a mixture of fertile soil and tiny rocks that can make land ideal for farming along river banks

The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops. Bringing water to crops through canals or ditches.

in ancient times, the geographic area located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

City-States of ancient Sumer developed between these two rivers

Middle Eastern Civilization; oldest civilization; city-states; used cuneiform

an early city that was like a small, independent country with its own laws and government

Belief in many gods

temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets;  the world's first system of writing

a region in the Middle East where farming and the first civilizations developed

a collection of 282 laws carved on a stele by King Hammurabi in his 38th year of rule; first written code/set of laws that all were expected to obey.

peak under rule of Hammurabi, Most famous city in ancient Mesopotamia. Today it is Baghdad, Iraq.

The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.

monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.

a ruler in ancient Egypt.

Egyptian writing system

Built up soil where Nile empties into the Mediterranean

the largest desert in the world stretching across most of north Africa

on a map of Ancient Egypt this would have been located in the south due to elevation

on a map of Ancient Egypt this would have been located in the north due to elevation

reed plant of the Nile Valley, used to make a form of paper

A government controlled by religious leaders

A stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics; Artifact that unlocked the mystery of Egyptian hieroglyphics

a series of rulers from the same family

The river named for the Yellow silt it carries; - large River Valley in Northern China

Built to protect China from northern invaders

The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period.

A philosophy that emphasized respect of elders, polite behavior, and concern for others

the belief that the Chinese king's right to rule came from the gods

dynasty (221-207 B.C.E.) founded at the end of the Warring States period; 1st unified imperial Chinese dynasty

height of Chinese civilizations; invented paper, silk, civil service; followed Confucianism

A network of trade routes that stretched across Asia from China to the Mediterranean Sea.

The longest river of Asia, River found in China; 3rd longest river in the world (3915 miles long); Half of china's crops are located around here

Legal code based on the idea that all Athenians, rich and poor were equal under the law; it harshly punished criminals sentencing death for most crimes; upheld the practice of debt slavery; considered the first step toward Athenian democracy

The body of Roman civil law collected and organized by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian that reflected Christian values

was a set of Roman laws that were the main part of their constitution and the foundation for the Roman law code

People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.

ruled most of India and Pakistan ispread Islam and Persian arts and culture as well as the faith, ruled a country with a large Hindu majority.

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran.

the world's first republic Location was where the present day country of country of Italy is. famous for their arches in architecture and the solidly built roads.

focused on Confucianism and education instead of Legalim imperial dynasty expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy

Often associated with a Golden Age of classical India. The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta. restored Hinduism Developed Decimal system & Arabic number system

the process by which different cultures share ideas and ways of doing things

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time

the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.

something done successfully; something gained by working or trying hard

custom that has been handed down

The achievements of a civilization that last throughout history (ex: algebra, pyramids, writing)

Taking control of a people or place through military force

the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.

A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail.

City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire

Belief in one God

belief in more than one god

the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

-Large trade empire, trade increases, trans-saharan routes expanded, very appealing to people, common belief made merchants more agreeable

Traded with caravans and camels across Sahara. Controlled gold: enforcing law that only kings could own gold nuggets and kept location of gold mines secret.

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire fConstantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans

empire of Western African. trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa, a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well.

An Islamic west African empire that conquered Mali, involved in the gold-salt trade fell to a Moroccan invasion

a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.

The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato

Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.

a government that is run and controlled by a SMALL ELITE GROUP of people

a lack of government and law; confusion

A form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority.

A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

A government ruled by a king or queen through inheritance

To prevent someone from participating in church life

Person who swears loyalty to a lord

From the Middle Ages

Agreement between King John of England and his nobles to limit thei hings power

People who serve the church

Land given in exchange for service

A system of power in Europe where kings and queens had the most power, then the nobles, knights and last were tahe peasants

Council that advises the king or queen of England on Government matters

Military expeditions to win control of the Holy Land from the Turks

Unpaid worker being trained in a trade ( like carpenter, shoe maker

Person wonsidered part of the land

Large estate owned by lord

a son of a noble who was a trained soldier

a finished apprentice who is now paid for his work

a journey to a holy place for a religious purpose

a noble in the middle ages

Nobles lost money, land, and power during the Crusades.

