • TERTIARY The goal is to minimize the damage (manage). Define the following terms. Fads/Trends Sleep hygiene Driver safety Unit 2- Investigating Social Ecological Factors on Well-Being Socio-Ecological Model – The SEM examines how health behaviors form based on characteristics of individuals, communities, nations and levels in between. Each level overlaps with other levels signifying how the best public health strategies are those that encompass and target a wide range of perspectives. Interpersonal (personal) health vs. intrapersonal (relationship) health Health INEQUITY - systemic, ingrained and unjust barriers that prevent segments of the population from having the opportunity of health leading to health disparity. IMPLICIT BIAS - a form of bias that occurs automatically and unintentionally, that nevertheless affects judgments, decisions, and behaviors. Research has shown implicit bias can contribute to unequal access to quality healthcare, negative patient-provider relationships and interactions; and create mistrust in the healthcare system and practitioners among patients. This can contribute to health disparities. Health DISPARITY - represents a difference in health between populations. It is often used to describe disease burden and other negative health outcomes socially disadvantaged groups may face. Health EQUITY - The opposite of health inequity. It describes a system that supports a high standard of health and healthcare for all people. Racism - Beliefs, attitudes, institutional arrangements, and acts that tend to denigrate individuals or groups because of phenotypic characteristics or ethnic group affiliation. DISCRIMINATION - An unjust differential treatment of a person or a group. PRIVILEGE- The unearned access to resources and social power that are only available to some because of their membership within certain social groups. OPPRESSION is the act of taking away choices from others and can be defined as a system that maintains advantage and disadvantage based on social identities and that acts on multiple levels from interpersonal to institutional and societal. (internalized, interpersonal, institutional, structural) Systematic Oppression - Intentional disadvantage of groups of people based on their identity while advantaging members of dominant group (race, gender, sexual orientation, language, size, ability, etc.). Intersectionality - The complex, cumulative way in which the effects of multiple forms of discrimination (such as racism, sexism, and classism) combine, overlap, or intersect especially in the experiences of marginalized individuals or groups Unit 3- Accessing Resources and Communicating to Support Mental and Emotional Health What is anger? What is anxiety? What is stress? STRESSORS are the things that cause stress. Stressors can be internal and external. A stressor may be a one-time or short-term occurrence, or it can happen repeatedly over a long time. INTERNAL Stressors - are made by your belief system and the way you evaluate yourself. Examples include pessimistic attitude, negative self-talk, deep need to be perfect, low self-esteem or body image, unhealthy standards for self. EXTERNAL Stressors - are stressful things that happen in your surroundings and/or in your environment. Examples include busy schedules, work problems, family issues, financial trouble, social problems, injury, unforeseen circumstances. Socio-economic issues are also a part of external stressors such as poverty, violence, and racism. Define the following mental health conditions. Depression Eating disorders NSSI Non-suicidal self-injury Grief/Loss Suicide prevention A.C.T. • ACKNOWLEDGE- Tell them in a caring way that you recognize that they are having a problem • CARE- You can show you care by actively listening - put away anything else you are doing, make eye contact, sit down, ask questions. • TELL-(call 988 for additional help and support) - Tell them it is important that they speak with a trusted adult. Help them figure out who this may be and offer to go with your friend. A social norm is an unwritten, informal rule meant to guide behavior among the of society. It distinguishes between acceptable and unacceptable, good and bad, and so on. Social norms can influence a person with emotional or mental health disorders, access to care and stigmatize their situation. STIGMA- a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person. • Self-stigma - This describes the internalized stigma that people with mental health conditions feel about themselves. • Public stigma - This refers to the negative attitudes around mental health from people in society. • Institutional stigma - This is a type of systemic stigma that arises from corporations, governments, and other institutions. Unit 4- Evaluating Risks of Substance Use and Abuse Harm Reduction - a set of practical strategies and ideas aimed at reducing negative consequences associated with drug use. Explain how each level of the Social Ecological Model is impacted by addiction. Individual Relationship Community Society SEM Level Contributing/Risk Factors to substance use Preventative/Protective Factors for substance use Individual Interpersonal/Relationship Community Society Unit 5- Analyzing Influences to Examine Ways to Increase Safety and Reduce Violence HATE CRIME - a crime, usually violent, motivated by prejudice or intolerance toward an individual’s national origin, ethnicity, color, religion, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, or disability. Explain how the media influences violence in society. The Pyramid of Hate Explain the escalation of hate using the Pyramid of Hate visual. List several hate crime motivators. Example: age HEALTHY Relationship Signs - comfortable pace, trust, honesty, independence, respect, equality, kindness, taking responsibility, healthy conflict, fun UNHEALTHY Relationship Signs - intensity, possessiveness, manipulation, isolation, sabotage, belittling, guilting, volatility, deflecting responsibility, betrayal Sexual Assault is a sexual behavior WITHOUT consent. Human trafficking - the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, using force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. Sex trafficking - commercial sex act induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age. Trafficking happens using… • Force - using violence to control someone. • Fraud - using lies to control someone. • Coercion - using threats to control someone. Unit 6- Family Life and