Read the descriptions below and guess the places.

Read the descriptions then choose the suitable headings

Commas Directions: Correct the sentences by adding commas where needed. 1. After the sound of the bell we realized it was a false alarm. 2. Mr. Yoshino the head of the department resigned yesterday. 3. The gentleman with the black umbrella who is an ambassador to the United States said hello to us as we were entering the hotel. 4. Even though we won the game the players unfortunately did not play their best. 5. Heather walked quickly up to the door and knocked hoping that someone would answer. Author’s Purpose 6. An author writes a story about a boy who saves his town from a flood by using his quick thinking. The author includes exciting descriptions of the boy's bravery. What is the author’s most likely purpose for writing this story? A. To inform readers about the dangers of floods B. To entertain readers with a heroic tale C. To explain how to prevent floods D. To persuade readers to prepare for emergencies 7. Which of the following is an example of an author writing to persuade? A. A science textbook chapter explaining the water cycle B. A commercial encouraging people to adopt shelter pets C. A short story about a girl who finds a magical necklace D. A recipe for making chocolate chip cookies 8. Read the following sentence: "Studies show that students who read for 20 minutes a day score higher on tests. Reading is one of the best habits you can develop for success in school and life." What is the author’s purpose in this passage? A. To entertain readers with a fun story B. To persuade readers to read more often C. To inform readers about how books are written D. To explain how to find books to read 9. An author writes a how-to guide titled 10 Easy Steps to Plant a Garden. What is the author’s primary purpose? A. To persuade readers to grow their own vegetables B. To inform readers how to plant a garden C. To entertain readers with funny garden tips 10. Read the excerpt: "Long ago, in a village surrounded by mountains, the people discovered a secret about their water well. Every full moon, the well water turned to gold for just one night. But no one knew why. This mystery brought travelers from far and wide, hoping to uncover the truth." What is the author’s purpose in this excerpt? A. To persuade readers to visit the village B. To inform readers about a historical event C. To entertain readers with a mysterious tale D. To explain the science behind the water Main Idea When I stepped out into the bright sunlight from the darkness of the movie house, I had only two things on my mind: Paul Newman and a ride home. I was wishing I looked like Paul Newman--- he looks tough and I don't--- but I guess my own looks aren't so bad. I have light-brown, almost-red hair and greenish-gray eyes. I wish they were more gray because I hate most guys that have green eyes, but I have to be content with what I have. My hair is longer than a lot of boys wear theirs, squared off in back and long at the front and sides, but I am a greaser and most of my neighborhood rarely bothers to get a haircut. Besides, I look better with long hair. 11. What is the main idea? The narrator likes movies. The narrator wishes he was Paul Newman. The narrator is content with his appearance. The narrator looks better with long hair. 12. The narrator believes. . . looks are important. he should get a haircut. green eyes are bad. that he has red hair. Once there were four girls who shared a pair of pants. The girls were all different sizes and shapes, and yet the pants fit each of them. You may think this is a suburban myth. But I know it's true, because I am one of them, one of the sisters of the Traveling Pants. We discovered their magic last summer, purely by accident. The four of us were splitting up for the first time in our lives. Carmen had gotten them from a secondhand place without even bothering to try them on. She was going to throw them away, but by chance, Tibby spotted them. First Tibby tried them; then me, Lena; then Bridget; then Carmen. By the time Carmen pulled them on, we knew something extraordinary was happening. If the same pants fit and I mean really fit the four of us, they aren't ordinary. They don't belong completely to the world of things you can see and touch. My sister, Effie, claims I don't believe in magic, and maybe I didn't then. But after the first summer of the Traveling Pants, I do. 13. What is the main idea? Four friends were connected through a special pair of pants. A pair of pants called the Traveling Pants. Carmen finding a pair of pants from a second-hand shop. The girls believing in magic. 14. The narrator included that the pants fit all of them to emphasize how the girls become friends. the girls are different sizes. why the pants are special. where the pants came from. If you are interested in stories with happy endings, you would be better off reading some other book. In this book, not only is there no happy ending, there is no happy beginning and very few happy things in the middle. This is because not very many happy things happened in the lives of the three Baudelaire youngsters. Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire were intelligent children, and they were charming, and resourceful, and had pleasant facial features, but they were extremely unlucky, and most everything that happened to them was rife with misfortune, misery, and despair. I'm sorry to tell you this, but that is how the story goes. 15. What is the main idea? description about the story to come. A warning about the story and its sad content. A declaration about the Baudelaire family. A beginning for the end of the story. 16. The narrator believes the reader does not like sad stories. likes stories with happy endings. can’t enjoy the story. will find the story unhappy. 17. Read the following sentence: Of course you can exaggerate your story, but what you say must be based on truth. Which word means the same as exaggerate? repeat reveal overstate increase 18. What is the meaning of the word inaugurated, used in the following sentence: Less than two months after Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated President in 1861, he encountered one of the most difficult tasks ever experienced by a United States leader: civil war. elected by a vote brought into office identified by name viewed as an authority 19. What does the phrase “practice your presentation so much that you could do it in your sleep” suggest in the following sentence: The best advice is to practice your presentation so much that you could do it in your sleep. get plenty of sleep the night before giving a presentation give their presentations in front of a small audience first take advice from their teachers on how to write a presentation memorize their presentations before they give them 20. Read the following sentence: The Phoenix Mars Lander is a NASA spacecraft that landed on the Red Planet in May 2009 to study the history of water and potential for life on the planet. What is another word for potential? existence situation possibility qualification

1. What is the main purpose of including theme and main idea questions in a text? a) To test your reading comprehension skills b) To understand the overall message or lesson of the text c) To practice identifying specific details in the text d) To improve your vocabulary and word knowledge 2. What is the purpose of finding the theme in a text? a) To summarize the main idea of the text in a few words b) To identify the specific details and examples in the text c) To understand the order of events in the text d) To analyze the author's writing style and techniques 3. Which of the following represents the theme of a text? a) A long sentence that describes the setting of the story b) A single word or short phrase that captures the main idea of the text c) A list of characters and their traits d) A detailed description of the plot and conflict in the story 4. How does identifying the main idea of a paragraph help you understand the text? a) It allows you to make connections between different parts of the text b) It helps you identify the author's purpose for writing the text c) It enables you to predict what will happen next in the story d) It helps you remember the specific details and examples in the paragraph 5. Which of the following best describes the main idea of a paragraph? a) The specific details and examples that support the theme of the text b) The order of events and actions in the paragraph c) The overall message or lesson conveyed by the paragraph d) The vocabulary words and their definitions in the paragraph 6. In a short paragraph about dogs, what could be a possible theme? a) Running and playing in the park b) Different breeds of dogs and their characteristics c) The loyalty and companionship dogs provide d) How to train a dog to do tricks 7. What might be the main idea of a paragraph about the importance of recycling? a) Recycling reduces pollution and conserves natural resources b) The process of recycling and how it works c) The different types of materials that can be recycled d) The history of recycling and its impact on society 8. Which of the following could be the theme of a paragraph about the benefits of reading? a) The importance of reading for academic success b) How to choose the right book to read c) The different genres of literature and their characteristics d) The role of libraries in promoting reading 9. If a paragraph discusses the life cycle of a butterfly, what would be the most likely main idea? a) The different colors and patterns of butterfly wings b) The stages of a butterfly's life from egg to adult c) The habitats and environments where butterflies live d) The types of plants that attract butterflies for feeding 10. What is the purpose of including vocabulary words and their meanings in context in a text? a) To test your knowledge of different words and their definitions b) To understand the specific details and examples in the text c) To improve your reading comprehension skills d) To practice using new words in your own writing

