Do you know how does the internal sales receive the order confirmations?

They don’t receive any notification

Which of the following parameters does the Planning Department use to determine the delivery date of an order?

The work load capacity, the stock availability and tools

The work load capacity, the sales price and tools

The delegation, the tools and the work load capacity

The stock availability, the sales price and the delegation

What does the delegation have to do once they receive the order confirmation?

Refresh the date at Navision and notify the customer

Notify the customer about the date

Print the confirmation and keep it

Refresh the date at Navision and keep the confirmation worksheet

In your delegation, do you use this procedure?

I don’t know how does it works

Which are the main goals regarding transports in a short-medium term established by the company?

↓ UPS, ↓ AIR and ↑ SEA shipments

↑ UPS, ↑ AIR and ↓ SEA shipments

↑ AIR, ↓ UPS and ↓ SEA shipments

↓ UPS, ↓ AIR and ↓ SEA shipments

Which are the compulsory and essential requirements to send and hire an urgent shipment?

If the final customer pays the shipment and it’s been approved by the CEO

If it’s an urgency of the customer

If it’s an internal management mistake

If it’s a sales project and the delegation has got a customer forecast

Does the Planning Department use any system to adjust the stock needs of each delegation?

Yes, through the re-provisioning worksheets

For the Planning Department, which is the goal of the re-provisioning worksheet?

↓ the transport cost and work under stock

↑ stock and offer the best service

Have stock of all families even if they are mono customer

Sales Manager Quiz

Make a vocabulary quiz with below.Crisis: a very difficult situation or emergency; “Investors are worried that continuing problems in the stock market might lead to another financial crisis.” Short-staffed: not having enough employees or workers; “We laid off dozens of employees to save money, but now we’re short-staffed and can’t fill orders quickly.” To drive someone nuts: to make someone upset or annoyed; “The autocorrect feature on my mobile phone really drives me nuts.” To arise: to happen or start to develop, especially for problems or situations; “Problems arose for the developers when local residents voted against construction of the new shopping mall.” To moan: to complain about something, especially in a way that bothers other people; “Every Monday morning my colleagues moan about having to come to the office so early.” Optimism: the feeling or belief that good things will happen; “Analysts are expressing optimism that the real estate market will bounce back quickly.” Pessimism: the tendancy or belief that the worst will happen. “Now is not the time for pessimism, we need to believe we can do this or we will fail.” Hurdle: a problem that must be overcome or dealt with in order to reach a goal or do something; “Lack of capital is a major hurdle for many young entrepreneurs with good business ideas.” © 2013 All rights reserved: www.businessenglishpod.com 2 To give up: to stop trying to do or achieve something; “After being rejected by over a dozen universities, Roger gave up on his plans to study for an MBA.” To keep your eye on the prize: to stay motivated and focused on your final goal or reward; “Okay folks, I know things have been really busy, but let’s keep our eye on the prize and we’ll get this done before Christmas.” Down the road: in the future; “Sales our good in our retail outlets, but 10 years down the road we’re going to have to be more competitive in the online market.” To overcome: to deal with a problem successfully; “You are going to have to overcome your lack of confidence if you want to be a good salesman.” Decisiveness: having the ability to make decisions and act firmly. “Decisiveness is a quality we look for in new managers.” Bumpy: we can use “bumpy” to describe a road or process that has many problems; “We had a pretty bumpy start-up phase, but we finally managed to turn a profit in our fifth year of operations.” To display: to show a feeling, emotion, or characteristic; “David displayed tremendous preparation and diplomacy during the negotiations.” On the fence: someone who is “on the fence” is having difficulty making a decision or taking a position; “While the executives support expansion wholeheartedly, the shareholders are still on the fence about it.” All-in: in poker, if you are “all-in” you put all your money on one bet, but we can use this expression more generally to say you are completely committed to something, especially a plan; “This sounds like a good idea, but before I go all-in I need to know more about the project partners.” To have what it takes: to have the ability or intelligence to do something; “I thought I’d enjoy law, but after a few years as a junior lawyer I realized I don’t really have what it takes.

