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Renewable Energy Sources
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Non-renewable energy sourcesRenewable & Non-renewable Energy SourcesRenewable and non renewable energy sourcesIdentifying renewable and non-renewable energy sourcesFundamental Concepts and Mechanisms of Renewable Energy SourcesComparative Analysis, Benefits, and Limitations of Renewable Energy SourcesScience Exam Parts of the Atom: The atom consists of a nucleus at its center, containing protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral), while electrons (negatively charged) orbit in electron shells around the nucleus. Atomic Number: The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in its nucleus. It defines the element and determines its place on the periodic table. Properties of Metals: Metals have properties like conductivity, malleability (can be flattened into sheets), and ductility (can be drawn into wires). Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures: Elements consist of only one type of atom. Compounds are made of two or more different elements chemically bonded. Mixtures are combinations of substances that are physically mixed but not chemically bonded. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures: Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition (e.g., saltwater), while heterogeneous mixtures have different phases (e.g., oil and water). Changes of State: Changes like melting, evaporation, and condensation are examples of physical changes of state. Chemical and Physical Properties: Chemical properties describe how a substance can change to form a new substance, while physical properties are characteristics like color, texture, and state (solid, liquid, gas). Physical and Chemical Change: A physical change involves the appearance or state of matter, but the substance remains the same. A chemical change involves the formation of new substances. Chemical Equations: Chemical reactions can be represented with chemical equations that show reactants (what you start with) and products (what is formed). Chemical Formulas: Chemical formulas represent the composition of compounds. For example, NaHCO3 is sodium bicarbonate, consisting of one sodium (Na), one hydrogen (H), one carbon (C), and three oxygen (O) atoms. Energy: Types of Energy: Energy can be kinetic (related to motion), potential (stored energy), thermal (heat energy), electrical, chemical, and more. Units of Energy: Common units of energy include joules (J) and calories (cal). Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed from one form to another. Energy Transfer and Transformation: Energy moves from one object to another, changing forms along the way. Useful and Waste Energy: Useful energy is what can be harnessed and used for a specific purpose. Waste energy is energy that is not used and is often lost. Energy Flow Diagrams: These diagrams show how energy is transferred or transformed within a system. Energy Efficiency: Efficiency is a measure of how much useful energy is obtained from a system. It can be calculated using the equation: Efficiency = (Useful Energy Output / Total Energy Input) x 100%. Fossil Fuels and Renewable Energy: Fossil fuels, like coal, oil, and natural gas, are non-renewable sources of energy. Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. Variables: Independent Variable: The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment. Dependent Variable: The variable that is measured or observed and is affected by changes in the independent variable. Controlled Variables: Factors that are kept constant to ensure a fair and accurate experiment.Key Word Definition
Aid Assistance in the form of grants or loans at below market rates. For example, the UK provided aid to Nepal after the 2015 earthquake to help with reconstruction efforts.
Barriers to Trade Government constraints on the flow of international goods and services, such as tariffs and quotas. For example, the European Union imposes tariffs on certain agricultural products to protect its farmers.
BRICS An acronym for an association of five major emerging nations: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. For example, BRICS nations often meet to discuss economic cooperation and development strategies.
Demographic Aging The rise in the median age of a population. For example, Japan is experiencing demographic aging, with a significant increase in the elderly population.
Economic Core Region The most highly developed region(s) in a country. For example, London is considered an economic core region in the UK due to its high level of development and economic activity.
GNP (Gross National Product) GDP plus overseas earnings, also known as GNI (Gross National Income). For example, the GNP of the United States includes the value of goods and services produced domestically and the income earned by its citizens abroad.
HIC (Higher Income Country) A country with a high level of income and development. For example, Germany is classified as a higher income country due to its high GDP per capita and advanced infrastructure.
NEE (Newly Emerging Economy) A country that is experiencing rapid economic growth and industrialisation. For example, China is an example of a newly emerging economy, having rapidly industrialised and grown economically over the past few decades.
LIC (Lower Income Country) A country with a low level of income and development. For example, Malawi is considered a lower income country, with a low GDP per capita and limited access to healthcare and education.
GDHI (Gross Disposable Household Income) The amount of money that households have available for spending and saving after taxes and social contributions. For example, in the UK, the GDHI varies significantly between regions, with London having one of the highest levels.
Gini Coefficient A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 100 (perfect inequality). For example, South Africa has a high Gini coefficient, indicating significant income inequality within the country.
Trade Unions Organisations that promote trade between member countries, such as the East African Community (EAC). For example, the East African Community (EAC) works to promote economic integration and trade among its member states.
Fair Trade A movement aimed at helping producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions and promote sustainability. For example, Fairtrade coffee ensures that farmers receive a fair price for their product and work under safe conditions.
FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) Investment made by a company or individual in one country in business interests in another country. For example, Toyota's investment in manufacturing plants in the UK is an example of foreign direct investment.
Debt Relief The partial or total remission of debts, especially those owed by developing countries to external creditors. For example, the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative provides debt relief to eligible countries to help them achieve sustainable development.
International Aid Voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another, often in the form of financial assistance, goods, or services. For example, the UK provides international aid to various countries through its Department for International Development (DFID).
Top-Down Development Large-scale development projects led by national governments or international organisations. For example, the construction of the Three Gorges Dam in China is an example of a top-down development project.
Bottom-Up Development Small-scale development projects led by local communities or NGOs, focusing on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable. For example, WaterAid's installation of hand pumps in rural villages in Africa is an example of a bottom-up development project.
Urbanisation The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. For example, rapid urbanisation in India has led to the growth of megacities like Mumbai and Delhi.
Geopolitics The study of the effects of geography (human and physical) on international politics and relations. For example, the geopolitics of the Arctic region involves disputes over territorial claims and access to natural resources.
Quality of Life The general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life. For example, Scandinavian countries are often ranked high in quality of life due to their strong social welfare systems and high levels of happiness.
Poverty Cycle A set of factors or events by which poverty, once started, is likely to continue unless there is outside intervention. For example, lack of education and healthcare can trap families in a poverty cycle, making it difficult for future generations to improve their living standards.
Sustainable Development Economic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources. For example, the use of renewable energy sources like wind and solar power is a key aspect of sustainable development.
Humanitarian Aid Material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to crises including natural disasters and man-made disaster. For example, humanitarian aid was provided to Haiti after the devastating earthquake in 2010 to help with immediate relief efforts.
Economic Growth An increase in the production of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. For example, China's economic growth over the past few decades has lifted millions of people out of poverty.
Social Indicators Measures that describe the well-being of individuals or communities, such as health, education, and income. For example, life expectancy and literacy rates are common social indicators used to assess development.
Environmental Sustainability Responsible interaction with the environment to avoid depletion or degradation of natural resources and allow for long-term environmental quality. For example, practices like recycling and conservation of natural habitats contribute to environmental sustainability.
Infrastructure The basic physical and organisational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. For example, good infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and schools, is essential for economic development.
Globalisation The process by which businesses or other organisations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. For example, the globalisation of technology companies like Apple and Google has led to their products being available worldwide.
Microfinance Financial services provided to low-income individuals or groups who are typically excluded from traditional banking. For example, microfinance institutions like Grameen Bank provide small loans to entrepreneurs in developing countries to help them start or expand their businesses.