Human Sexuality Agency - A belief about yourself and the extent to which you can act on that belief. • The ability to choose freely one’s own narrative. • To embrace the idea that I am the cause (or agent) of my own thoughts and actions. • Personal agency is a personal responsibility for who we are, what we experience, what we do about that experience, and how we shape our world to give us more of the experiences we want. SEXUAL Agency • The ability to choose your own interests and desires vs. what we see in the media or others’ perceptions • The ability to identify, communicate, and negotiate one’s sexual needs • The ability to initiate behaviors that allow for the satisfaction of those needs Sexually Explicit Material - photographs, videos, films, magazines, and books whose primary themes, topics, or depictions involve sexuality that may cause sexual arousal. Sexual scripts - thoughts, patterns, or behavior that a person has about themselves in a romantic or sexual context. It is how people picture themselves or want to project themselves in front of others. Reproductive Rights of Teens - In Maryland, teens have the right to an abortion, keep their child, obtain and use birth control, paternity tests, adoption, give up custody of their child within 10 days of birth (Safe Haven Law). • REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS- legal rights and the freedom of the individual to control decisions regarding contraception, abortion, sterilization and childbirth. • SAFE HAVEN LAW- a distressed parent who is unable or unwilling to care for their infant can safely give up custody of their baby, no questions asked. CONSENT is an agreement between participants to engage in sexual activity. • It is clearly and freely communicated, verbal, and affirmative. Consent CANNOT be given if… • A person is underage, one or both partners is intoxicated or incapacitated by drugs or alcohol, one partner is asleep or unconscious, one partner feels pressured, threatened or intimidated, or one partner holds a position of power or authority over the other. Unit 7- Advocating for Enhanced Nutrition, Food Systems, and Health Outcomes Dietary Guidelines for Americans Guideline 1: Follow a Healthy Dietary Pattern at Every Life Stage Guideline 2: Customize and Enjoy Food and Beverage Choices to Reflect Personal Preferences, Cultural Traditions, and Budgetary Considerations Guideline 3: Focus on Meeting Food Group Needs with Nutrient-Dense Foods and Beverages, and Stay Within Calorie Limits Guideline 4: Limit Foods and Beverages Higher in Added Sugars, Saturated Fat, and Sodium, and Limit Alcoholic Beverages FOOD DESERT- a neighborhood where there is little or limited access to healthy and affordable food such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat milk and other foods that make up the full range of a healthy diet. FOOD INSEQURITY lack of access to a sufficient amount of food because of limited funds. More than 49 million American households are considered food insecure and are vulnerable to poor health as a result. PROCCESED FOODS- any raw agricultural commodities that have been washed, cleaned, milled, cut, chopped, heated, pasteurized, blanched, cooked, canned, frozen, dried, dehydrated, mixed or packaged — anything done to them that alters their natural state.Hello Chuxing, one of China’s top bike-sharing platforms backed by ecommerce giant Alibaba Group Holding, has applied to go public on the Nasdaq stock exchange. Launched in 2016, Hello Chuxing gained traction quickly as the first bikesharing operator to focus its business within China’s smaller cities and towns. It managed to survive China’s bike-sharing bubble between 2017 and 2018 when Ofo went into bankruptcy and Mobike was acquired by Meituan. The “survivor” had more than 10 million bicycles operating in over 400 Chinese cities as of December 2020. Hello Chuxing is developing its new business aggressively. In 2019, it took on sector leader Didi Chuxing with a new business Hello Dache that provides car-sharing and carpooling services. It has also been following industry giant Meituan into the life services field with new “intra-city logistics” and “bulk buying” services. The service, Hello Dache, features instant communication that enables passengers to keep in touch with drivers online once ride requests have been accepted. It also features a one-click button to call the police as part of efforts to boost safety. It is now looking into travel, with the aim of being a travel-based platform that provides daily life services, a person familiar with the matter said. “The market was too lavish when capital players and consumers were optimistic about the sector,” founder Yang Lei said back in 2019. “Firms would burn through cash subsidies to keep up with rivals and maintain a rapid pace of expansion. Hello Chuxing, however, has been careful to watch every penny and use money wisely while planning for the future,” he said.Cryptocurrency regulations in Africa vary significantly across the continent, reflecting different approaches by governments to balance innovation with consumer protection and financial stability. Here's an overview of the regulatory landscape in several key African countries: 1. Nigeria Central Bank Ban: In February 2021, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) banned financial institutions from providing services to crypto exchanges, effectively restricting crypto transactions through traditional banking channels. eNaira: Despite the restrictive stance on cryptocurrencies, Nigeria launched its central bank digital currency (CBDC), the eNaira, in October 2021, aiming to enhance financial inclusion and support the digital economy. 2. South Africa Regulatory Framework: The Financial Sector Conduct Authority (FSCA) has proposed a regulatory framework to classify cryptocurrencies as financial products. This will subject crypto service providers to regulations similar to those governing other financial services. AML/CFT Compliance: Crypto exchanges are required to comply with Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) regulations. 3. Kenya Regulatory Caution: The Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) has issued warnings about the risks associated with cryptocurrencies but has not imposed an outright ban. Cryptocurrencies are not considered legal tender. Innovation Support: Kenya is known for its innovative financial services sector, including mobile money, which creates a fertile ground for crypto and blockchain adoption despite the cautious regulatory stance. 