Lines that measure distance north or south (up and down) of the equator

Lines that measure distance east or west (left to right) of the prime meridian, measured in degrees

The line designated at 0° longitude (north/south)

0 degrees latitude(middleline)

See image

See image

See image

See image

See image

See image

See image

One of the 7 large land masses found on earth

See image

See image

See image

See image

a line of latitude about 23 degrees North (on top) of the equator

a line of latitude about 23 degrees South (on bottom) of the equator

A tool on a map showing the directions (North, South, East, West)

the ocean that surrounds Antarctica

Weather conditions over a long period of time

Day to day conditions of a particular place

Areas closer to the equator are warmer, areas closer to poles are colder

The amount of rain an area gets that affects its climate

Movement of different winds which brings warm or cold air along with rain or dryness

Ocean currents keep the land near oceans warmer or cooler.

The higher the elevation of the land, the colder the temperatures

Determines climate through: temperature, precipitation (amount of rain), and vegetation (plants found in the area)

Rainforest (Tropical Wet/Warm temperatures with regular rainfall) or Near Equator (Tropical Dry/ Three seasons with warm and cool temperatures)

Desert (Arid/Very hot temperatures, little rain, cactus and short grass) or Grasslands (Semiarid/ Enough rain to support grass and shrubs, high and low temperatures)

Farming/Forest (Humid Subtropical/ hot summers and mild winters, forests and swamps) or Warm/Cool (Marine West Coast/flow of air from ocean, warm summers and cool winters, thick forests and lots of plants) or Mediterranean (Near the Mediterranean Sea, warm dry summers and cool rainy winters, lots of trees and grasses grow)

Warm Summer (Wet summer seasons) or Cool Summer (Winters with low temperatures and snow), or Subarctic (Very long and cold winters) All have shorter growing seasons because of the cold winters

Tundra (Summers are short but LOTS of plants, fairly cool temperatures) or Ice Cap (Freezing temperatures, few living things)

Landforms or bodies of water on Earth's surface

A large area of flat or nearly flat land

A low area of land between hills or mountains, usually with a river or stream running through

A row of connected mountains

A broad inlet of the sea where the land curves inward

A narrow channel that connects two large bodies of water (sea to ocean)

Portion of land surrounded by water and connected to a large body of land (i.e. Florida)

Body of land that is surrounded by water

Large area of sea or ocean partially enclosed by land, usually with a strait

Body of salt water that is smaller than an ocean and partially surrounded by land

Total number of people

Crowded

Few People

The way a population is spread out over an area (more in cities than in rural (out in the country) areas

The movement of people from one place in the world to another

A person who is LEAVING one country to live in another

A person who is ENTERING a country from another

A person who has moved to a new country because of a problem in their former country

People choose to move

People forced to move

Reasons that people leave: overpopulation, religious persecution, lack of food, unemployment, war, etc.

Reasons that attract people to a place, causing them to migrate there: more space, religious freedom, jobs, plenty of food, family, etc.

Small group of people has all the power, usually of one political party or social class. Citizens have no rights.

Government that recognizes God or a divine being as the ultimate authority. It can be paired with monarchy, democracy, or dictatorship! Citizens have few rights

No one is in control...or everyone. No government, no law, and no order.

A king or queen rules the country, known as a monarch. They come to power through their family line. Today, most monarchs share power with the rest of their government, so citizens have some rights

One leader has absolute control over citizens' lives. Citizens have no rights.

Citizens elect leaders to represent their rights and interests in government. The citizens have rights because if they don't like what their representatives are doing, they can vote in new ones.

There are no representatives. Citizens are directly involved in governing the country, so citizens had many rights. No direct democracies today, only found in ancient Athens.

the wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services.

amount of goods available and the desire for people to buy it

money made from selling a product

Person who owns and controls a business

The economy is run by private entrepreneurs

payments sent to the government for state/country funds

goods going OUT of a country (sold)

goods coming INTO a country (purchased)

Money used for exchange (dollars, euros, yen)

Community controls the economy, goods are exchanged instead of currency, relies on customs and traditions

Government controls the economy, all businesses, and owns most property. Society works together, with most people have the same main jobs.

Private businesses and citizens control the economy. Government can only tax and ensure fair trade, with buyers and sellers setting prices for goods

Mix of market and command economy: while private property is protected and supply and demand sets prices, the government can protect people and help control trade

right hand man of Caesar, avenged Caesar's death alongside Octavian. He ruled Rome with Octavian after Caesar; was eventually defeated by Octavian in the civil war after marrying Egyptian Queen Cleopatra.

ruled Rome after Caesar; fought and defeated Marc Antony for control. After winning, he was renamed Augustus by the Senate after becoming emperor; first emperor of the Roman Empire in 27 BCE. Brought the Roman Empire and Pax Romana

a legal system based on a written code of laws

belief in many gods. Examples: Romans, Greeks, Gauls

belief in one god. Examples: Judaism, Christianity

going against authority or control

not friendly, warlike, enemies

forbid, against the law

banned Jewish practices & destroyed their city of Jerusalem. Built his own city on top of the old one

Emperor who became a Christian & moved the capital from Rome in the West to the East, naming the Eastern capital Constantinople

To punish people because of their beliefs

Persecuted by Romans and had to meet in secret. Also tortured, killed, executed.

They rebelled against Rome multiple times because they were monotheistic and Romans were polytheistic

Formed in the early first century based on the life of Jesus. This group was met with persecution until Constantine lifted the ban, and became the official religion of the Roman Empire in 380 CE

In 27 BCE, Octavian changed his name to Augustus. Then, he made himself emperor with power over all. Lastly, he wanted to expand the empire by taking over land.