Administrative jobs involve performing administrative roles that support workers in the agriculture industry. b. Engineering jobs involve using high-level science and math to solve complex problems. Professionals, evaluate, design, test and install agricultural equipment and systems. c. Labor jobs require workers to perform manual tasks such as planting, harvesting, caring for animals and maintaining equipment Sales jobs are performed by professionals who are responsible for selling materials and products to customers. e. Science jobs are those of scientists who work in agriculture and specialize in crops, livestock or food production. Agricultural Jobs: a. Farm workers perform essential manual labor tasks under the supervision of farmers and ranchers. They harvest or inspect crops, assist in watering the plants, applying fertilizer and pesticides to control weeds and insects. b. Growers are responsible for taking care and raising crops that involves proper management of the growing plants and its environment to keep the crops/plants healthy. c. Grain Elevator operators assist in maintaining essential quality standards of grains by properly storing, shipping and purchasing grains. They receive incoming grain deliveries, store the grain safely and they may assist in preparing outgoing shipments, drying grain and blending different grain types. d. Agricultural equipment technicians maintain, install and repair machines and implements. They perform preventive maintenance, which may involve refueling machines, replacing batteries, changing the oil and lubricating moving parts. When they detect a malfunctioning equipment, they perform diagnostic tests and conduct necessary repairs. e. Purchasing agents are responsible for buying agricultural products and raw materials at wholesale for processing and reuse. These professionals often have to meet specific purchasing quotas for processors. They work with several farming clients, who serve as suppliers of grain, milk and other agricultural products. f. Farm warehouse managers are responsible for overseeing all activities related to storing, shipping and receiving agricultural materials. They send and receive shipments, including loading and unloading products and materials Agriculture specialists perform administrative support and clerical tasks that focus on a certain aspect of farming. Some agriculture specialists focus on storage, which requires them to work with farmers to develop high-performing crop and grain storage and inventory systems. h. Sales representatives sell materials and products to businesses and government agencies. They seek out prospective customers by attending trade shows, reviewing customer lists and following leads from existing clients. They determine customers' needs, explain how their products meet clients' needs and create packages that meet customers' budgetary and timeline needs. i. Crop managers oversee the many steps in the crop production process. They supervise seed sourcing, planting processes and scheduling as well as fertilizing, irrigation and harvesting. j. Environmental engineers use science and engineering principles to design and apply solutions to problems that occur on agricultural sites. They assess environmental conditions—including testing soil and analyzing drainage capabilities—and develop improvements. k. Feed mill managers supervise the production and storage of animal feed. They are responsible for monitoring inventory levels, scheduling feed production and inspecting the quality of the grain. These professionals set and maintain quality standards, assess and improve operating procedures and track customer complaints. l. Research scientists who specialize in agriculture often work as food scientists, who research and develop processes for manufacturing, storing and packaging food. They are responsible for developing or improving products, but some specialize in detecting contaminants or administering government regulations

