Rough Draft Quiz | Quizalize

Chore a household task, such as washing dishes; often assigned to children by their parents livestock farm animals rasp to make a rough, grating sound hope a wish for something to happen the way you want it to lard soft fat from a pig that is used for cooking neigh a soft, low sound made by a horse ribs the bones that protect your heart and lungs wheat the grain from grass that is used to make bread point of view the perspective from which a story is told first, second, third person the type of perspective (1st - I, me; 2nd - you; 3rd - he, she, they) narrator the person telling a story hurricane a large, powerful storm that starts over the ocean and brings in heavy rain and high winds to the land last resort a final chance to go for help levee a long wall built along a river to stop flooding; can be made of soil, rocks or concrete shelter a place where people can get food and a place to sleep when a storm threatens their home frond a large, long leaf Chinatown a part of a city that was historically home to Chinese immigrants conflict a serious disagreement society people living together in a community chaos a state of complete confusion; actions and events are out of control deport to force someone to leave a country because the person is not a citizen mass a large number of people resident someone who lives in a place status the position of a person according to the law informative a text that gives facts about something opinion a view of something based on feelings, not facts chart a visual that gives information about a topic aloft in the air plains a large area of flat land without trees researcher a person who gathers facts about a topic scale a range of numbers used as a system to measure or compare things twister another name for a tornado; a storm in which wind forms a tube that moves along the ground at high speeds and often causes damage

Bhir Mind: At Bhir Mound however we find ourselves at a surer ground leaving hypothetical reconstructions behind This name is obviously very recent but the city of Bhir Mound belongs to the time of the Achaeme-nian rulers of Iran. The oldest structural remains at this site comprise rough stone structures which cannot be ascribed to a date earlier than the fifth or the sixth century B.C. The actual rule of this Iranian dynasty lasted from abour 518 B.C. to 359 B.C. Among the legacies they left behind, the most notable was the use of the Aramaic writing. It was from this script that the local writing called 'kharoshth .commonly employed in the north west to about the 5th century A.D., was derived. Bhir Mound was a flourishing city at the time of Alexander's 326 BC) He i He is even said to have left a Greek ear changed the whole outlook and the Greeks were soon driven out or destroyed by Chandragupta Maurya who extended his dominions as far as Afghanistan. Under the Mauryas the Bhir Mound city of Taxila rose to a pre-eminent position among the cities of the North West)It was here that Ashoka afterwards ruled as a viceroy on visit in the spring of 326 garrison here but his death the following year behalf of his father Bindusara, and here, too, that in the his father/According to Tibetan tradition Ashoka died at Taxila and was succeeded by his son. Kunala)(c. 237 229 B.C.). The name of this prince was perpetuated at Taxila by a commemorative stupa which, as Hiuen Tsiang says, was erected to mark the spot where the young viceroy had his eyes put out through the evil machinations of his stepmother. For three generations Taxila remained the administrative headquarters of the Mauryan viceroys and then in about 189 B.C passed into the hands of the Greeks of Bactria.commonly known as "Indo-Greeks

Sharks Introduction. Sharks have lived in the oceans since before dinosaurs walked on Earth. Hundreds of kinds of sharks can be found all over the world. Sharks are fish, but their skeletons are made of cartilage instead of bones. Cartilage is what gives human ears their shape. Unlike most fish, sharks have rough skin. Sharks have a good sense of smell. They also see well in the dark. Sharks can sense other animals moving in the water. Description. Great white shark come in many sizes. Some sharks are only a few inches long. The huge whale shark is the largest fish in the world. Many sharks are dark on the top and light on the bottom. This shading makes it harder for other animals to see them. Sharks swim by swinging their tails from side to side. Fins help sharks steer, turn, and keep their balance. Eating. Most sharks have many rows of teeth. When one tooth breaks off, another one moves up to take its place. Most sharks eat fish. Large sharks eat sea lions, dolphins, and other sharks. Some sharks eat shellfish. These sharks have flat teeth for crushing shells. The huge whale shark has tiny teeth but doesn't use them when eating. It swallows very small ocean plants and animals that float near the ocean's surface. Shark Attacks. Many people are afraid of sharks, but most sharks do not attack humans. Great white sharks are one of the few kinds of sharks that are dangerous to people. Shark Hunting. Shark fishing boats. People hunt sharks for their skin, oil, and teeth. Many people eat shark meat, and shark fins are used to make soup. Many kinds of sharks are now in danger of being completely killed off. Sharks are an important part of the balance of life in the world's oceans. They have as much right to live as any other animal.

Annotation/ A brief explanation, summary, or evaluation of a text or work of literature Theoretical/ Based on theory, principles, or concepts Conviction/ A strong belief or opinion. Tenacious/Determined and persistent. Valiantly/ In a brave and determined manner. Personable/exhibits warmth, charm, and genuine interest in others, creating an inviting and comfortable atmosphere in social or professional settings Sincerity/ being genuine and authentic Eminent/ famous and respected within a particular sphere or profession Discreet/ careful and circumspect in one's speech or actions Diligent / a word that means hardworking and careful. Sundry / a word that means including many things of different kinds. Apparel/ refers to clothing or attire. Pilgrim/ a person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons. boorish/rough and bad-mannered embarked/go on board a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle sovereign/a supreme ruler, especially a monarch chivalry/the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code. Cadet/ One training to be a military officer. Yeoman/ A person who performs menial or low-level work. Saucy/Speaking in a rude or impertinent manner

