Relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

Defined: learn by putting together two events; Example: Expect to hear thunder after viewing lightening

Contribution: developed the theory of "classical conditioning" while working with dogs; Significance: Father of Classical Conditioning

Contribution: applies Classical Conditioning to Humans through the "Little Albert" Experiment; Significance: Creates "Behaviorism" Theory

Contributions: Invented the Operant chamber, aka his ________ box, to use in his research of animal learning.; Significance: Father & Developer of Operant Conditioning

Contribution: Studied how children mimic others behaviors and repeat that same behavior; Significance: Creates "Observational Learning" Theory

Contribution: studied cats in puzzle boxes and recorded their behaviors; Significance: Creates "Law of Effect" theory

Contribution: Demonstrated the significance of biological processes in classical conditioning; Significance: Creates "Taste Aversions" theory

First experiment that created and demonstrate the theory of classical conditioning

First experiment to demonstrate how emotions can be classically conditioned in humans; Provides a foundation for the "Behaviorism Theory"

Learning that takes place when two or more stimuli are paired together; UCS = UCR; NS + UCS = UCR; & CS = CR

a theory that made psychology an objective science by making it based on observable (and only observable) events, not the unconscious or conscious mind.

Part of Classical Conditioning; It is the stimulus that triggers a natural reflexive response.; Pavlov's Dogs: "Meat"; Little Albert: "Loud noise"

Part of Classical Conditioning; It is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the stimulus; Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Meat"; Little Albert: "Screaming at the Loud Noise"

Part of Classical Conditioning; It initially has no effect but after conditioning, it triggers a natural reflexive response.; Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Bell"; Little Albert: "White Mouse"

Part of Classical Conditioning; Occurs after conditioning when the conditioned stimulus (CS) triggers an innate response; Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Bell"; Little Albert: "Screaming/Crying"

does not caused an unconditioned response but eventually becomes the CS

When a neutral stimulus becomes the the conditioned stimulus

Classical Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because CS no longer paired with the UCS; Operant Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because it is no longer reinforced or punished

Classical Conditioning: When a previous CR returns after it has been extinguished; Operant Conditioning: Occurs when a response begins again after extinction

Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are different. (Example: Little Albert being afraid of any thing that is white and furry); Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was NOT learned (Example: Not cursing at home or at school)

Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are the same (Example: Little Albert being afraid of a white mouse); Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was learned (Example: Cursing only at home because it is acceptable but not at school)

When the first CS is paired with a second CS; The second CS is presented briefly before the first CS

If you ingest an unusual food or drink and then become nauseous, you will probably develop an aversion to the food or drink.; Significance: Violates the acquisition principles of classical conditioning

Defined: Exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive (bad) events produces passive behavior; Example: If a student consistently fails math, they may start to give up or a sports team that consistently loses may start to belive they can't win

humans and animals have predisposed fears that help us survive; Examples; Phobia of heights keeps us away from danger

Learning is based on the association of one's behavior and its consequences. Consequences are reinforced or punished

if a behavior results in a satisfying consequence, it will likely be repeated whereas; if a behavior results in a unsatisfying consequence, it will NOT likely be repeated; Example: If you complement your mother and she lets you stay out past curfew, you will complement her again

Also known as: Operant Chamber; A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal (rat or pigeon) can manipulate in order to obtain a reward

Part of Operant Conditioning; Adding something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again; Example: Receiving $5 for every "A" in high school

Part of Operant Conditioning; Increasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again by removing a negative stimuli; Example: Taking aspirin to relieve a headache

Reinforcers that are rewarding such as food, water, rest, whose natural properties are reinforcing.

Defined: Reinforcers that are rewarding because we learned that are reinforcing.; Example: praise, money, the chance to play video games.

Defined: when you are immediately rewarded for a behavior (it's all about the short run); Example: skipping school and enjoying time with friends

Defined: when you complete a behavior but not awarded immediately (it's all about the long run); Example: getting good grades in school and attending class in order to get a good job in the future

Part of Operant Conditioning; Adding something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again; Example: Spanking and yelling

Part of Operant Conditioning; Removing something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again; Example: Taking away a cell phone

Part of Operant Conditioning; Positively reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior to teach a new behavior

if a random reinforcement follows an event, the event will likely be repeated.; Example: a lucky shirt, shoes, etc.

When every behavior is reinforced

When a random behavior is reinforced; Example: Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval

schedule of reinforcement after a set number of responses. Example: Being paid for every 10 pizzas made

schedule of reinforcement after a varying number of responses. Example: playing a slot machine

schedule of reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed Example: cramming for an exam

schedule of reinforcement after varying amounts of time Example: pop (surprise) quizzes in class

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

having the ability or know how to accomplish a particular task

the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake—rewards can carry hidden costs. Example: reading books because you find them rewarding

the desire to perform a behavior to receive external rewards or avoid threatened punishment. Example: reading a book because you need to get a good grade in your English class

learn by watching others Example: BoBo Doll Study

Psychologist: Bandura Description: Children watched (through a one way glass)a confederate play with the BoBo doll and then played with the BoBo doll in the same way as the confederate

People who show nonviolent, helpful behavior prompt similar behavior in others Significance: When parents help their grandparents, the children will likely do the same

People show violent, selfish behavior prompts similar behaviors in others Significance: Watching violent TV prompts similar behaviors in others (pro-wrestling, etc.)