Management and Globalization Global Management Why companies go global How companies for global Global Business environments Global Business Types of global business Pros and cons of global businesses Ethnic Challenges for global business Culture and Global Diversity Cultural intelligence Silent language of culture Tight and loose cultures Values and national cultures Global Management Learning Are management theories universal? Intercultural competencies Global learning goals Key concepts of the challenges of globalisation: Global economy Resources, markets and competition are worldwide in scope Internationalisation The process of increasing involvement in international operations Globalization/Deglobalization Glob- the growing interdependence among elements in the global economy The worldwide interdependence of resource flows, product markets and business competition World 3.0 Different views: World flat vs. round Distance is a metaphor that represents the degree of dissimilarities between countries Balancing cooperation in the global Global Management Global management - managing things in different countries Managing business and organizations with interests in more than one country What do we expect from global Managers Knowing how to adapt Knowing the language Global Manager Is culturally aware and informed on international affairs International Business Conducting for-profit transactions of goods and services across national boundaries International Motive Why do firms internatioalize their activities Cheaper labour Labour tax Natural resources Enrolments to do business Clientele Exclusive materials Personal benefits: Taxes Reasons why businesses go global Customers Suppluers Capital During (1993) - 4 motive 1. Market seeking 2. Efficiency Seeking 3. Resource seeking 4. Strategic Asset Seeking Cuervo Cazurra, Narula and un (2015) - 4 motive s Internationalization Motives A company may also explore the opportunities in different markets in order to take advantage and in some cases extend the product life cycle What is a Market Entry Strategy Involves the sale of goods or services to foreign markets but do not require expensive investments Franchising Exporting and importing Involve the sale of goods or services to foreign markets but do Types of market entry strategies Global sourcing Exporting Importing Licensing agreement Franchising Types of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) strategies: Joint venture Strategic alliance Owned Subsidiary (sometimes called WOS) How to go abroad What conditions will affect the decisions of firms on how to internationalize their activities? During (1978)- Eclectic paradigm OLI model OLI- Ownership, Location and Internalization Advantages Ownership advantages Resources owned by the organization that can be transferred across locations include trademarks, production techniques and processes, managerial skills and other resources not available to the competitors Location Advantages Represent the implications of choosing to produce or to perform activities in a specific location (country or region) Internalization Advantages: The ability to internalize or to incorporate activities that add value to its business Evolution of Concepts- New Elements Although economic factors are certainly important to explain the formation, growth and expansion of firms within and across national borders, they are not sufficient to explain the additional complexity when a firm decides to expand its activities across national borders Economic factors Investigate the economic elements that affect the internationalization of firms Behavioural Elements Explaining the additional challenges (and perhaps opportunities) a firm faces in foreign host countries when compared to indigenous (local) firms Behavioural theories Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975) and Johanson and Vahlne (1977) Included the psychic Distance concept (beckerman,1956) to explain the internationalization behaviour of firms The Uppsala internationalization model Psychic distance is: the sum of factors preventing the flow of infomatio from and to the market Psychic Distance is a broad concept that includes several elements such as: language, culture, political systems, level of education, level of industrial development Firms behave in a “Risk Averse” manner It means that when the perceived risk goes down, the firm increase its commitment to the foreign market \ The Haier Group Data Strategy Big DATA and Small DATA The use of small data to satisfy individual customers’ needs, however, the book mentions a huge cultural shock at the plant in Camden, south caroline Ex: top down, hard hat colors and hierarchy Culutral Differnces can have a huge impact on the internationalization of firms Kogut and Singh (1988)- Cultural Distance Index First statsical study on the implication of ciltiral distance to the selection of entry mode When investigating in culturally distant countries, foreign firms can choose to partner with foreign firms in order to gain local knowledge and share the risk associated to the investment (higher commitment = higher risk) How Companies Go Global Global sourcing The process of purchasing materials or services around teh world for local use Exporting Selling locally made products in foreign markets Importing Buying foreign made products and selling them domestically Exports correspond to what percentage of Candain GDP What countries are the major trending partners of Canada Management and Globalization How Companies Go Global Licensing Agreement One firm pays a fee for rights to make or sell another company’s products What are the potential risks associated to licesning The case of new balance in China Franchising A fee is paid for the rights to use another firms name, branding and methods Insourcing Insourcing: refers to local job creation that results from foreign direct investment Types of insourcing Joint ventures: operate in a foreign country through co-ownership by foreign and local partners Strategic alliances: A partnership in which foreign and domestic firms share resources and knowledge for mutual gains Foreign subsidiaries: local operation