Pioneered cell theory, stating that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Created the first algorithm intended for a machine, recognized as the first computer programmer.

Developed the first nuclear reactor and contributed to quantum theory.

Established the law of conservation of mass in chemistry

Proved the expansion of the universe

Co-discovered the structure of DNA with James Watson.

Discovered the laws of planetary motion.

Developed wave mechanics in quantum theory.

Originated quantum theory.

She provided key X-ray diffraction images of DNA structure

Formulated the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics.

Advanced understanding of black holes and cosmology. His discoveries, such as Hawking radiation, unified concepts from multiple fields including quantum mechanics, cosmology, thermodynamics and informatics.

Invented the electric battery.

Formulated the theory of electromagnetism

Proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Pioneered modern astronomy and supported heliocentrism

Innovated in alternating current (AC) electrical systems.

Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Developed the theory of relativity, including E=mc²

Discovered two elements, polonium and radium.