Yaama I'm Jack Evans and you're watching BTN. Here's what's coming up. We uncover the story behind this famous photo, learn about First Nations seasons and find out the history of Book Week. What is Statehood? Reporter: Tatenda Chibika INTRO: But first, the Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has announced that Australia will join other countries in recognising Palestine as an independent state. So, what does that mean? Tatenda found out. Anthony Albanese, Prime Minister: Australia will recognise the state of Palestine. Australia will recognise the right of the Palestinian people to a state of their own. We will work with the international community to make this right a reality. Tatenda Chibika, Reporter: That's the moment our Prime Minister said Australia would recognise Palestine as an independent state at the upcoming United Nations General assembly next month. It's something other countries, including France and Canada, have said they'll be doing too. So, what does that mean exactly? To be considered an independent state under international law a place needs to have its own land or territories with defined borders, it needs to have people who permanently live there, have a working government and it has to be able to talk and make deals with other countries. Once a place meets all those rules, it can ask to be recognised by other independent states and countries. But a big step in becoming an independent state is being fully recognised by the United Nations. To do that you first need to get approval from at least nine members of the UN's Security Council. That's a group of countries responsible for maintaining international peace and security. But even then, that tick of approval can still be blocked by one of the Security Council's five permanent members Russia, China, the UK, the US and France. If the Security Council approves, the decision then goes to the UN's General Assembly where at least two thirds of the UN's 193 members have to agree to make it official. Yeah, it's a pretty complex process which is why we've only seen a handful of countries recognised by the UN in recent years like South Sudan and Montenegro. Others like Kosovo are only 'partially' recognised which means they have some recognition but not enough to become a full member state at the UN. Right now, Palestine is recognised by more than 140 countries — that's more than two thirds of the UN General Assembly. So, why hasn't it become a UN member state yet? Well, it came pretty close last year when 12 members of the Security Council voted in favour of it. VANESSA FRAZIER, AMBASSADOR OF MALTA, APRIL 2024 UNSC PRESIDENT: I shall now put the draft resolution to the vote. But the US, a close ally to Israel, used its special powers to block Palestine from becoming a member state. VANESSA FRAZIER: Those against? At the time, the U.S said Palestine and Israel needed to come to an agreement on their own first. Throughout the years, there have been attempts to figure out a way for both Palestine and Israel to exist peacefully alongside each other but that hasn't happened yet. And now Israel has said that recognising Palestine as an independent state would be rewarding Hamas the group in charge of Gaza which was responsible for the terror attacks on October 7th, 2023. But the Palestinian Authority which governs parts of the West Bank says Hamas won't have a role in any future state of Palestine which will exist peacefully alongside Israel. Australia, like the US, had previously said that it wanted Israel and Palestine to figure out things by themselves first but because of how the war has been going the Australian government is worried that if it continues to wait, there might not be a Palestinian state to recognise. ANTHONY ALBANESE, PRIME MINISTER: There has been too many lives lost, both Israeli's and Palestinians and the world is saying we need a solution to this conflict, we need to end the cycle of violence and the way to do that is to have a two-state solution. News Quiz Russia's President Vladimir Putin stepped foot on American Soil for the first time in a decade to meet with US President Donald Trump. What state did they meet in? Alabama, Alaska or Arizona?It's Alaska. The two leaders met to discuss a way to end the war in Ukraine but weren't able to make any final agreements. DONALD TRUMP, US PRESIDENT: There were many, many points that we agreed on. Most of them, I would say, a couple of big ones, that we haven't quite got there, but we've made some headway. There's no deal until there's a deal. A lot of people criticised the two world leaders for not including Ukraine's president Volodymyr Zelenskyy in the meeting. But that didn't seem to worry Mr Trump who said the meeting was a success and Mr Putin even invited the US President to meet up again in Russia. DONALD TRUMP: We'll see you again very soon. Thank you very much, Vladimir. VLADIMIR PUTIN, RUSSIAN PRESIDENT: Next time in Moscow. DONALD TRUMP: Oh, that's an interesting one. No, no, no. I'll get a little heat on that one. Last week thousands of people marked the 80th anniversary of VJ Day. What does VJ Day commemorate? The victory of Allied forces in Europe, the surrender of Japan and the end of World War II or the dropping of the first atomic bomb? VJ Day or Victory over Japan day commemorates the surrender of Japan and the end of World War II on the 15th of August 1945. Around the world, and here in Australia, people marked the anniversary with ceremonies remembering those who fought in the war. REPORTER: Who will you be remembering today? VETERAN: Oh, a lot of fellows that I knew that never made it home. Scientists in the UK have created toothpaste that includes which of these ingredients? Hair, eye lashes or fingernails? Yeah, they're all a bit random and gross but the answer is hair. According to scientists from King's College in London, hair could be the key to good oral health because it contains a protein called Keratin which they say when mixed with saliva forms a crystal-like protective coating similar to enamel. And Swifties rejoice because