completely owned by a foreign firm Criteria for choosing a joint venture partner: Familiarity with your firm’s major business String local workforce Values its customers Future expansion possibilities Strong local market for partner’s own products Good Profit potential Sound financial standing Global business environments Legal and poliical systems Trade agreements and trade barriers Regional economic alliances Legal and political systems Differing laws and practices regards Business ownership Negotiation and implementation of contracts Foreign currency exchange Protection of intellectual property rights Counterfeit merchandise Political risk Potential loss in value of foreign investment due to instability and political changes in the host country Political risk analysis (expertise/experience) Forecast political disruptions that threaten the value of a foreign investment Changes in the rules of the game Brexit US Trade Wars-mexico-China Other examples Bolivia, Venezuela, China De-globalization The process of weakening interdependence among nations Trade Agreements and trade Barriers World trade organization Most favourd nation status Tariffs Nontariss barriers (quotes, restrictions, etc.) Protectionism Regional Economic Alliances USMCA (replacment for the NAFTA-North American Free trade Agreement) EU- European Union APEC- Aisa Pacific Economic Copperation ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nationas SADC - Southern Africa Development Community MERCOSUR- Chapter 5- Global Management and Cultural Diversity (part 2) Review Types of global business Global corporation MNE (multinational enterprise) or MNC (multinational corporation) with extensive business operations in more than one foreign country Transnational corporation A global corporation that operates worldwide on borderless basis Some host country complaints about MNCs Host Country companits about MNCs: Excessive profits Interference with local government Domination of local economy Interference with local government Hiring the best local talent Limited technology transfer Disrespect for local customers Examples - War in Ukraine Disruption in global -value chains and increased pressure and interference of MNCs with local government Fertilizer imports in Brazil (one of the major producers of agricultural commodities) We must consider the triple bottom line and the impact in society, the environment and the economy $2.5 billion invest in potash mine in Brazill What about Globalization gap Large multinationals adn industrilizednaitons gaining disporoportinonally form globalization Globalization gap: Large multinational and industrialized nations gaining disproportionally from Globalization Some MNC complaints about host countries MNC Complaints about host countries: Profiit limitations Laws and regulations Overpirce resources Exploitative rules Foreign exchange restriction Failure to uphold contracts Mutual benefits for host countries and multinational companies Mutual benefits for host country and global corporation of MNC: Shared growth opportunities Shared income opportunities Shared learning opportunities Share development opportunities Develop projects together What are some of the ethical challenges for global business Ethincal challenges for global business Child labour Employmnet of children for worl otherwise done by adults Sweatshops Employment of workers at very low wages for long hours in poor working conditions Ex: Nike bad labour prices Unsafe working conditions Corruption Illegal practices that further one’s business interests Corrupiotn of froeign public officials Act makes it illegal for Candain firms and their representatives to engage in corrupt practices overseas Bribes to foreign officials Excessive commissions Non-monetary gifts Sweatshops Conflict materials What is culture Culture : The shared set of beliefs, values, and patterns of behvaiourr common to a group of people Food preferences Values and traditions Language and beliefs Religion Art music Life style Hofstede defines culture as: “The collectiv programing of teh mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from others” What is culture shock Culture Shock: Confusion and discoumfert a person experiences in an unfaamiliar culture Stages to adjusting to a new culture Confusion Small vitorires The honeymoon Irritation and anger Reality Cultural Intelligence The ability to adapt and adjust to new cultures What is Ethnocentrism Tendency to consider one’s own culture as superior others Slinet languages of culture Contect Low context High context Space Proxemics Ex: personal space Time Monochronic Polychronic High and low contexts cultures Edward T.Hall (1959) Def: Part of a discourse that surround a word or passage and can throw on its meaning Low context cultures Emphizes communication via spoken or written words Countries like United States, Canada and Germany High context cultures Rely on nonverbal and situational cues as well as on spoken or written works Thailand Malaysia Time Monochronic cultures People tend to do one thing at a time Canda Polychronic cultures Time is used to accomplish many different things at once Egypt Space Proxemics Study of how people use space to communicate In North American people value “personal space’ Many Latin and Asian cultures expect much less personal space Tight and Loose Cultures Cultural tightness-looseness Tight = Strength of norms that govern social behvaviour Japan, Korea, Malaysia Loose = tolerance for any deviation from norms Australia, Brazil, Hungary Values and national cultures (Hofstede) Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Individalism-collectivism Masculinity-femininty Time Orientation Indulgence vs. Restraint Comparative management How management pratices systematically differ among countries and /or cultures Intercultural competencies Skills and personal characteristics that help us be successful in cross cultural situations Global Managers (know how to adapt) Need to successfully apply management functions across interantional boundaries Global Learning goals Not universal Engage critical thinking Look everywhere for new management ideas Always consider culture

