the human body system that helps produce movement

when you can control your movements by thinking about them

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when you don't have to think about the movement for it to happen

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found in all the hollow areas in your body like the stomach, intestines, or blood vessels, not striated, and spindle shaped with one nuclei in the center of each cell

found only in the heart and does have striations, makes the heart beat, and has 1-2 nuclei per cell in the center

muscle attached to bones, helps make the bones move, does have striations, and has many nuclei in each cell located along the sides

alternating dark and light bands found in skeletal and cardiac muscle

where a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell meet

closes a joint

opens a joint

connect muscle to bone

when you put too much pressure on something or you work it too hard

inflammation of a tendon

man-made testosterone, which is the male hormone, that signals the body to add muscle fiber (builds up your muscles)

a short, single contraction

a long, sustained contraction

when the muscle shortens from end and produces movement in the body

the part of your body that produces the movement; a bundle of many cells and fibers

thin filament of protein found in myofibrils

thick filament of protein found in myofibrils

tightly packed filament bundles that fill the muscle

Intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment

Series of branching tubes that conduct air to and from the respiratory zone for gas exchange (Nose/Mouth --> Pharynx --> Larynx --> Trachea --> Bronchi --> Alveoli)

Contains hairs and mucus that help warm, moisten, and filter the air as it enters the body

Passageway for air and food from mouth/nasal cavity to trachea (air) or esophagus (food)

A flap of tissue that seals off the trachea when swallowing to prevent food or water from entering

Hollow muscular organ between the pharynx and trachea that holds vocal cords

A large tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes; transports air between pharynx and bronchi

Two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs

Tiny sacs of lung tissue (located at the end of the bronchioles) specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

A difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another (e.g. inhaled air has a high concentration of oxygen compared to the concentration of oxygen in the capillaries)

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

Rib cage expands, diaphragm lowers = increased size of chest cavity

Rib cage lowers, diaphragm relaxes = decreased size of chest cavity

Ultimately under involuntary control, initiated in brainstem -- movement of air into and out of the lungs

Bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer

A condition in which the bronchi in the lungs are constantly swollen and clogged with mucus, no cure

A condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged, build up of carbon dioxide, causing breathlessness, no cure

Starts in lungs, often spreads to other parts of body; leading cause of cancer death

1. Thin, moist, permeable membrane

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Rely on diffusion of gases directly through their outer body covering

Use gills that expose tissue with capillary beds to water containing oxygen that passes through

Use lungs for gas exchange and must hold their breath underwater

All have lungs; Must keep respiratory membranes moist in order to breath; One-way airflow allows birds and some other organisms (including snakes) to have continuous flow of oxygenated air

heart, blood vessels, blood

transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body, and removes wastes from tissues

the two upper chambers of the heart, receive blood from the body and lungs

the two lower chambers of the heart, and they pump blood out to the lungs and body.

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, muscular walls, no valves

Blood vessel carrying blood towards the heart, has valves

A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.

heart muscle

Divides the right and left chambers of the heart - separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

A flap of tissue in the heart or a vein that prevents blood from flowing backward

Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs

Circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs

Any of the small terminal branches of an artery that ends in capillaries

Any of the small veins connecting the capillaries with the larger systemic veins

Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle -- a blockage of these results in death of the heart muscle

Liquid part of blood, made mostly of water, in which oxygen, nutrients, and minerals are dissolved -- make up 55% of total blood volume

Carry hemoglobin to transport oxygen around body -- make up 40%-45% of total blood volume

Guard against infection, fight parasites, attack bacteria; make up 1% of total blood volume

Fragments of cells that assist in blood clotting by sticking to each other and to the edge of broken blood vessels

Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to tissues

Determined by the type of antigen present on the surface of red blood cells

Markers on the surface of red blood cells that are used by WBCs to distinguish between "self" (good!) and "non-self" (potentially pathogenic microbes)

Proteins produced by WBCs that act against specific antigens

Clumping of red blood cells in response to a reaction between an antibody and an antigen

Type O negative (no antigens)

Type AB positive (all antigens; produces no antibodies)

Measures the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels (increases if walls are narrowed and/or hardened)

Deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood

A hereditary (inherited) disease where blood does not clot to stop bleeding

The blockage of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup; causes myocardium to die and heart to stop pumping blood to body

Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply, due to blocked or broken blood vessel

High blood pressure; may increase risk of heart attack and/or stroke

Cancer of the red bone marrow (site of blood cell formation) resulting in a large number of abnormal and immature WBCs circulating in the blood

A genetic disorder (inherited) of abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in sickle-shaped RBCs that get stuck in blood vessels and die quickly