Taylor Swift has announced her 12th Studio album. It's called life of a show what? Is it show pony, show girl or show bag? It's Life of a Showgirl and it'll be released October 3rd. Vincent Lingiari Reporter: Joseph Baronio INTRO: Now to this very famous photograph. It was taken 50 years ago and depicts a really significant moment in Australian history. Joe found out about the story behind it. On the 16th of August 1975, this famous photo was taken. It shows the former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam pouring sand into the hand of Aboriginal leader Vincent Lingiari. A simple gesture that symbolised handing the land at Wave Hill in the Northern Territory back to the Gurindji people. But the journey to get there was far from simple. It started back in the 1960s. At the time, Wave Hill was the biggest cattle station in the world, controlled by British landowner Lord Vestey. The Gurindji people, who had lived on the land for generations, worked for Vestey, but they weren't paid fairly, and conditions were tough. NEWS REPORTER: The station's 100 aboriginal stockmen, with their 100 dependents, are camped in the dry bed of the Victoria River with little shade from 90-degree heat, dust and flies. Eventually, Gurindji leader Vincent Lingiari said it was time to act. VINCENT LINGIARI: I said, "What was it before Lord Vestey born and I was born?" It was blackfella country. So, on August 23rd, 1966, Mr Lingiari and his fellow Aboriginal workers went on strike. It became known as the Wave Hill Walk Off. They moved their camp away from the Wave Hill station to a sacred site called Daguragu on Wattie Creek. They wanted to set up their own cattle station, and said they wouldn't move until their land was returned to them. For years, petitions and negotiations went on between the Gurindji people, the NT Administration, and the Australian Government in Canberra. CLAPPERS: 31. 32. 33. DAVID QUINN, ABSCOL: Well, it's basic justice that their land is recognised. PROTESTORS: Equal rights! As the news spread across the country, thousands of Aussies joined the campaign, including the leader of the Labor Party, Gough Whitlam, who made this promise during his 1972 election campaign. GOUGH WHITLAM: We will legislate to give Aborigines land rights. Not just because their case is beyond argument, but because all of us as Australians are diminished, while the Aborigines are denied their rightful place in this nation. Later that year, Gough Whitlam became Prime Minister. (Song From Little Things Big Things Grow, Song by Kev Carmody and Paul Kelly, 1993) From little things big things grow,from little things big things grow… But it wasn't until 1975, 9 years after the Wave Hill Walk Off started, that he followed through with his promise. Eight years went by, eight long years of waiting'Til one day a tall stranger appeared in the landAnd he came with lawyers and he came with great ceremony GOUGH WHITLAM: I solemnly hand to you these deeds as proof in Australian law that these lands belong to the Gurindji people. And through Vincent's fingers poured a handful of sandFrom little things big things grow 50 years on, and The Wave Hill Walk Off is seen as a pivotal moment in Australia's history. It led to significant legal and social changes for First Nations people, which is something many agree is worth celebrating. First Nations Seasons Reporter: Saskia Mortarotti INTRO: Recently, Melbourne's Lord Mayor suggested ditching the four-season calendar that most of us are familiar with and adopting a six-season Wurundjeri calendar instead saying it gives a better description of what the weather's actually like there. Sas found out more about the different seasonal calendars used by First Nations people. SASKIA MORTAROTTI, REPORTER: Right now, in most of the country, it's pretty cold. COLD GIRL: Think of somewhere warm. What? It's 32 degrees in Darwin in the middle of winter? But ah, yeah. There are some places where it's, well, quite warm. Which makes you wonder whether the weather actually matches the seasons. You see, Australia is pretty big, and we have lots of different weather patterns. Which is something First Nations people have tracked for thousands of years with their own seasonal calendars. KARL WINDA TELFER, CULTURAL CREATIVE KANYANYAPILLA: Why have we got four seasons when you know that don't make any sense here. It doesn't relate to the country here. This is Karl Telfer. He's an artist and storyteller who produced the Kuri Kurru exhibition at the Museum of Discovery in Adelaide that explores the 6 different seasons of the Kaurna Meyunna. SASKIA MORTAROTTI: So, how do you know when you're in one of those six seasons? KARL WINDA TELFER: Well, there are stars that rise. So, you know, there are certain stars, like in Parnatti, for example. There's a star called Parna, and we know what that star is. So, that talks to us about, okay, the time now is going to be cold on the ground. First Nations calendars like the Kaurna one don't just tell us what's happening with the weather; they're also used to track when certain plants and animals are around. KARL WINDA TELFER: It teaches you about what plants you can, you know, what you can eat what you can't and all that what is ready certain times a year and fruit everything, bird shows you the right time to eat the fruit, perfect time, if you try and go get them the next week they're gone. Karl says we