New Trends in Agriculture Extension approaches Extension has been, and still is, under attack from a wide spectrum of politicians and economists over its cost and financing. As a result, Extension Systems have had to make changes, by restating the system’s mission, developing a new vision for the future, and formulating plans for the necessary transition to achieve the desired change. 1. Privatization of Agricultural Extension Service Privatization: Process of funding and delivering the extension services by private individual or organization is called Private Extension. Concept: Privatization of extension refers to services rendered in rural area & allied aspects of extension personnel working in private agencies or organization for which farmers are expected to pay a fee & it can be viewed as supplementary or alternative to public extension services (Sarvanan & Shivalinge 1980). Privatization approaches ➢ Share cropping system ➢ Village extension contract system ➢ Public extension through private delivery ➢ Service for vouchers Strengths of Private Extension System ➢ More demand - driven rather than supply – driven ➢ High quality of services in terms of satisfying information needs of clientele, trained manpower, sustained finances and resource allocation ➢ Provides for an information mix and choices available to farmers ➢ Enhanced efficiency of staff ➢ Assure continuous supply and quality agricultural products ➢ More effective because farmer can select an adviser who is the best able to help ➢ Healthy competition among service provider will lead to better quality and lower costs for service Weakness of Private Extension System ➢ Concentrate on area having favorable physical environment ➢ More face-to-face contacts (person oriented) ➢ Increased dependence of farmers and hence exploitation ➢ No education role ➢ Deprivation of small farmers ➢ Hamper the free flow of information 2. Cyber Extension or e-extension Concepts Cyber space: it is the imaginary or virtual space of computers connected with each other on Networks, across the Globe. Cyber extension: it means 'using the power of online networks, computer communications and digital interactive multimedia to facilitate dissemination of agriculture technology. Cyber Extension thus can be defined as the extension over cyber space. Important tools of cyber extension E-Mail, Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Gopher, Archie and World Wide Web (WWW) Strengths of Cyber Extension ➢ Access to the astounding information and continuously available ➢ Information rich and instantaneously available of information ➢ Interactive communication ➢ The information is available from any point on the globe ➢ Communication is dynamic ➢ Cut steps from traditional process ➢ Save money, time and effort ➢ Multiplicity of purpose Issues and Concerns of Cyber Extension ➢ Lack of Reliable Telecom Infrastructure in Rural Areas ➢ Erratic or no Power Supply ➢ Lack of ICT Trained manpower (willing to serve) in Rural Areas ➢ Lack of content (locally relevant and in local languages) ➢ Lack of Information Services to Rural Clientele ➢ Low Purchasing power of the Rural communities ➢ Lack of Holistic Approaches ➢ Issues of Sustainability Application of cyber extension ➢ Village information shops Dr. M.S. SwaminathanResearch Foundation, Chennai ➢ Information villagers MANAGE in Ranga Reddy District in Andhra pradesh ➢ Gyandoot net initiative of District Dhar, Madhya Pradesh. ➢ Warna wired village of National Informatics Center (NIC) in Kolhapur- Sangli Districts of Maharashtra 3. Market-Led-Extension (MLE) Concepts Market: A congregation of prospective buyers & sellers with a common motive of trading a particular commodity. Extension: It is the spreading/reaching out to the mass Market-led-extension: Agriculture & economics coupled with extension is the perfect blend for reaching at the door steps of common man with the help of technology. Dimensions of market-led extension ➢ Marketing mix: A planned mix of the controllable elements of a product's marketing plan commonly termed as 4Ps: product, price, place, and promotion. These four elements are adjusted until the right combination is found that serves the needs of the product's customers, while generating optimum income. ➢ Marketing plan: A marketing plan is a comprehensive document that outlines a business and marketing efforts for the coming year. It describes business activities involved in accomplishing specific marketing objectives within a set time frame. A marketing plan also includes a description of the current marketing position of a business, a discussion of the target market and a description of the marketing mix that a business will use to achieve their marketing goals. ➢ Market Intelligence: It is the information relevant to a company’s markets, gathered and analyzed specifically for the purpose of accurate and confident decision making. Market intelligence includes the process of gathering data from the company’s external environment, whereas the business intelligence process is primarily based on internal recorded