4. Ghana Regulatory Research: The Bank of Ghana is conducting research into cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, with a focus on understanding the potential benefits and risks. Sandbox Initiative: Ghana has introduced a regulatory sandbox to encourage innovation in fintech, including blockchain and cryptocurrencies. 5. Uganda Regulatory Oversight: The Bank of Uganda has warned the public about the risks of cryptocurrencies but has not imposed a ban. There is ongoing discussion about developing a regulatory framework. Blockchain Adoption: Uganda is exploring the use of blockchain technology in various sectors, including agriculture and healthcare. 6. Zimbabwe Ban and Reconsideration: The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) initially banned banks from processing crypto transactions but has since been exploring ways to regulate the industry. Blockchain Task Force: The government has established a blockchain and digital assets task force to study the implications and potential uses of the technology. 7. Tanzania Government Support: In 2021, the Tanzanian government indicated support for adopting blockchain and cryptocurrency technologies, with the central bank working on creating a regulatory framework. Presidential Endorsement: President Samia Suluhu Hassan called on the central bank to prepare for the adoption of cryptocurrencies. Regional Initiatives and Trends Cross-Border Collaboration: Some African countries are exploring regional cooperation to harmonize crypto regulations and promote cross-border fintech solutions. Fintech Hubs: Countries like Nigeria, South Africa, and Kenya are becoming fintech hubs, attracting startups and investment in the blockchain and crypto space. Education and Awareness: Efforts are being made to educate the public and policymakers about cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology to promote informed decision-making. Challenges and Considerations Regulatory Uncertainty: The lack of clear and consistent regulations across the continent poses challenges for businesses and investors. Risk Management: Balancing innovation with risk management, particularly concerning AML/CFT compliance, is a key concern for regulators. Infrastructure and Accessibility: Limited internet access and technological infrastructure can hinder widespread adoption and effective regulation. The regulatory landscape for cryptocurrencies in Africa is dynamic and evolving, with a mix of cautious approaches and supportive measures aimed at harnessing the benefits of blockchain technology while managing associated risks.I. Définition L'appel d'offres est donc une procédure par laquelle un acheteur public choisit l'offre économiquement la plus avantageuse, sans négociation, sur la base de critères objectifs préalablement définis Son but est de mettre en concurrence plusieurs entreprises privées pour obtenir la meilleure offre possible. Les caractéristiques principales sont les suivantes : • Absence de négociation : L'acheteur sélectionne l'offre uniquement sur la base des propositions reçues, sans négociation avec les candidats • Critères objectifs : La sélection se fait selon des critères définis à l'avance et communiqués aux candidats • Transparence : Les appels d'offres publics sont soumis à des règles strictes de publicité et de transparence Ce principe d’appel d’offre garantie donc l’égalité de traitement des entreprises privées candidates et une certaine transparence. II. Les différentes formes d’appel d’offres Il existe deux formes principales d'appels d'offres dans les marchés publics : • Appel d'offres ouvert : Toute entreprise intéressée peut répondre à l’appel d’offre • Appel d'offres restreint : Seuls les candidats présélectionnés par l'acheteur sont autorisés à soumettre une offre. Cette procédure est particulièrement adaptée aux marchés complexes ou spécialisés, où l'acheteur souhaite présélectionner les entreprises les plus qualifiées avant d'examiner leurs offres en détail. III. Les objectifs pour une PME de prospecter des nouveaux marchés via les appels d’offres Il y a plusieurs objectifs pour une entreprise de prospecter de nouveaux marchés : – trouver de nouveaux clients ; – garantir le développement de l’activité de l’entreprise ; – compenser l’érosion du portefeuille clients existant ou remplacer les clients peu ou pas rentables Ainsi, au-delà du simple gain commercial, les appels d'offres représentent un véritable levier stratégique de développement pour les entreprises, quelle que soit leur taille. IV. La procédure de réponse aux appels d’offre 1. Les étapes principales Voici les principales étapes pour répondre efficacement à un appel d'offres : • Identifiez les appels d'offres pertinents • Activez des alertes automatiques sur les plateformes dédiées • Téléchargez le Dossier de Consultation des Entreprises (DCE) • Analysez minutieusement le cahier des charges et le règlement de consultation • Préparer la réponse soit constituez le dossier de candidature avec les documents administratifs requis • Transmettre la réponse soit déposer le dossier complet sur la plateforme de dématérialisation avant la date limite • Suivre la réponse : en cas de rejet, demandez un retour pour identifier les points d'amélioration 2. La consultation des appels d’offre Les PME doivent d’abord identifier les appels d'offres pertinents. Cela peut se faire par : • Les réseaux professionnels : Participer à des salons, des conférences et des événements réseaux aide à découvrir des opportunités. • La veille : S'abonner à des bulletins d'information et des alertes sur les marchés pertinents. • La consultation de plateformes en ligne : De nombreux sites web répertorient les appels d'offres publics, utilisateur aux PME de filtre par secteur et localisation. L’assistant(e) de gestion dispose de plusieurs sites de marché publics Voici les principaux sites français pour consulter les appels d'offres publics : Les Sites officiels : BOAMP (Bulletin Officiel des Annonces des Marchés Publics) : C'est le site officiel qui publie les appels d'offres de l'État, des collectivités territoriales et des établissements publics PLACE (Plateforme des Achats de l'État) : C'est la plateforme de dématérialisation des marchés publics de l'État. La publication y est obligatoire pour les marchés de l'État à partir de 40 000 € HT JOUE (Journal Officiel de l'Union Européenne) : Il publie les appels d'offres