can also use these calendars to see how the environment has changed over time. KARL WINDA TELFER: Kudlilla is the season we're in now and Kudlilla that talks about like the rain but we're not having enough rain these days, well, these times. And this is due to climate and the climate changing. There are many different First Nations seasonal calendars around the country. Like Ngan'gi calendar from the Northern Territory which has 13 seasons that follow the life cycle of the native spear grass. Or the Wurundjeri Calendar in Victoria which has 6 seasons. And recently, Melbourne's Lord Mayor, Nicholas Reece, said Melbourne, or Naarm, would be better off adopting the Wurundjeri calendar because it's more in tune to what's happening with the weather. Something many, including Karl, think we should be doing right across the country. KARL WINDA TELFER: I'm talking about the English four seasons. So, this is totally different systems that we're talking about and weather patterns and currents and all sorts of different things, because it's the sea country too. So, my question is, well, why do we have that? If that doesn't work, you know? Quiz How many seasons are there in the Tiwi Island Calendar? 1, 2 or 3? It's 3, although they also have 13 minor seasons. Book Week Reporter: Wren Gillett INTRO: This week, kids across Australia have been dressing up as their favourite characters to celebrate Book Week. Wren finds out why Book Week began 80 years ago and why it's still important today for getting young Aussies into reading. STUDENT: I read an hour every night, maybe even two hours some nights. STUDENT: My favourite book series are the Harry Potter series and the Keeper of the Lost City series. STUDENT: Probably Bad Guys and Weirdo. STUDENT: I like the Amulet, I've been reading that. STUDENT: I love reading Dork Diaries and Exploding Endings. Whether it's Fantasy, mystery, history — whatever you're into. Book week is a time to celebrate, well, books. STUDENT: Me and my friends are dressing up as Inside Out. STUDENT: I was thinking SpongeBob. STUDENT: I'm dressing up as Winnie the Pooh and it's just a fun way to express what kind of books you like. And guess what, book week has actually been a thing for many, many years. WREN GILLETT, REPORTER: Once upon a time, in a land not so far away, literacy lovers noticed a problem. The year was 1945. The second World War had just ended, and kids were mainly reading books from overseas, in particular the UK. Because, at the time, there weren't many Aussie authors writing books for children. WREN GILLETT: So, a group of passionate teachers, librarians, booksellers, publishers, and book-loving volunteers, decided to create what we now know as The Children's Book Council of Australia. Familiar logo, right? Together, they launched book week, all in an effort to get Aussie kids' reading more. And it seemed to work. The 1960s saw a boom in Australian children's books being published. REPORTER: How many books do you read a week? STUDENT: Well, it really depends on the week. If there's exams, I might read only one or two. But if there's no exams and if I've got plenty of time, I might read up to five or six. WREN GILLETT: But today, it's a slightly different story. Studies show that less than one in five eight to 18-year-olds are reading in their free time, and that only one in three actually enjoy reading for fun. WREN GILLETT: Why do you reckon we're seeing this trend? STUDENT: People are getting sucked into screens and they're like spending hours just scrolling through TikTok and stuff, and they're getting so attached to it that they don't feel the need to pick up books and read them. Yeah, there's a lot of different things competing for our attention these days, but many think books are still worth our time. PETER HELLIER, AUSSIE COMEDIAN AND AUTHOR: Books are the exact opposite of boring. And if you think they're boring, I'm sorry, but you're wrong. This is Peter Hellier, he's a pretty famous Aussie comedian, actor, and the author behind these books. And he's just released another one called Detective Galileo, about a trail horse who dreams of solving crimes. PETER HELLIER: He joins the police force and quickly finds out that the horses don't actually solve the crimes, it's the police officers who solve the crime. So he promptly gets thrown out of the force and begins his own detective agency, which I'm reliably told is the only detective agency in the world run by a horse. Peter actually started writing books when he was a kid. PETER HELLIER: I started writing when I was six, seven, eight years old. In fact, I started my own publishing company called Better Books. And I would write these books, and then I would get a parent or one of my parents or teachers to type them up. And I would read them in front of the class. And, you see, each has the logo, the Better Books logo, there it is — the famous Better Books logo. WREN GILLETT: You weren't mucking around. PETER HELLIER: There all on all of them. There we go. There we go. Many, Including Peter, say there's plenty to get from a good book. They help us learn new words and phrases, get a better understanding of the world around us, and strengthen our imaginations. PETER HELLIER: Books can take you absolutely anywhere. They can take you to countries that you never dreamed about going. Countries that exist, countries that don't exist. Reading just makes the