Condition in which fatty deposits (plaque) build up on the inner walls of the arteries causing them to narrow and harden

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the cranium, rib cage, and vertebral column

The portion of the skeleton that consists of the limbs

Dense layer of connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the periosteum

Channels in the compact bone that contain blood vessels and nerves

Cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with yellow marrow

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found in the ends of the long bone

Thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation

Soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies

Connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together

long, short, flat, irregular

Bone building cells

Mature bone cells

Cells that resorb or recycle bone material

Process in which cartilage is gradually replaced by bone

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone

connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Immovable (e.g. cranium)

Slightly movable (e.g. between sternum and ribs)

Freely movable; six subtypes are pivot, gliding, hinge, saddle, ball and socket, ellipsoidal

Between cervical vertebrae (bones of neck)

between bones of tarsus

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Elbow

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Base of thumb

Shoulder

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Base of index finger

Support, movement, protection, mineral/fat storage; blood cell formation

Condition in which the bone density decreases leading to weak and brittle bones

Painful, inflammation of the joints caused by the deterioration of cartilage over time

Basic unit of all living things (e.g. neuron)

Group of similar cells that perform a particular function

Epithelial, nervous, muscular, connective

Type of tissue that covers and protects exterior and interior body surfaces (e.g. skin)

Type of tissue that sends electrical signals throughout the body (e.g. found in brain, nerves, sense organs)

Type of tissue made of cells that contract and relax to produce movement

Type of tissue that provides support for the body and connects its parts (e.g ligaments, blood, cartilage)

Two or more tissues that work together to perform a closely related function

Group of organs that work together to perform a closely related function

Maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment

cells → tissues → organs → organ system

Reaction of the body to potentially threatening, challenging, or disturbing events

STRUCTURES - skin, hair nails FUNCTIONS - protect and support tissues, provides barrier from outside world

STRUCTURES - brain, nerves, sense organs FUNCTIONS - receives information from inside and outside the body and directs the body's response

STRUCTURES - muscles FUNCTIONS - works with the skeletal system to produce movement

STRUCTURES - bones, joints FUNCTIONS - provides a frame to support and protect body parts

STRUCTURES - heart, blood vessels, blood FUNCTIONS - pumps blood throughout body

STRUCTURES - trachea, lungs, bronchi, alveoli FUNCTIONS - absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

STRUCTURES - esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine FUNCTIONS - breaks down food into usable energy, absorbs nutrients

STRUCTURES - glands FUNCTIONS - creates and sends chemical messages (hormones) throughout the body to regulate growth and daily functions

STRUCTURES - white blood cells, lymph nodes, vessels FUNCTIONS - cleans and filters blood, fights pathogens to maintain overall health

STRUCTURES - kidneys, bladder FUNCTIONS - removes wastes and regulates body fluids

STRUCTURES - ovaries, uterus, vagina FUNCTIONS - produces eggs, nourishes and protects fetus

STRUCTURES - penis, testes FUNCTIONS - produces and delivers sperm

A feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified by the response (e.g. labor and delivery)

A feedback loop in which the response opposes and balances out the original stimulus (e.g. shivering when cold)

A system of measurement used around the world, based on the number 10.

1,000

100

10

0.1 or 1/10

0.01 or 1/100

0.001 or 1/1000

k

h

dk/da

d

c

m

meter (m)

gram (g)

liter (L)

The amount of matter that an object has (units = g)

The distance between two points (units = m)

The amount of space that an object takes up (units = mL for liquid or cm^3 for solid)

mm

cg

m

kL

daL

hg

g

dm

ms

used to measure mass, precise to the hundredths place (000.00 g)

used to measure mass, precise to the thousandths place (000.000 g)

used to measure mass, precise to the tenths place (000.0 g)

used to measure liquid volume, units = mL

a method used to determine the volume of an irregular solid

one factor that differs from the control group (what you are testing, usually only one)

the data that is collected (result)

receives no special treatments (used as comparison)

set up exactly like the control group but with one difference (receives the independent variable)

STRUCTURES: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, anus FUNCTIONS: absorb food for energy

sac-like organ that breaks down food into liquid

organ that sends enzymes into the small intestines to help chemically digest, creates bile

a narrow tube covered with nutrient absorbing villi

a small, sac-like organ that stores bile

organ that changes liquid waste into semi-solid waste

large organ that stores nutrients and breaks down toxins, helps detoxify blood, and stores glucose

4 phases of digestion

one way tube that passes through the body (another word for digestive tract)

breaking food down with enzymes

breaking food down physically

large mound of food that is formed in the mouth and pushed down the esophagus

electric balance

Single pan balance

tripple beam balance