the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world, Rebirth

A religious movement that began as an effort to reform the Catholic Church, Martin Luther

Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine.

Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church

Device that mechanically printed pages by pressing ink forms onto paper invented in about 1455 Johannes Gutenberg

members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola

self-governing countries made up of people with a common cultural background

a political system in which a ruler holds total power

government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch's powers

Ended 30 years war allowed rulers to determine a country's religion

civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I

the overthrow of King James II of England

French king who was an absolute ruler, the Sun King

document that gave England a government based on a system of laws and a freely elected parliament

This was the tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army.

became empress of Russia in 1762; believed in the Enlightenment ideas of equality and liberty

•Abolished torture in Prussia, xtended education to all classes

He was the king of France at the start of the revolution; he was weak and indecisive

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

a system in which land was owned by kings or lords but held by vassals in return for their loyalty

economic system of Middle Ages Europe that was based on agriculture (farming)

emphasis on the maximizing of profit

Improved farming methods Increased food production

the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale, began in England

To train or specialize people in certain areas of work so that people can accomplish tasks quicker

the direct or indirect exchange of goods and products between peoples from all regions of the world

an economic policy based on a nation exporting more than they import

A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia

an epidemic of the bubonic plague that ravaged Europe in the 1300s