européens Les plateformes privées : France Marchés : Ce portail agrège les appels d'offres de plus de 300 journaux régionaux, du BOAMP, du JOUE et de plus de 1000 sites d'acheteurs publics Marchés Online : Cette plateforme donne accès à l'ensemble des appels d'offres publiés, quel que soit le secteur d'activité E-marchespublics : Ce site permet d'accéder aux appels d'offres publiés sur diverses sources comme le BOAMP, le JOUE, la presse et les profils d'acheteurs Les Autres sources : Journaux d'Annonces Légales (JAL) : Environ 540 journaux en France sont habilités à publier des annonces légales, dont les appels d'offres Sites internet des administrations publiques : La plupart des administrations publient leurs appels d'offres directement sur leur site internet Presse spécialisée : Certaines revues sont spécialisées dans les appels d'offres de leur département ou région Pour une veille efficace, il est recommandé d'utiliser des outils de veille électronique ou de s'abonner aux alertes proposées par ces différentes plateformes. Cela permet de recevoir automatiquement les appels d'offres correspondant à vos critères de recherche 3. Les candidatures d’appels d’offre Pour concourir à un marché public, il est possible de se présenter seul, de présenter une candidature groupée avec plusieurs entreprises : • La candidature seule : l'entreprise se présente pour exécuter personnellement le marché. Elle a la capacité technique et financière d’exécuter seule et dans son entier le marché. • Le groupement : le groupement conjoint (l’entreprise n'est responsable que de la part du marché qu'elle exécute) ou le groupement solidaire : (chaque membre du groupement est engagé financièrement pour la totalité du marché. Cela signifie que tous les membres sont collectivement responsables de l'exécution complète du contrat). 4. La réponse à l’appel d’offre La réponse à un appel d'offres doit contenir les éléments suivants : • une lettre de présentation : Présenter brièvement l'entreprise et son intérêt pour le projet. • une proposition technique : Détails sur la façon dont le projet sera réalisé soient les méthodes et leurs chronologies. • Une proposition financière : faire une estimation des coûts et des conditions de paiement Le dossier de réponse étant l’interface entre la PME et le donneur d’ordre, il convient de lui apporter le plus grand soin. Il faut donc préparer le dossier de réponse et remplir le document unique de marché européen appelé DUME : déclaration sur l'honneur standardisée et électronique utilisée dans les procédures de marchés publics Le certificat électronique est un élément essentiel pour répondre aux appels d'offres publics dématérialisés. Voici les principaux points à retenir : Depuis le 1er octobre 2018, la dématérialisation est obligatoire pour les marchés publics supérieurs à 40 000 € HT Dans ce cadre, une signature électronique valide est requise pour signer les documents de réponse aux appels d'offres. L'utilisation d'un certificat électronique pour les appels d'offres présente plusieurs avantages : Gain de temps dans les échanges avec les acheteurs publics Économies sur les frais d'impression et d'envoi Sécurisation accrue des documents transmis Possibilité de signer à distance Les certificats électroniques pour répondre aux appels d'offres sont délivrés par des prestataires de services de confiance qualifiés, conformes au règlement européen eIDAS et au Référentiel Général de Sécurité (RGS) français. Les principaux émetteurs de ces certificats sont : CertEurope ChamberSign France Certigna (filiale de Docaposte) Dhimyotis Universign La date limite de réception des offres (DLRO) est un élément crucial dans le processus des appels d'offres pour les marchés publics. La DLRO, également appelée date limite de remise des offres ou des plis, correspond à la date et l'heure limites auxquelles les candidatures ou offres doivent être reçues par l'acheteur public1 Le délai commence le lendemain de la date d'envoi de l'avis d'appel à la concurrence par l'acheteur. Dans cette démarche, l’entreprise peut réaliser un tableau de suivi des appels d’offres dont voici un exemple : 5. La réponse à l’appel d’offre Une fois la décision prise, l'acheteur doit envoyer une notification officielle à l'entreprise retenue. Cette communication doit être faite par écrit, généralement par lettre recommandée avec accusé de réception ou par voie électronique sécurisée. Tout candidat évincé peut demander par écrit des informations complémentaires sur les motifs du rejet de son offre. L'acheteur doit alors répondre dans un délai de 15 jours en fournissant : • Les motifs détaillés du rejet de la candidature ou de l'offre • Les caractéristiques et avantages de l'offre retenue • Le nom de l'attributaire V. Le paiement des marchés en appel d’offres Le délai maximal de paiement est généralement de 30 jours. Ce délai est porté à 50 jours pour les hôpitaux et 60 jours pour les entreprises publiques. . Le paiement intervient après constatation du "service fait", c'est-à-dire une fois que la prestation a été réalisée et vérifiée conforme par l'acheteur public Des avances et acomptes peuvent être versés : L'avance est obligatoire pour les PME sur les marchés de plus de 50 000 € HT et d'une durée supérieure à 2 mois. Elle représente 20% du montant pour l'État, 10% pour les autres acheteurs publics Les acomptes sont versés tous les 3 mois maximum, ou tous les mois pour les marchés de travaux avec des PMEHistory of policing Pre-confederation Mostly informal policing by community residents First police officers Quebec city, mid 17th century Upper Canada, early 19th century Mandate Police conflicts between ethinc groups and employes/labours Maintain moral standards (drunkenness, alcoholism) Apprehend criminals Provincal Police Force Response to disorder resulting form gold strikes in 19th century Replaced by RCMP during 20th century Currently, Ontario,Quebec and parts of Newfoundland have their own provincal police force History of RCMP North-Wesr Mounted Police Founded in 1873 Maintain law and order Ensure orderly settlement in prairies Many problems: desertion, resignation and improper conduct Replaced by Royal Canadain Mounted Police Police Today About 70,000 police officers across Canada 199 police officers per 100,000 population Lower than Scotland (337), England(244), U.S (238) NUmber increased over past decade NUmber of female officers increased 1 out of 5 officers is a women Contemporary Policing Structure of policing Four