What is a key characteristic of a good quantitative research question?

It focuses on personal opinions.

It is open-ended and exploratory.

It focuses on qualitative data.

Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research question?

'What is the effect of study time on exam scores?'

'Why do students prefer online classes?'

'What are the experiences of first-year students?'

'How do people feel about remote learning?'

Which research question would best fit a quantitative study on employee productivity?

'How many hours of work lead to the highest productivity?'

'What factors contribute to employee productivity?'

'What are employees' perceptions of workplace culture?'

'How does flexible working hours affect job satisfaction?'

A researcher is conducting a study on high school students' screen time. Which of the following is a well-defined quantitative research question?

'What is the relationship between screen time and sleep quality?'

'How do students feel about their screen time?'

'What are the benefits of reducing screen time?'

'Why do students spend more time on screens?'

Which of the following is an example of a poorly constructed quantitative research question?

'Why do some students prefer online learning?'

'How does class size influence student performance?'

'What percentage of students use mobile phones during class?'

'How does daily exercise affect students' BMI?'

What is the main goal of a quantitative research question?

To measure variables and establish relationships

To explore and generate new theories

To collect opinions and attitudes

To understand complex social phenomena

Which of the following quantitative research questions could be tested using statistical analysis?

'How many hours do students spend studying each week?'

'Why do students choose to study specific subjects?'

'How do students perceive the use of technology in class?'

'What is the impact of social media on students' self-esteem?'

Which of these is NOT an example of a good quantitative research question?

'Why do some students have higher test scores than others?'

'How does physical activity affect students' health outcomes?'

'What is the average number of hours high school students spend on homework each week?'

'What are the effects of social media on academic performance?'

Which of the following research question is for Descriptive Research?

What are the various social media platforms used by Senior High Students?

What is the relationship between the length of hours spent on social media and level of digital literacy of students?

Is there a significant difference in the posttest scores of the control group and experimental group?

Which of the following research question is for Correlational Research?

What is the relationship between the length of hours spent on social media and level of digital literacy of students?

Is there a significant difference in the posttest scores of the control group and experimental group?

What are the various social media platforms used by Senior High Students?

Which of the following research question is for Ex Post Facto Research?

Is there a difference in the literacy level of students between their cultural and educational family background?

Is there a significant difference in the posttest scores of the control group and experimental group?

What is the relationship between the length of hours spent on social media and level of digital literacy of students?

It is a type of research question that usually starts with "What" and deals with exploratory information.

Situational and Relationship Questions

Establishing Relationship Questions

Quantitative Research Questions

Analysis is a method of organizing, sorting, and scrutinizing data in such a way that a research question can be answered or meaningful inferences can be drawn. 4 2. Bibliography is a list of all the sources used in the process of researching. 3. Concept refers to a mental idea of a phenomenon. These are words or terms that symbolize some aspects of reality. e. g. love, pain. 4. Conclusion provides a summary of the research. 5. Data is an information that can be words or numbers. 6. Data Gathering Tools refer to the devices/ instruments used to collect data such as questionnaire or computer- assisted interviewing system. 7. Data Presentation involves the use of a variety of different graphical techniques. 8. Descriptive study is a research design that describes “what is”( e.g. a survey). 9. In-Text Citation is the brief form of the reference included in the body of one’s work. 10. Limitations are restrictions in a study that may decrease the credibility and generalizability of the research findings. 11. Literature review is a critical summary or research on a topic of interest, generally prepared to put a research problem in context or to identify gaps and weaknesses in prior studies so as to justify a new investigation. 12. Plagiarism is the unethical practice of using words or ideas of another author/researcher without proper acknowledgement. 13. Quantitative Research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. 14. Questionnaire is a set of questions used to gather information in a survey. 15. Research Topic is a subject or issue that a researcher is interested in when conducting a research. 16. Respondents are those persons who have been invited to participate in a particular study and have actually taken part in the study. 17. Research Question is the question around which a researcher centers his/ her research. 18. Sample is a part or subset of population selected to participate in the research study. 19. Socio Demographic Profile includes age, sex, education, migration, background and ethnicity, religious affiliation, marital status, household, employment, and income. 20.Variables are attributes or characteristics that can have more than one value, such as height or weight. These are qualities or quantities, properties or characteristics of people, things, or situations that change or vary

Research: Scientific Attitudes These are the traits that scientists and researchers practice to ensure reliable results and good research work: Curiosity – Desire to ask questions and seek answers. Drives exploration and discovery. Example: Wondering why leaves change color in autumn. Intellectual Honesty – Reporting observations and results truthfully, even if they don’t support your hypothesis. Open-Mindedness – Willingness to accept new ideas and consider other perspectives. Perseverance – Continuing research despite difficulties or failures. Objectivity – Avoiding bias; basing conclusions only on evidence and facts. Positive Attitude Towards Failure – Viewing mistakes as opportunities to learn and improve. Skepticism – Questioning results and not accepting claims without sufficient evidence. Observation and Inference Observation – Using the senses (or tools) to gather information. Qualitative Observation → Describes qualities (color, shape, texture). Quantitative Observation → Uses numbers or measurements (height, mass, temperature). Inference – Logical explanation or conclusion based on observations and prior knowledge. Example: Seeing smoke and inferring there is fire. 🔎 Science Process Skills These are steps used in scientific investigations: Observing – Using senses and instruments to gather data. Inferring – Making explanations based on observations. Predicting – Stating what you think will happen based on patterns or evidence. Communicating – Sharing results through words, graphs, charts, or reports. Classifying – Grouping objects or data according to similarities and differences. Ordering/Sequencing – Arranging objects or events in correct order (time, size, importance). Measuring – Using standard units and instruments to describe length, mass, volume, time, etc. 📏 Measurement and Measuring Instruments Measurement – The process of comparing an unknown quantity with a standard unit. Common Quantities and Instruments: Length/Distance – Ruler, Meter Stick, Vernier Caliper, Tape Measure. Mass – Balance (triple beam, electronic). Volume – Graduated Cylinder, Measuring Cup, Pipette, Burette. Temperature – Thermometer. Time – Stopwatch, Clock. Electric Current – Ammeter. Voltage – Voltmeter. Key Idea: Accurate measurement requires using the correct instrument and unit (SI Units).

When to use thematic analysis? Thematic analysis is a good approach to research where you’re trying to find out something about people’s views, opinions, knowledge, experiences or values from a set of qualitative data – for example, interview transcripts, social media profiles, or survey responses. Some types of research questions you might use thematic analysis to answer: • How do patients perceive doctors in a hospital setting? • What are young women’s experiences on dating sites? • What are non- experts’ ideas and opinions about climate change? • How is gender constructed in high school history teaching? To answer any of these questions, you would collect data from a group of relevant participants and then analyze it. Thematic analysis allows you a lot of flexibility in interpreting the data, and allows you to approach large data sets more easily by sorting them into broad themes. However, it also involves the risk of missing nuances in the data. Thematic analysis is often quite subjective and relies on the researcher’s judgement, so you have to reflect carefully on your own choices and interpretations. Pay close attention to the data to ensure that you’re not picking up on things that are not there – or obscuring things that are.

Quantitative research

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SHORT QUIZ

Quantitative research sampling and sample

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