The scientists that study the materials that constitute the earth, and the processes that has shaped it

The earth's structure has layers: the crust, mantle, and core

The thin, outer layer of the lithosphere. It makes up only 1% of the earth's volume. It is where most earthquakes occur

It is 35-40 km thick. Made of light materials like granite, quartz, and feldspar.

It is  5-10 km thick; made of heavy rocks like basalt.

The thickest layer of the earth (67%). The temperature of the mantle varies between 1000°C to 3000°C near the core. Magma is present in this layer

Upper mantle is 7-410 km km thick.

 Lower mantle - 660-2891 km thick.

It is the boundary between the crust and mantle, and where seismic waves travel faster.

It is  where temperature (~5,430°C) and pressure are the most extreme. The heat of the inner core moves the outer core and the mantle. The intense pressure keeps it solid

It is  liquid; made of very hot metals. Made of iron, nickel, and possibly oxygen and sulfur, and is found 2,890 km below the surface. The rotation of the earth spins the outer core and generates the earth's magnetic field.

They are the intense shaking of the earth's surface due to its movements.

The ________ is the location of the earthquake under the surface. The _________is the point on the surface directly above the hypocenter's location.

The energy that radiates outward from an earthquake is the __________.

It is the strength of the earthquake which is measured by a seismograph.

The magnitude is not classified in the Moment Magnitude Scale.

In the past, the Richter scale was used, but it has inaccuracies.

It is the strength of the shaking of an earthquake at a given area.

The PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) was developed after the 1990 Luzon earthquake.

One of the effects of earthquake. 

Are caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic activity which displaces great amounts of ocean water.

 In areas where the ground is saturated, an earthquake causes the water to rise as soil and rocks get compacted is considered as one of the effects of an earthquake.

The earthquakes may damage electrical and gas lines which cause fires to spread. Damaged roads and water lines may hinder fire fighting efforts.

It is the shaking of the ground causes earth and rocks from steep slopes to cascade down.

A man-made structures may be destroyed during earthquakes.

The structures closer to a fault will be more heavily damaged than those farther away

A volcano is an opening on the planet's surface through which lava, gases, and volcanic ash escape. Geologic activity such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen mostly in the Ring of Fire. Volcanoes may be active, dormant, or extinct.

Check the Volcano Features

Check the correct types of eruptions

Benefits of volcanic eruptions.

Fertile Soil - ash and lava bring nutrients for plant growth.

Benefits of volcanic eruptions.

Geothermal energy - volcanic activity can create reservoirs of hot water and steam. These can be tapped to generate electricity.

Benefits of volcanic eruptions.

 Biodiversity - volcanic islands are home to unique flora and fauna.

Benefits of volcanic eruptions.

Mineral deposits - minerals from deep in the earth are brought out by volcanic eruptions.

Benefits of volcanic eruptions.

Tourism and recreation - volcanoes can create lava fields, craters, hot springs, and geysers and interesting hiking spots.

Benefits of volcanic eruptions.

Carbon sequestration - some volcanic rocks can absorb carbon dioxide from the air.

In ancient times, people studied the lights in the sky, and how they moved. One explanation for this was that _______ is the center of the universe, but some lights seemed to move differently from the stars. These lights were called _______ which mean "wanderers". Later, it was proposed that the planets, with the earth, went around the sun instead. This explained the motion of the planets better

A _______  is a large body that orbits a star.

A ________  is a body that orbits a planet.

A_________  consists of a star*, as well as all the planets, moons, and other bodies travelling around it.

One of the things that keep planets in their orbits is g _ _ _ _ _ y. 

The more massive an object is, the greater its gravity. Also, the farther objects are, the smaller the gravity.

The other thing keeping the planets in orbit is inertia.

Inertia  keeps an object in its current position or motion. Without inertia, the planets will just fall into the sun. Without gravity, they will just move in straight lines.

Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are called the ______.  They have similar sizes, and rocky structures. They have few moons, and rotate slowly. None of them have rings.

Between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter lies the asteroid belt. Asteroids are rocky or metallic objects that orbit the sun. The largest asteroid is 1/4 the size of the moon. Sometimes, asteroids can cross Earth's orbit

_______ small rocky or metallic objects that orbit the sun.

 a meteoroid that enters the Earth's atmosphere. It appears as a streak as it breaks apart and burns in the atmosphere

A  meteor that did not break up in the atmosphere and has hit the Earth's surface.

Scientist that studies the universe

Everything that exists.

It magnifies distant objects to be studied.

A type of telescope that uses mirrors that focus light onto the lens

A type of telescope that uses lenses to gather light from a distant object

One complete spin is called a rotation; this occurs every 24 hours. _______ is what causes day and night.

The earth spins on its ______  and an imaginary line that runs from the North to the South Pole.

Standard time zones - there are 24 time zones of around 15° wide in longitude where it is the same time.

International date line - West of this line, it is 1 calendar day in advance.

The earth's axis is tilted at 23.5°. As it goes around the sun, the tilt causes parts of the earth to receive more sunlight than other parts. The result is the distinct seasons of the year.

The earth takes 365.24 days to orbit the sun. This is called a revolution.

The shape of the moon that we see depends on how much of it is lit up by the sun as it orbits the earth. The different shapes are called the phases of the moon.

As the moon orbits the earth, and the earth orbits the sun, sometimes, they can block each other. If the moon blocks the sun perfectly - that is a solar eclipse. If the earth blocks the light of the sun from hitting the moon - that is a lunar eclipse.

________  are the regular rise and fall of the water level along a shore. Tides are caused by the gravity of the moon, earth and sun. The water on the side of the earth facing the moon bulges on both sides. This is a high tide. When the sun, earth, and moon line up, tides can be stronger. (Search: spring tides and neap tides)

PAGASA - Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration PAGASA classifies the types of weather based on the distribution of rainfall.

The Philippine dry season occurs from Dec. to May. There is little to no rain. Dec. to Feb. - cool dry season caused by the northeast monsoon (amihan) Mar. to May - hot dry season

The Philippine dry season occurs from Dec. to May. There is little to no rain. Dec. to Feb. - cool dry season caused by the northeast monsoon (amihan) Mar. to May - hot dry season

The Study of the Earth's Weather

It is the gaseous layer of the earth.

the condition of the atmosphere at a given time and place.

the weather patterns in a long period of time.

Factors that Affect Weather

The dryness or wetness of a place. The major climates are affected by hot or cold, and wet or dry.

Factors that Affect Weather

It is the hotness and coldness depends on the latitude.

There are types of Climate

Tropical - the warmest temperature; from the equator to 30° latitude.

Polar - the coldest temperature; around the poles. Temperate - between 30° to 60° latitude.