events – such as sales, shipments and purchases. ➢ Market oriented production ➢ Use of Technology Strengths of market-led extension ➢ SWOT analysis of the market ➢ Organization of Farmers’ Interest Groups (FIGs) ➢ Enhancing the interactive and communication skills of the farmers ➢ Establishing marketing and agro-processing linkages ➢ Advice on product planning ➢ Educating the farming community ➢ Direct marketing ➢ Acquiring complete market intelligence ➢ Publication of agricultural market information Production of video films of success stories ➢ Challenges to market-led extension ➢ Gigantic size of extension system ➢ Information technology Diverse conditions ➢ Market intelligence ➢ Reforms in agricultural extension system Government Initiatives ➢ Central warehousing Corporation-1965 ➢ MSP by Commission for Agricultural Cost and Price (CACP) ➢ Food Corporation of India ➢ Then some others as: Cotton Corporation of India (CCI), Jute Corporation of India (JCI), National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), Agriculture and Processed food Export Development Authority (APEDA) etc. 4. Farmer--Led-Extension (FLE) Farmer--led-extension is defined as 'the provision of training by farmers to farmers, often through the creation of a structure of farmer promoters and farmer trainers' (Scarborough et al., 1997). Philosophy and principles ➢ Farmers and local institutions (e.g. producer organizations or village leaders) should play a key role in selecting farmer-trainers and monitoring and evaluating them. This helps make the programmes more accountable to the community or groups that they serve. ➢ Farmer-trainers are ‘of the community’; they communicate in local languages and are more sensitive to local cultures, mannerisms, farming practices, and farmers’ needs. ➢ Farmer-trainers should be selected on the basis of their skills and interest in sharing information, not just on their farming expertise. ➢ Farmer-trainers need strong linkages with and support from development agents (whether government, non-government organization (NGO), or private), the people who train and backstop them. Farmer-trainers generally serve as a complement to existing extension systems, rather than being a substitute for them. ➢ Facilitating organizations and local institutions need to be proactive in ensuring that women as well as men become farmer-trainers. ➢ Simple and appropriate reference materials should be made available to the farmer trainers. Essential Elements of Farmer--led-extension ➢ The group ➢ The Field ➢ The Facilitator ➢ The curriculum ➢ Programme leader ➢ Financing Special features of Farmer--led-extension ➢ All learning is field based & it is primary venue for learning ➢ FLE group learning constantly over the experimentation period ➢ FLE promotes healthy decisions & quality decisions ➢ Farmers conduct their own field studies with comparisons or treatments ➢ Facilitates Farmer-to-Farmer communication ➢ Field staff serve as facilitators ➢ FLE is a unique way to educate farmers ➢ It is an effective platform for sharing of experiences and collectively solving agriculture related problems. 5. Expert system Expert system is an intelligent computer program that uses knowledge and inferences procedures to solve problems (Daniel Hunt, 1986). Objectives of developing expert system ➢ To enhance the performance of agricultural extension personnel and farmer ➢ To make farming more efficient and profitable ➢ To reduce the time required in solving the problems ➢ To maintain the expert system by continuously upgrading the database Advantages of expert system ➢ Solves critical problems by making logical deductions without taking much time ➢ It combines experimental and conventional knowledge with the reasoning skills of specialists ➢ To enhance the performance of average worker to the level of an expert Limitations of expert system ➢ Expensive computer program ➢ Mostly developed not in regional languages ➢ Requires AC power and internet connection all the time ➢ Complex software requires computer skilled personnel Modules of expert system in agriculture ➢ COMAX: Integrated crop management in cotton ➢ SOYEX: Soybean oil extraction expert system ➢ PLANT/ds: Diagnosis of soybean diseases ➢ MAIZE: Maize expert system for field crop management ➢ SEMAGI: Weed control decision making in sunflowers ➢ Rice Crop Doctor: Developed by National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) Difference between conventional and expert system of extension Conventional Extension ➢ Universal approachability of same information is a problem ➢ Information is given whatever is available without considering needs and resources ➢ No Cost benefit analysis ➢ Information flow depends on availability of agent ➢ Require users to draw their own conclusion from facts Expert System of Extension ➢ Universal approachability of same information is possible ➢ Information is chosen based on their needs and resources ➢ Cost benefit analysis ➢ Information through Cyber Cafe at any place at any time ➢ Conclusion is drawn based on the decision given by the expert