levels Federal, Provincial, municipal, and First nations Also public transportation police (railway, airport, and transit) Some municipalities have own forces E.g, Peel, Toronoto Others use provincial force detachments or RCMP detachments Royal Candanin Mounted Police Governed by Royal Canadian Mounted Pollcei Act (1985) Broad Range of policing activities, including federal policing and international peacekeppiong Contract Policing Provincial, territorial and municipal level Concerns about local oversight and accountability In but not of communities-difficult to ensure that RCMp detachments are responsive to communities Provincial Police Three forces Ontario Provincial Police Surete du Quebec (SQ) Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (RNC) Other provinces contractually use the RCMP Responsibilities Police rural areas and areas outside municipalities Enforce provincial laws and Criminal Code Regional Police Amalgamated Forces E.g Peel region police and Halton Regional Police Force Provide Police Services to over Half of Ontarians Advantages Cheaper, more servies Disadvantages To centralized, not in touch with community Municipal Police Responsibilites Enforce Criminal Code, Provincal Statues, municipal by laws, some federal statues (e.g drugs) Largest number of officers of any level My be contracted to RCMP or Provincal force Costs are paid by the municipality First Nations Type of policing is negotiated by First Nations Commnity Autonomous reserve based First Nations Officers from RCMP or OPP Responsibilites Enforce Criminal Code, federal and provicanl statues, band bylaws Accountability Reserve based police commission or band council Private Security Services Two main types 1. Private Security Firms 2. Company based, in house security officers No more legal authority than ordinary citizens But can arrest and detain people who commit crimes on private property In Canada, Private security officers outnumber police officer by four to one Parapolice Extension of activities Lack of systems of oversight like transitional police Police Work POlicing The activities of any indivual or organization acting legally on behalf of public or private organizations or persons to maintain security or social order Pluralization of Policing The sharing between public and private security Legislative Framework Carry out tasks within a number of legislative frameworks, define role, powers/responsibilites Canadian charter of rights and freedoms- most impactful on power/actvites of police Provincial and municipal legislation - Status such as motor vehicle administration acts, highway traffic acts, liquor acts and provincial/musincpal police acts Democracy Governance Categories of Policing Recruitment and Training of police officers Police recruitment Recruiting Visible Minorites and Aboriginal People Special initvates and programs for youth, women and visible minorities PEACE (Police Ethnic and Cultureal Exchange) OPPBound (particpate in variety of activate with officer) Toronto POlice recruitment of Somali Officers Edmonton police uniforms that include a hijab Police Training Residential/non-residential academies, centralized and decentralized Physical and academic instruction, socilization into the police occupation Operational field traiing Hands-on application of principles learned in the academy Mentoship form senior officer Working Personality of Police officers Challenges of Police Work Work Enviroment Long hours and shift work Exposure to stressors, especially in high demand environments PTSD and burnout Work Organiztion Harassment of female officers Cumbersome of system of internal redress Summary A number of misconceptions arounds police work, including th emotion that most police work involves crime control A variety of influences on the roles and activities of the police Four levels of policing: federal, provincial, mnicipal and First Nations, each with different responsibilities Earlier in 2019 there was a lot of femicide uh girls being killed by their boyfriends because they did one or two things there are also cultures of if there is violence in terms of a marital relationship that that is fine if there's a marital rape that that is fine so you find such situations being normalized and it being also a taboo to speak about those issues the 2030 agenda for sustainable development is grounded in respect for human rights and the power of people to change the world every individual on the planet has the right to health and well-being in all aspects of their sexuality their body and their reproductive choices ensuring these rights is integral to addressing poverty education violence against women and gender equality sexual and reproductive health rights are agreed in international law they were fought for by courageous women's rights activists and advocates across a broad range of professional fields and frontline experiences by movements of all ages levels and backgrounds they are still being fought for while progress has been made globally many barriers remain especially for those most marginalized excluded or discriminated against human rights are central to delivering the 17 sustainable development goals in the sustainable development agenda indeed each sdg target is simultaneously a metric and a claim for human rights the interplay between these political commitments and human rights obligations is particularly important when it comes to achieving sexual and reproductive health rights for decades human rights-based tactics have been used to drive progress in this episode of right to a better world experts share challenges they have faced and tactics they have used to address them the challenges they describe occur in settings all around the world the strategies used are ones that they have found to be successful in their own settings viewers are encouraged to learn from these experiences and consider how tactics could be adapted to their own context when sexual and reproductive health begins with equality the discussions decisions programs and policies which follow can build towards a future where every individual is not only born free but lives free and equal in dignity and rights without violence or discrimination the time to take action is now violence against women is any act that results in or is likely to result in physical sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women this includes threats of such acts coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty in public or private life it happens everywhere in every country in the home in communities at work and at school crises including health and humanitarian crises frequently contribute to higher rates of violence against women violence against women is directed at women because of their status as women the consequences are dire jeopardizing women's health including sexual and reproductive health and mental health hampering their ability to participate fully in society causing tremendous physical and psychological suffering for both women and their children the majority of women survivors of violence do not disclose or seek any type of services efforts to address violence against women must recognize the many different contexts in which it occurs and the many different forms it can take the majority of violence against women is committed by an intimate partner her current or previous boyfriend or husband globally around 30 of women have experienced physical and or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime this increases the risk of acquiring an sti or in some regions hiv by 1.5 fold when a woman is experiencing violence especially from her partner she's really unable to keep safe from hiv men have power to decide how when and where sex should be done and the woman is at risk of being infected because she cannot say no schools are another setting where violence against girls can take place assault and harassment during their commute bullying sexual harassment and mental or physical abuse on school property are all challenges across various country contexts this has a direct impact on girls access to inclusive quality education a target of sdg4 and an indirect impact on many of their other human rights young girls are taking advantage of at a very young age and they do not understand the choices and the avenues whereby they can exercise their rights when it comes to sexual productive health and rights and so you find a lot of dropouts and a lot of girls also going through a lot of traumatic experiences that would be avoided if they had guidance promoting a safe and secure working environment for all is a cornerstone of sdg 8. this includes a workplace free from sexual harassment and violence but for many women especially women migrant workers and others in precarious employment this is far from reality so we went to naivasha which is a flower farm and we've met the informal workers the casual liberals working for the flower farms when for example the sexual violence cases are reported companies don't take them very seriously a wide range of tactics have been used to prevent and address violence against women and girls and to recognize it as a fundamental violation of human rights prevention of intimate partner violence is possible when interventions are informed by evidence of what works we started out by describing the problem we've now moved to research on what works what are the kinds of interventions that are successful both for preventing the problem from happening in the first place and also from interventions to respond the respect women framework on preventing violence against women developed by the who un women ohchr and other international agencies promotes seven strategies which focus on relationship skills strengthening empowerment of women services for health justice police and social sector poverty reduction environments made safer including schools workplaces and public spaces child and adolescence abuse prevented and transformation of gender attitudes beliefs and norms this action-oriented framework can enable policy makers and health implementers to design plan implement monitor and evaluate interventions and programs to prevent violence against women we have come a long way for sure we still have some ways to go and we need to do more to stop this violence from happening in the first place this involves addressing the social norms that still prevail in many settings that make this form of violence acceptable women are not exposed to gender-based violence by accident all because of an inbuilt vulnerability violence against women is rooted in discriminatory social norms and power dynamics dismantling these underlying causes of violence against women and girls is at the heart of achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls as set out in the targets and indicators of sdg 5 ensuring healthy lives in sdg3 and reducing inequalities in sdg 10. women and men are valued differently society has heap privileges on the men while the women are looked at as subordinate power is not only the problem but also the solution to preventing violence against women we are making it personal everyone connects with power every day people living with power or grappling with power they find themselves within this whole conversation if you're working to create gnome change there has to be change at all levels strategies to raise awareness in communities about violence against women and girls are critical as there is still a lot of stigma and shame which inhibits many women and girls from talking about it intervention is like a big complicated word sometimes it's just about talking about dialogue i mean the fact that we went into schools and just began a conversation with parents um bringing them together in the school along with the school personnel and then having the conversation start from there and we also sort of train providers within schools to appropriately refer children to health facilities for care what we found was that this dialogue began to spark other conversations in the community and i guess they just felt that oh it's actually okay to talk about this openly rather than pretend that nothing is going on sassa is a community mobilization approach to prevent violence against women and hiv and aids it is activist led it's not workshop heavy based it comes away from the traditional programming of organizations going to do things themselves instead they support activists who do the activities with their friends and neighbors health systems play a critical role in responding to violence wherever it occurs supporting health workers to respond appropriately to violence as well as ensuring their work environment enables them to provide safe effective and quality survivor centred care are important strategies for better addressing violence against women and girls um we came to learn not to ask direct questions not to give our opinion or our judgment on them and let her speak