world a much bigger place. It's why for the past 80 years, schools around the country have been taking part in book week. STUDENT: Reading is a place where you can have your own world just to yourself. STUDENT: It's like watching a movie inside your head, but you can choose how it goes. STUDENT: Picking up a book is a good idea, maybe you should start with something that you're interested with and then you can start exploring from there. Quiz What is the title of the book that took out this year's Book of the year Award for younger readers? It's Laughter is the Best Endingby Maryam Master. Some other winners included I'm not really here by Gary Loneborough which took out book of the year for older readers and best picture book went to The Truck Cat, by Deborah Frenkel. Sport Australia's men's national basketball team — the Boomers — have won their third Asia Cup in a row, with an epically narrow victory over China. COMMENTATOR: It is Australia who are celebrating! China started strong, leading 25-17 at quarter time. But Aussie Xavier Cooks led a fierce comeback, shooting 30 points and collecting nine rebounds, earning him the title of MVP. And there seriously couldn't have been a tighter finish. Just as the final buzzer went off, China missed a shot that would have won them the game, leaving Australia with a 90-89 victory. COMMENTATOR: An unbelievable finish. The 2025 AFLW season kicked off last week, and so did a new trick. Yeah, 19-year-old Ash Centra from Collingwood, pulled out this move in the warm-up before their season-opener to Carlton, and since then, a lot of people have been trying to do it, with some success, kind of? FOOTY PLAYER: No, I'm not doing it on camera. But despite the epic warmup, Carlton did end up beating Collingwood by 24 points. Now, the moves from these athletes in China weren't quite so graceful but give 'em a break, okay, they're robots. For the first time ever, humanoid robots from all over the world, competed in their very own games, which featured, soccer, boxing, running, and ahh, lots of falling over. Lots. Luckily though, they did bring their own cheer squad. Young Rapper Reporter: Rylie INTRO: Finally, we're going to meet another winner of this year's Heywire competition — which asks young people in regional areas to share their stories. Rylie's going to tell us how music helped to transform his life. Check it out. Mum and I were homeless. We lived at a caravan park, in motels and tents around Warrnambool. It wasn't pretty. I'm First Nations, and I remember feeling like, my own country is failing me right now. So, we camped right along here. I remember pitching a tent right here and this was actually around the same time I started to get into music which was a good way for me to have something to look forward to. I was raised by the SoundCloud era, listening to a lot of trap music. When I was in school, I'd rap along to songs by Juice World, then I started to make my own. My first track was recorded on my phone. It was bad but a lot of fun to make. Some kids in my school heard it and shamed me. That put me off music for the next couple of years, until a friend of mine bought a microphone and encouraged me to give it another go. There was something about that mic and the energy of the crew around me that gave me confidence. It lit a fire in me. Over time, I was able to focus my flow. My songs are about escapism, living the life, being a success. I rap about stuff that takes me to a better place in my head. I'm manifesting my future. My stage name is Hundo Milli, it's short for hundreds of millions. Money's not really the end goal; it's more about having the freedom to dream big. Mum taught me to never stop believing. Even when times were tough, she kept pushing for us to get housing and eventually we did. We're some of the lucky ones. Today, I'm in a Melbourne studio recording my next single. I remember living in my tent dreaming about this very moment and now I'm here, doing what I love. Ain't nothing going to stop me. Closer Well, that's all we've got for you today, but we'll be back before you know it. In the meantime, you can head to our website, there's plenty to see and do. You can also catch Newsbreak every weeknight and there's BTN High for all you highschoolers out there. Have an awesome week and I'll see you next time. Bye.

Dès le début de vos recherches, vous allez collecter, produire et exploiter des données. La gestion des données (Research Data Management - RDM) fait partie du processus de recherche. Elle concerne l'ensemble des opérations de collecte, description, stockage, traitement, analyse, archivage et mise en accès des données. (extrait de : Passeport pour la Science Ouverte. Guide pratique pour les doctorants ) "La science ouverte est la diffusion sans entrave des publications et des données de la recherche. Elle s’appuie sur l’opportunité que représente la mutation numérique pour développer l’accès ouvert aux publications et – autant que possible – aux données de la recherche. "Les données de la recherche sont la matière première de la connaissance. Les partager, c'est ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives scientifiques" Source : Plan national pour la Science ouverte - Ministère ESR - Juillet 2018 Source image : https://bibliotheques.univ-tlse3.fr/file/composantes-science-ouverte Cette page est une introduction à la gestion des données de recherche. Elle