Le vieillissement est l’ensemble des processus physiologiques et psychologiques qui modifient la structure et les fonctions de l’organisme à partir de l’âge mûr. Il résulte des effets combinés de facteurs génétiques et environnementaux auxquels est soumis l’organisme tout au long de sa vie. Il s’agit d’un processus lent et progressif qui est la conséquence de l’action du temps sur les fonctions de l’organisme. La sénescence est le processus de vieillissement biologique, la suite des changements irréversibles dans un organisme qui conduisent à la mort. Ce processus physiologique débute après la phase de maturité et se traduit par la dégradation progressive et inéluctable des fonctions vitales : reproduction, motricité, système immunitaire, etc. La sénilité est la détérioration pathologique (liée à une maladie) des facultés physiques et mentales d’un individu âgé. Il existe trois modalités différentes de vieillissement : le vieillissement réussi, avec une absence ou une atteinte minime des fonctions physiologiques et une absence de pathologies ; le vieillissement habituel, avec des atteintes considérées comme physiologiques, liées à l’âge, de certaines fonctions, mais sans pathologies invalidantes ; le vieillissement pathologique lié à des maladies sévères évolutives ou compliquées et responsable le plus souvent d’une dépendance importante. À ces trois notions, il est important d’ajouter la notion de fragilité qui correspond à un état d’équilibre précaire avec l’impossibilité de répondre de façon adaptée à un stress qu’il soit médical, psychologique ou social. Après 65 ans, 10 à 20% des personnes peuvent être considérées comme fragiles et jusqu’à 50% après 85 ans. Il s’agit de personnes à haut risque d’hospitalisation, d’institutionnalisation et de décès. Les psychologues décrivent 5 grands types de personnalité liés au vieillissement, plus ou moins présents chez chacun : le mature est actif, tolérant et il s’adapte parfaitement à son évolution ; le pantouflard est passif, indulgent envers lui-même et il utilise son âge pour valoriser son inactivité ; le blindé est mentalement rigide, il a peur de la déchéance et s’enferme dans ses souvenirs de jeunesse ; le mécontent est amer, intolérant et pessimiste, anxieux face à la mort ; il en veut au monde entier de son état et de ses échecs ; le déprécié est dépressif, insatisfait de sa vie, sans estime de soi et envahi de regrets sur le passé ; il envisage la mort comme une délivrance ou une finalité. La solitude a un effet important sur la santé. Si nous comparons des personnes âgées qui conservent un vaste réseau de relations sociales à d’autres qui sont isolées, ces dernières auraient un risque supérieur de mort prématurée. Parler et échanger avec les autres est essentiel au bien-être. Stimuler la mémoire d’une personne âgée lui permettra de conserver son autonomie et de retarder la dépendance. Pour rester en forme, le cerveau doit travailler de manière complète. Plusieurs activités peuvent donc permettre à la personne dépendante de garder une bonne mémoire le plus longtemps possible : tenir un agenda, rédiger un journal, jouer à des jeux ou encore pratiquer des activités de création. Pour stimuler l’activité sociale d’une personne âgée, faire des rencontres est le meilleur moyen de rester en forme : rencontrer des personnes, poursuivre les activités qu’on aime, se servir du téléphone et même d’internet si possible. Il y a des personnes âgées qui ne parlent à personne pendant des semaines. Pour d’autres, le contact se limite aux relations avec les caissières des supermarchés. Avec l’âge, certains de nos aînés sont murés dans le silence. Pas par choix. Mais parce que les liens familiaux se sont distendus ou n’existent plus. Ils se retrouvent alors seuls, sans échange, sans partage et sans affection. Un des grands défis à relever pour l’avenir est la lutte contre la solitude des personnes âgées. Il faut savoir que la solitude est désormais considérée comme un facteur de risque de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Lutter contre la solitude, c’est prévenir l’exclusion, la pauvreté et la perte d’autonomie. Quel est le secret pour préserver son corps malgré les années ? Un peu d’activité physique et des repas équilibrés ! Pour lutter contre l’apparition des rides ou la chute des cheveux et conserver ses capacités physiques et cognitives, mieux vaut surveiller son assiette. Inutile d’aller chercher des produits miracles pour rester jeune : il faut commencer par manger mieux! Car en fonction des aliments qu’on choisit, on préserve son capital santé et on garde la forme durant de longues années. Les problèmes alimentaires spécifiques au vieillissement apparaissent à des âges variables et sont beaucoup plus marqués après 85 ans. Une bonne nutrition a un rôle de prévention de mieux en mieux connu sur les pathologies liées à l’âge. Un bon régime pour un senior comprend beaucoup de fruits et de légumes, du pain, du riz, des pâtes et des fibres. Il ne faut pas oublier le poisson, surtout le thon, le saumon et les sardines, et limiter les viandes rouges, en préférant le poulet, la dinde ou le lapin. Il faut aussi réduire le sel et le sucre, et tous les aliments riches en graisses comme les frites, les fritures ou les gâteaux. L’eau est très importante, mais on peut aussi boire du thé, des jus de fruits sans sucre ou du lait écrémé ou demi – écrémé. Il faut aussi de la vitamine D pour garder les os en bonne santé. On peut la trouver dans le poisson, la margarine et les céréales du petit déjeuner. Le corps produit tout seul la vitamine D quand il est exposé au soleil, il est donc conseillé de profiter du soleil de temps en temps avec de la protection pour aider le corps à produire cette vitamine. Étape naturelle de la vie d’une femme, la ménopause mérite quelques attentions sur le plan nutritionnel à cause de la modification du statut hormonal. Beaucoup de femmes prennent du poids à la cinquantaine. Souvent tout simplement parce que leur mode de vie change, avec moins de dépenses physiques et plus de temps pour apprécier les plaisirs de la table ! Mais aussi parce que les transformations hormonales de la ménopause vont favoriser la mise en réserve de graisses. Le premier antidote contre ce risque de surpoids est une activité physique suffisante et, en complément, une alimentation allégée grâce à l’élimination des calories «inutiles». À éviter ou à consommer avec beaucoup de modération : les boissons sucrées comme les sodas, les bonbons, les biscuits salés ou sucrés, l’alcool sous toutes ses formes, les glaces et les pâtisseries, les plats riches en graisses, les frites et les fritures, les sauces classiques, la mayonnaise, les sauces barbecue et tous les laitages au lait entier. Les modifications hormonales et la diminution de l’activité physique ont également pour conséquence une “fonte” progressive de la masse musculaire. Pour lutter contre ce phénomène, il y a une seule solution : bouger !