and once with that flow starts once that connection is established that doctor-patient relationship emotionally is established she will actually tell you the whole history legal frameworks to promote enforce and monitor equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex are an important sdg 5 indicator but putting laws in place does not automatically make them effective there are existing protections for women in the workplace or for individuals in the workplace in relation to harassment but we know from our call for evidence that they are not actually addressing the problem the recommendations that we developed included government implementing a mandatory duty for employers to take preventative steps to address harassment in the workplace so what we would like to see is government implement a much stronger legislative duty it has taken decades of struggle by the women's rights movement to persuade the international community to view violence against women as a human rights concern and a sustainable development priority not a private matter governments have obligations to respect protect and fulfill the right to a life free of violence and to provide for sanctions when they fail when seeking accountability the priority consideration must always be the safety and well-being of survivors respecting their wishes and autonomy and supporting them to make informed choices about the type of justice they want context is vitally important there are many strategies to hold perpetrators accountable including strategic litigation and public campaigns when the teachers impregnate the girls that means the system has failed and okay what they do is they blacklist the teachers and they are always removed from the payroll but we think that is not enough the case that was quite interesting is where one of the judges she did find a ruling against the teacher service commission the commission that is responsible for hiring teachers asking them that they must take responsibility and they were ordered to pay compensation to the girls who had gotten pregnant while in school the justice police issue came about a few years back when a young girl was raped and the punishment for her being ripped was that harappa she was gang-ripped and therapists were told to slash grass feminist organizations and young women organizations came back to the police and the police commissioner to ask and request that the people who are found to be perpetrators should be punished according to our constitution and according to the laws of the land and those are very big campaigns to get better justice so consequently they were jailed but also it was a sign that the system the police system had to be checked in terms of when someone reports a case any case of violence what happens and how is it followed through the maria pedra is another example of litigation that became a political mobilizer so this was a case from the inter-american commission that really galvanized a change in public policy a huge change because it was a case that addressed gender-based violence intimate partner violence it called on responsibility of brazil also for not having prevented this kind of violence the reality of a case that says you have the right to not be bruised you have the right to be free of physical psychological violence it's powerful it can change women's lives investing in autonomous women's movements has been one of the most important drivers of changes in laws and policies to address violence against women over the past 40 years according to data from over 70 countries women organizing to advance women's status define the very concept of violence against women raised awareness of the issue and put it on national and global policy agendas often we thought that it takes generations or centuries to change working intensely with the communities we can actually see change coming violence against women and girls is a violation of fundamental human rights to life and to physical and psychological integrity not to be tortured or treated in an inhuman and degrading way to respect for private and family life and the right not to be discriminated against this understanding is more than theoretical human rights-based tactics can offer a practical route to addressing systemic challenges across all the circumstances where violence against women and girls occurs including but not limited to at the hands of their partners at school and in the workplace by using evidence-informed prevention strategies addressing power relations and social norms community mobilizing and dialogue supporting health systems and professionals putting in place strong legal frameworks accessing justice and ending impunity feminist organizing and mobilizing every individual can help to deliver the 2030 agenda for sustainable development building a world in which women and girls are free from all forms of violence and discrimination [Music] youCertainly, let's expand on each section in detail so you can learn more from the provided text: # Summary This text aims to explain various aspects related to technology, particularly focusing on a concept known as "Tech Disruption." It explores how technology affects different sectors, outlines the conditions for tech disruption, discusses the industrial revolutions, introduces the laws of disruption, and mentions factors influencing technology choices. ## Concept of Technology **Technology** encompasses a range of elements within organizations. It includes **expertise, equipment, and procedures** used to convert inputs, such as resources or raw materials, into outputs, which can be products or services. This involves various aspects, such as **product design, production techniques, quality assurance measures, human resource development, and management systems**. In essence, technology represents the tools and knowledge used to create and deliver goods or services effectively. ## What is Tech Disruption **Tech Disruption** refers to a phenomenon where smaller companies with limited resources successfully challenge well-established incumbent businesses. This disruption is primarily driven by **technology**, which acts as the catalyst, enabler, or even the sole reason behind the change. The significance of this concept lies in the fact that entrepreneurs must make careful and thoughtful decisions when it comes to adopting and investing in technology. **Why it's Important?