The endoplasmic reticulum (EN-doh-PLAZ-mik ri-TIK-yuh-luhm), abbre- viated ER, is a system of membranous tubes and sacs, called cisternae (sis-TUHR-nee). The ER functions primarily as an intracellu- lar highway, a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another. The amount of ER inside a cell fluctuates, depending on the cell’s activity. There are two types of ER: rough and smooth. The two types of ER are thought to be continuous. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a system of interconnected, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes, as shown in Figure 4-15. The rough ER produces phospholipids and proteins. Certain types of proteins are made on the rough ER’s ribosomes. These proteins are later exported from the cell or inserted into one of the cell’s own membranes. For example, ribosomes on the rough ER make digestive enzymes, which accumulate inside the endoplasmic retic- ulum. Little sacs or vesicles then pinch off from the ends of the rough ER and store the digestive enzymes until they are released from the cell. Rough ER is most abundant in cells that produce large amounts of protein for export, such as cells in digestive glands and antibody-producing cells. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum The smooth ER lacks ribosomes and thus has a smooth appear- ance. Most cells contain very little smooth ER. Smooth ER builds lipids such as cholesterol. In the ovaries and testes, smooth ER produces the steroid hormones estrogen and testosterone. In skeletal and heart muscle cells, smooth ER releases calcium, which stimulates contraction. Smooth ER is also abundant in liver and kidney cells, where it helps detoxify drugs and poisons. Long-term abuse of alcohol and other drugs causes these cells to produce more smooth ER. Increased amounts of smooth ER in liver cells is one of the factors that can lead to drug tolerance. As Figure 4-15 shows, rough ER and smooth ER form an interconnected network. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. reticulum from the Latin rete, meaning “net”; reticulum means “little net” Word Roots and Origins The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as a site of synthesis for proteins, lipids, and other materials. The dark lines in the photo represent the membranes of the ER, and the narrow lighter areas between the dark lines show the channels and spaces (cisternae) inside the ER. FIGURE 4-15 Smooth ER Ribosomes Rough ER Cisternae 82 CHAPTER 4 GOLGI APPARATUS The Golgi apparatus, shown in Figure 4-16, is another system of flattened, membranous sacs. The sacs nearest the nucleus receive vesicles from the ER containing newly made proteins or lipids. Vesicles travel from one part of the Golgi apparatus to the next and transport substances as they go. The stacked membranes modify the vesicle contents as they move along. The proteins get “address labels” that direct them to various other parts of the cell. During this modification, the Golgi apparatus can add carbohydrate labels to proteins or alter new lipids in various ways. VESICLES Cells contain several types of vesicles, which perform various roles. Vesicles are small, spherically shaped sacs that are surrounded by a single membrane and that are classified by their contents. Vesicles often migrate to and merge with the plasma membrane. As they do, they release their contents to the outside of the cell. Lysosomes Lysosomes (LIE-suh-SOHMZ) are vesicles that bud from the Golgi appa- ratus and that contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes can break down large molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, car- bohydrates, and phospholipids. In the liver, lysosomes break down glycogen in order to release glucose into the bloodstream. Certain white blood cells use lysosomes to break down bacteria. Within a cell, lysosomes digest worn-out organelles in a process called autophagy (aw-TAHF-uh-jee). Lysosomes are also responsible for breaking down cells when it is time for the cells to die. The digestion of damaged or extra cells by the enzymes of their own lysosomes is called autolysis (aw-TAHL-uh-sis). Lysosomes play a very important role in maintaining an organism’s health by destroying cells that are no longer functioning properly. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. The Golgi apparatus modifies many cellular products and prepares them for export. FIGURE 4-16 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 83 Peroxisomes Peroxisomes are similar to lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are not produced by the Golgi apparatus. Peroxisomes are abundant in liver and kidney cells, where they neutralize free radicals (oxygen ions that can damage cells) and detoxify alcohol and other drugs. Peroxisomes are named for the hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, they produce when breaking down alco- hol and killing bacteria. Peroxisomes also break down fatty acids, which the mitochondria can then use as an energy source. Other Vesicles Specialized peroxisomes, called glyoxysomes, can be found in the seeds of some plants. They break down stored fats to provide energy for the developing plant embryo. Some cells engulf material by surrounding it with plasma membrane. The resulting pocket buds off to become a vesicle inside the cell. This vesicle is called an endosome. Lysosomes fuse with endosomes and digest the engulfed material. Food vacuoles are vesicles that store nutrients for a cell. Contractile vacuoles are vesicles that can contract and dispose of excess water inside a cell. Protein Synthesis One of the major functions of a cell is the production of protein. The path some proteins take from synthesis to export can be seen in Figure 4-17. In step , proteins are assembled by ribosomes on the rough ER. Then, in step , vesicles transport proteins to the Golgi apparatus. In step , the Golgi modifies proteins and pack- ages them in new vesicles. In step , vesicles release proteins that have destinations outside the cell. In step , vesicles containing enzymes remain inside the cell as lysosomes, peroxisomes, endo- somes, or other types of vesicles. 5 4 3 2 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Proteins are assembled by ribosomes on the rough ER. Vesicles carry proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus. Proteins are modified in the Golgi apparatus and enter new vesicles. Some vesicles release their proteins outside the cell. Other vesicles remain in the cell and become lysosomes and other vesicles. Nucleus

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