Here is the vocabulary I am teaching:I would not try Je n'essayerais pas because parce que I like J'aime are sont street food la cuisine de rue a food une nourriture to eat manger has a main ingredients les ingrédients principaux a drink une boisson I love J'adore without sans I would eat Je mangerais I prefer Je préfère with avec delicious délicieux to drink boire it looks ça a l'air at a food stand au stand de nourriture fries les frites I don't like Je n'aime pas at a food truck au camion-restaurant I would like Je voudrais to me that seems cela me semble disgusting dégoûtant I would not eat Je ne mangerais pas please s'il vous plaît brown sauce la sauce brune interesting (negatively) particulier I would not drink Je ne boirais pas I prefer to eat Je préfère manger I prefer to drink Je préfère boire I'm hungry J'ai faim in my opinion à mon avis I would drink Je boirais good bon is est cheese le fromage have ont I'm thirsty J'ai soif at a restaurant au restaurant I would try J'essayerais buckwheat very thin pancake like food une galette I don't like Je n'aime pas a meat une viande strawberries aux fraises the sauce la sauce the topping la garniture I prefer Je préfère sweet sucrée mushrooms aux champignons savory/salty salée chicken au poulet an other item une autre chose a vegetable une légume raspberries aux framboises hazelnut cream à la crème de noisette I love J'adore spinach aux épinards peaches aux pêches cheese au fromage I don't know Je ne sais pas ham au jambon thin pancake like food that has fillings une crêpe a fruit un fruit without sans I like J'aime cottage cheese au fromage cottage with avec banana à la banane chocolate au chocolat white chocolate au chocolat blanc

Related quizzes

Related quizzes