** These decisions are crucial because they involve significant investments and will have a substantial impact on a company's ability to create, innovate, and operate its services in a sustainable and cost-effective manner. ## Four Main Impact **Tech Disruption** has four main impacts on businesses and industries: 1. **Shifting Customer Expectations**: As technology evolves, customer expectations change. Companies must adapt to meet these evolving demands to remain competitive. 2. **Enhanced Products Through Data**: Data-driven insights improve the productivity and efficiency of assets, leading to better products and services. 3. **New Partnerships and Collaboration**: Tech disruption encourages companies to form new partnerships and collaborations, recognizing the importance of working together to stay relevant. 4. **Transformation of Operating Models**: Traditional operating models are being transformed into digital models, where technology plays a central role in how businesses operate and deliver value. ## The 11 Macro Sources of Distribution The **11 Macro Sources of Distribution** represent various factors that influence the distribution of resources and opportunities in society. These factors include: 1. **Wealth Distribution**: How wealth is distributed among individuals and entities. 2. **Education**: The availability and quality of education opportunities. 3. **Infrastructure**: The state of infrastructure, such as transportation and communication networks. 4. **Government**: Government policies and regulations that impact resource distribution. 5. **Geopolitics**: Geopolitical factors, such as international relations and conflicts. 6. **Economy**: Economic conditions and trends, including markets and financial systems. 7. **Public Health**: The state of healthcare and public health systems. 8. **Demographics**: Characteristics of the population, such as age and gender. 9. **Environment**: Environmental factors and sustainability concerns. 10. **Media and Telecommunications**: The role of media and communication technologies. 11. **Technology**: Technological advancements and their impact on society. ## When Does Tech Disruption Happen? **Tech Disruption** occurs when specific conditions are met: ### Technology Is Mature Enough - **Technology Accessibility**: Technology must be accessible to a wide range of people and organizations. - **Critical Mass**: It should have reached a critical mass where it can create significant impact. - **Affordability**: Technology must be affordable for businesses to adopt. ### Sector Is Ready For Change - **Tech Infrastructure**: The sector should have the necessary technological infrastructure in place. - **Policy Framework**: A conducive policy framework is essential to support and regulate the use of technology. - **Lack of Disruption**: If the sector is stagnant or facing issues, it becomes ripe for tech disruption. ### Sector + Technology + Timing + Product - **Mature Technology with an Unready Sector**: If technology is mature but the sector is not ready, it can lead to building the wrong product based on incorrect assumptions. - **Unmatured Technology with a Ready Sector**: Conversely, if technology is not matured but the sector is ready, it may take longer to develop the product. ## Ready for Industri 5.0? This section briefly outlines the five industrial revolutions: 1. **Industri 1.0 (1784)**: Marked by mass production assembly lines using electrical power. 2. **Industri 2.0 (1870)**: Introduced mechanization, steam, and water power. 3. **Industri 3.0 (1969)**: Characterized by automated production, computers, IT systems, and robotics. 4. **Industri 4.0 (Present)**: Involves smart factories, autonomous systems, IoT (Internet of Things), and machine learning. 5. **Industri 5.0 (Future)**: Envisions mass customization and cyber-physical cognitive systems. ## Three Laws of Disruption These laws explain the nature of disruption: 1. **Disruption Comes to All**: Disruption is a universal phenomenon; it affects all industries and businesses sooner or later. 2. **Product-Market Fit**: Disruption occurs due to changes in Product-Market Fit, which means aligning a product with its target market effectively. 3. **Methods to Change Product-Market Fit**: To address disruption, a company can change the product, the target market, or influence people's preferences regarding the product. ## The 40% Rule This rule provides a framework for evaluating the fit between a product and its market: - **Value Proposition**: The product should solve customers' problems effectively. - **Channels**: The product should be able to reach customers cost-effectively. - **Monetization**: Customers should be willing to pay for the product. ## PMF Framework: 5 Steps to Product/Market Fit The **PMF (Product/Market Fit) Framework** consists of five steps: 1. **Business Modeling**: Developing a business model that aligns with the market. 2. **Market Validation**: Confirming that there is demand for the product in the market. 3. **Customer Interviews**: Gaining insights from potential customers. 4. **Product Development and Customer Acquisition**: Creating the product and acquiring customers. 5. **Product Analytics**: Using data to determine if the product has achieved Product/Market Fit. ## Factors Determining the Choice of Technology Several factors influence the choice of technology: 1. **Government Policy**: Government regulations and policies can encourage or restrict the adoption of specific technologies. 2. **Available Resources**: The resources, both financial and human, impact the adoption of technology. 3. **Technological Capability**: The organization's technological capabilities influence the choice of technology. 4. **Existing Technological Level**: The current technological state of the industry or organization plays a role. 5. **Institutional Arrangement**: Organizational structures and arrangements affect technology choices. ## Conclusion In conclusion, the text emphasizes the critical role of technology in driving change and disruption in various industries. It highlights the need for informed decision-making when it comes to technology investments, as well as the conditions necessary for tech disruption to occur. Understanding the historical context of industrial revolutions, the laws of disruption, and the factors influencing technology choices is essential in today's fast-paced and tech-driven business environment. Embracing technology disruption is crucial for transforming business models and adapting to evolving market dynamics.