It was more easliy defended, and it was at the crossroads of many "MAJOR" trade routes.

They were treated with respect or tolerance.

Octavian Agustus Caesar

cannons and gunpowder

The merit system

Mansa Musa

salt

The Byzantine Empire

Islam

General rules/principles were based on Buddhist thought

Equal justice under the law.

Many reasons:invasions of the Barbarians, Corruption at the top, too large an empire, super rich and very poor, little loyalty among the troops, and the conquered citizens.

Muhammad

the magnetic compass

Pope

He told them that he answered to no "man" but to God only.

Charlemagne

Treaty of Verdun

the Church

land and loyalty

Knights

Lord, Vassal, Knights, Serfs

fief or feud

serfs

Guilds were established for different jobs to regulate economic life, set standards within a field, prevent competition and provide for members in need.

Dark Ages and Late Middle Ages

the Crusades

Primarily present day Israel/Palestine

the Pope (various ones over time)

Salvation and possible land

Muslims (all but the first)

Muslims no longer respected Christians New ideas spread to Europe New products were introduced to Europe: perfume, spices, silk, sugar, utensils, bathing, etc. Trade increased Size of towns and cities grew, esp. in Italy Banking came about

China along Silk Road into Europe

Death est. 14 million food scarcity education, arts declined anti-semitism

helped end serfdom capitalism grew middle class emerged

Star of David

Cross

Om

Star and Crescent

Wheel (Eightfold Path)

Hindu

Buddhist

Jew

Christian

Muslim

Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)

Abraham

Muhammad

Vedas

Tripitaka

Torah

Bible (Old Testament and New Testament)

Koran (Quran)

Belief in reincarnation, live your Dharma receive good Karma and achieve Moksha

Four Nobles Truths of suffering can end if you follow the Eightfold Path to achieve Nirvana.

Follow the Law starting with 10 Commandments

Belief in God the Father, Jesus Christ as the Son of God, and the Holy Spirit. The death, descent into hell, resurrection and ascension of Christ.

Muhammad is God's messenger; 5 Pillars

Belief in one god (Judaism, Christianity, Islam)

belief in more than one god

no belief in a god

spirit or soul being reborn into another body

In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties

the effects that good or bad actions have on a person's soul

1. Suffering is a part of life, 2. Suffering comes from desire There is no end to suffering unless we end desire 4. The Noble 8-fold path

In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering

ultimate reality/goal, the end of suffering

the 10 laws given by God to Moses

The act of rising from the dead

belief, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage

Who was the wealthy merchant family that ruled Florence, Italy?

They differed from Italian humanists in their emphasis on Christian themes and social reform

Sculpter and painter who most famous works are David, La Pieta, and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Humanism stressed the use of this to improve human life and society

an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect.

English playwrite who used Renaissance values of honor, heroism, and the struggle against fate

His most famous works are The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

Greek influenced thought process that created friction with the Church

Where the Renaissance began

The father of humanism because he was a "man of letters"

A new Renaissance art genre

Renaissance artist who most famous works include The School of Athens, madonna/w child, and cherubs

Which Italian city state was an exception to despotic rule? It was ruled by a merchant oligarchy, senate and judicial council.

Renaissance art incorporated the two new aspects to better mirror reality

These Renaissance scholars emphasized that man can understand and control nature

A humanist education should consist of this subjects

Dutch Christian humanist scholar who encouraged religious toleration and reform of the Church. He "laid the egg" that Luther hatched. Also wrote In Praise of Folly.

He is called the first modern political thinker. He maintained that political action cannot be restricted by moral considerations.

Author of Utopia (1516)

This Renaissance characteristic stressed separating society and govt. from church control

Renaissance characteristic that glorifies the individual or man instead of only God

His Book of the Courtier influenced the concept of Renaissance court life and conduct

This Renaissance characteristic stressed full development of one's capabilities and talents

The main Renaissance political characteristic

the development of scientific knowledge based on natural law rather than religion

Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466)