présente quelques concepts et étapes clés pour vous engager dans cette démarche. Consultez les liens pour approfondir vos connaissances. • What are data ? Définition des données de recherche de l’OCDE (2007) « Enregistrements factuels (chiffres, textes, images, sons) utilisés comme source principale pour la recherche scientifique et généralement reconnus par la communauté scientifique comme nécessaires pour valider les résultats de la recherche. Un ensemble de données de recherche constitue une représentation systématique et partielle du sujet faisant l’objet de la recherche ». Exemples • les images d’une ville préhistorique deviennent des données pour un chercheur qui étudie l’histoire de cette ville; • les « données » d’un linguiste peuvent être des écrits ou des discours, des enregistrements de locuteurs ; • les « données » d’un médiéviste sont des sources archivistiques, archéologiques, épigraphiques, iconographiques, littéraires ; • les « données » d’un géologue rassemblent des coupes et observations de terrain consignées sur un carnet, des résultats de carottage, des analyses d’échantillons, des données sismographiques… • • Pourquoi partager ses données ? "La science ouverte vise à construire un écosystème dans lequel la science est plus cumulative, plus fortement étayée par des données, plus transparente, plus rapide et d’accès plus universel.La science ouverte favorise également les avancées scientifiques, particulièrement les avancées imprévues, ainsi que l’innovation, les progrès économiques et sociaux, en France, dans les pays développés et dans les pays en développement. Enfin, la science ouverte constitue un levier pour l’intégrité scientifique et favorise la confiance des citoyens dans la science. Elle constitue un progrès scientifique et un progrès de société." Source : Plan national pour la Science Ouverte (2018) Les enjeux de l'Open Data • enjeux patrimoniaux o preuve et mémoire (éviter les pertes de données) • enjeux économiques o valeur économique de la donnée o réutilisation gratuite ou payante des données, exploitation des résultats de recherches antérieures (éviter de refaire ce qui a déjà été validé), o accélération de l'innovation et le retour sur investissement dans la R&D • enjeux scientifiques o de "hypothesis-driven" à "data-driven" o plus de visibilité pour le scientifique • enjeux sociétaux o participation des citoyens et de la société civile : "Citizen science" o confiance en la recherche Pour aller plus loin • Site Doranum : https://doranum.fr/enjeux-benefices/fiche-synthetique/ • Adopter de bonnes pratiques tout au long du cycle de vie des données De bonnes pratiques de gestion à toutes les étapes du cycle de vie de la donnée sont un préalable indispensable à l’ouverture des données et à leur réutilisation. • Rechercher des données Pour identifier des jeux de données (datasets) pertinents pour votre thèse, des outils de recherche sont disponibles. Suivez ces liens pour les découvrir : • Site Doranum : https://doranum.fr/acces-visualisation/rechercher-donnees/ • Site DataCC - Vos besoins, trouver des données : https://www.datacc.org/vos-besoins/trouver-des-donnees/ • Fiche CoopIST : Trouver des jeux de données via des bases pluridisciplinaires et des moteurs de recherche Pensez-aussi à consulter l'entrepôt institutionnel Data INRAE Page de présentation du portail • Choisir les bons formats et bien organiser vos données  Choisir des formats de fichier : https://www6.inrae.fr/datapartage/Gerer/Choisir-des-formats-de-fichier  Nommer et organiser vos fichiers de données : https://www6.inrae.fr/datapartage/Gerer/Nommer-et-organiser-ses-fichiers-de-donnees Pour aller plus loin • Jaouen, G.- Gérer ses données. Pourquoi, Comment ? Séminaire - Guadeloupe, du 25 au 27 Novembre 2019 – CRAG INRA • Bien décrire et documenter ses données La description d’un jeu de données se fait à l’aide de métadonnées (*) qui doivent apporter suffisamment d'éléments (sur la collecte des données, les unités de mesure employées...) pour chercher et trouver le jeu de données, juger de sa qualité/fiabilité, et pouvoir le comprendre ou le réutiliser dans un autre contexte. (*) Définition des métadonnées : Ensemble d’informations structurées qui décrit, explicite, localise une ressource informationnelle, dans le but d’en faciliter la recherche, l’usage, et la gestion. Source : NISO. Understanding Metadata. 2004. Quelques liens utiles : • Site Doranum : https://doranum.fr/metadonnees-standards-formats/ • DataCC : https://www.datacc.org/vos-besoins/documenter-ses-donnees/metadonnees/ • Site DataPartage INRAE : https://www6.inrae.fr/datapartage/Gerer/Documenter-les-donnees En complément des métadonnées, la rédaction d'un fichier READ ME.txt est également recommandée. • Stocker, sécuriser, préserver ses données Bien différencier les notions de stockage et d'archivage. Anticiper pour déterminer les données à éliminer et celles qui doivent être préservées à long terme. • Dans l'environnement INRAE : https://www6.inrae.fr/datapartage/Gerer/Stocker-les-donnees • Site Doranum : https://doranum.fr/stockage-archivage/ • Site DataCC : https://www.datacc.org/vos-besoins/conserver-ses-donnees/ • Partager, ne pas partager ses données ? Dans le cadre de la Science Ouverte, il y a de plus en plus d'incitations voire d'exigences pour rendre accessibles les données, en particulier les données liées aux publications : • de l'édition scientifique : de plus en plus de revues adoptent une "data policy" (à consulter dans les instructions aux auteurs) et exigent des auteurs qu'ils fournissent les données associées aux publications, • des organismes de financement (ANR, Commission Européenne ...), • des politiques nationale (Plan national pour la Science ouverte - Ministère ESR - Juillet 2018) et institutionnelle. Mais attention, toutes les données ne sont pas partageables : assurez-vous que vos données sont bien diffusables au regard du droit et des conditions d'exercice de votre thèse et de son mode de financement (se reporter à votre contrat de thèse). Les données produites dans les organismes de recherche publics sont communicables à tous si elles n'entrent pas dans le cadre d'exceptions légales (sécurité défense, sécurité des populations, patrimoine scientifique et technique, données personnelles, données liées au secret, statistique, etc.) Liens utiles : • sur le site Data Partage, la page Partager-Publier ou la page : "Données de la recherche : qui a les droits, qui doit partager ?" • le site INRAE dédié à la protection des données personnelles et l'application du RGPD (Règlement général sur la protection des données) : https://intranet.inrae.fr/cil-dpo • Valoriser ses données Voici les principales voies de diffusion •  Partager ses données en les déposant dans un entrepôt  Choisir un entrepôt  Déposer dans Data INRAE  Partager ses données comme matériel supplémentaire d'un article (à la demande de l'éditeur)  Publier un Data Paper (article de données) : la meilleure voie en terme de visibilité des données, et pour faciliter leur réutilisation. Pour aller plus loin • Site Doranum o Dépôts et entrepôts. Comment et où déposer mes données ? o Data papers et Data journals. Comment publier mes données comme un article scientifique ? • Site DataCC o Valoriser ses données • Site CoopIST o Déposer des données de recherche dans un entrepôt o Rédiger et publier un data paper dans une revue scientifique A télécharger : Synthèse du processus de rédaction d'un article avec des données associées • Pourquoi ne pas rédiger un plan de gestion de données (PGD) pour votre thèse ? La thèse peut être assimilée à un projet et certaines universités au Royaume Uni, aux Pays-Bas et plus récemment en France préconisent la rédaction d'un plan de gestion associé à la thèse. Le PGD (ou DMP = Data Management Plan) est un outil de planification qui peut vous aider à anticiper et bien gérer toutes les étapes du cycle de vie de vos données, à limiter les risques de perte ou corruption de données, à adopter de bonnes pratiques de gestion, pour in fine produire des données respectueuses des principes FAIR, adoptés aujourd'hui par l'ensemble des acteurs de la recherche. Il est désormais exigé par la plupart des financeurs de la recherche (Commission Européenne et ANR ...) dans le cadre de projets financés. Rédiger un PGD pour votre thèse, peut être un bon exercice pour vous préparer à la future rédaction de réponses à des appels d'offre. Comment faire en pratique ? • Site DataPartage : Pourquoi et comment rédiger un plan de gestion de données ? • Site Doranum : https://doranum.fr/plan-gestion-donnees-dmp/, La minute vidéo PGD • Site DataCC : https://www.datacc.org/bonnes-pratiques/adopter-un-plan-de-gestion-des-donnees/ • Suivre une classe virtuelle INRAE : Open Class "Rédaction d'un PGD" • Produire des données FAIR ! Favoriser la production de données FAIR (Findable - Accessible - Interoperable - Reusable) est aujourd'hui un objectif soutenu par l'ensemble des acteurs de la recherche. Source : https://open-science-training-handbook.gitbook.io/book/ Si vous suivez les conseils et recommandations de cette page, vous avez toutes les chances d'avoir produit des données de qualité. Si vous préférez une version illustrée : "Pensez FAIR" - https://datapartage.inrae.fr/Gerer/Cycle-de-la-donnee Affiche cycle de vie des données réalisée dans le cadre des Missions QualiNous & RGPD, INRAE-ACT Vous pouvez tester le niveau de "Fairification" de vos données grâce à ces outils :  ARDC : https://ardc.edu.au/resources/working-with-data/fair-data/fair-self-assessment-tool • D'autres ressources pour se former ou s'autoformer En interne INRAE • Formation à la science ouverte OSCAR - Module "Gestion et partage des données" • Le site "Gestion et partage des données" • Des classes virtuelles d'environ 2h (Open Class) sont régulièrement proposées sur : o la rédaction des plans de gestion de données, o le dépôt et la description d'un jeu de données dans Data INRAE, o la rédaction et la publication de data papers, Sites externes • Le site DORANUM (Données de la Recherche : Apprentissage NUMérique à la gestion et au partage) propose un dispositif de formation à distance intégrant de nombreuses ressources d’auto-formation déclinées sur différents supports (textes, infographies, vidéos) et sur 9 thématiques. o Parcours interactif sur la gestion des données de la recherche (2020) o • Le site DataCC. Accompagnement à la gestion des données de recherche en physique et en chimie : https://www.datacc.org/ o Data Stories : https://www.datacc.org/reseau-datacc/data-stories/ o • Le dossier "Open Access & Open Data" réalisé par l'Ecole des Ponts - ParisTech • • The Open Science Training Handbook : https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/the-open-science-training-handbook/

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