See image

See image

See image

See image

See image

Capital of Eastern Roman Empire/Byzantine Empire. Fell in 1453 CE to the Ottoman Turks.

See image

See image

See image

See image

See image

Roman emperor who divided the Roman empire in half (West/East)

Invaded Rome from the North

Invaded Rome from the East

Capital of the Western Roman Empire, fell in 476 CE.

Eastern Germanic people, paid by Rome until they attacked the city in 410 CE.

Nomadic group from Central Asia, attacked most of the Roman Empire

Leader of the Huns

In 476 CE, he killed the last Roman Emperor, thus bringing the Western Roman Empire to an end!

1. Empire too large/2. Government corrupt (people's values were gone: assassination, bribes, citizens fighting each other)/3. Patricians came back and hired soldiers to fight for them/4. Taxes and prices were too high, no one could afford food and land

Eastern Roman Emperor 500s CE. He wanted to reunite the empire and created a new law code. His wife Theodora was the bigger power behind his rule

A law code which simplified the laws for all Romans to follow (right to free speech, women's rights, etc.)

Renamed from the Eastern Roman Empire with the capital in Constantinople

People spoke Greek, practiced Orthodox Christianity, and beautiful Christian artwork and churches

In 1453 CE, the Ottoman Turks took over Constantinople

civilization in northern Africa that fought against Rome in the Punic Wars

a Roman consul who encouraged poor people to join the army; was killed for his ideas

a Roman consul who fought Marius for control of Rome; he won and named himself dictator, brutally killing his opponents

a former gladiator who led

See image

Rome defended themselves against attackers, they usually won and took their land

Someone who buys, sells, and trades goods

Roman leaders feared this would happen

lower class: could run for tribune, take part in assemblies, and the wealthy ones could run for Senate!

upper class: could become magistrates, take part in assemblies, and be part of the senate

Rome's second branch of government - the council of wealthy and powerful Romans (patricians, later wealthy plebeians) that advised city leaders and controlled finances (money)

Rome's third branch of government - protected the common people. Assemblies elected magistrates and tribunes could check other government leaders power through veto

forbid or prohibit

method of balancing power between the three branches: magistrates and tribunes were checked by only ruling for one year, while tribunes could veto decisions and consuls (magistrates) could lead the army and rule the city.

Rome's public meeting place where shopping, chat, gossip, speeches, and gladiator fights would take place

Rome's first written law code - displayed in the Forum and known only by the Patricians

hill in Rome where the grandest temples stood

hill in Rome where the richest people lived

duty to your city to attend assemblies and take part in elections

Mountain Range in Northern Italy

Mountain Range running throughout Italy

Mostly Warm, Dry Summers, Mild and Rainy Winters

Sunlight, Precipitation, Right Temperature

Trojan Warrior who fled Troy, reached Italy, joined the Latins and became their leader

Twin brothers raised by a she-wolf. They decided to build a city, but their could only be one ruler so Romulus killed Remis and named the city after himself in 753 BCE

Rule by a King or Queen

He was very cruel and was killed by nobles in 509 BCE

This was the type of government Rome changed to after the death of the last king. In it, people elect leaders to govern them

Leaders (except senators and assembly members) in the Republic were only elected for one year

During times of war, this person would be given absolute power and would step down after the emergency ended

First Roman Dictator. He was a farmer, chosen dictator, led Rome to victory, then he retired and went back to being a farmer

The three-part Roman Government: (Magistrates, Senate, Assembly/Tribune)

Marius (plebeians) vs. Sulla (patricians); Romans against Romans

groups of up to 6,000 soldiers

series of wars circa late 200s to mid 100s BCE; Rome vs. Carthage; Rome won

literature, art, philosophy, religion, and education

Rome defended themselves against attackers, they usually won and took their land

Tribunes who wanted to help poor Romans with land and food; both murdered for their ideas

Someone who buys, sells, and trades goods

Roman leaders feared this would happen

Rome's first branch of government - elected officials (only patricians). Judge Court Cases, led the army, organized festivals, and lead all of Rome's citizens. The top two magistrates were called consuls

two most powerful magistrates (only patricians): one would run the city, the other would lead the lead the army

method of balancing power between the three branches: magistrates and tribunes were checked by only ruling for one year, while tribunes could veto decisions and consuls (magistrates) could lead the army and rule the city.

No, most were lost and much of the writing we have came later

Roman public speaker, wanted Romans to limit the power of generals and bring back checks and balances...no one listened!

Roman consul who conquered all of Gaul, took over the Roman Republic after naming himself dictator for life, and was murdered by the Senate in 44 BCE

Modern day France

Queen of Egypt who married Marc Antony, working together to take on Octavian and Rome. They were defeated!

After Octavian changed his name to Augustus and called himself "princeps" and emperor of Rome 27 BCE

The Roman Peace, started after Augustus became first emperor and lasted almost 200 years! A time of great achievements like technology and architecture!

makes sure one branch does not get more powerful than the others

Group of people North of Rome, that gave Romans technology and culture

Carthaginian general, almost defeated Rome in the Punic Wars

Roman technology that carries water over long distances to cities

The main church of Western Europe (Rome)

The main church of Eastern Roman Empire after the split with the West

This was connected Asia to North America (through Alaska). It disappeared 18,000 years ago when the waters levels rose

To move from one place to another

People who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive

the first Americans who crossed from Asia into North America sometime between 38,000 and 10,000 BCE

Settling in one place, with societies farming and controlling food supplies

wandering, moving about from place to place

Before Christ

Anno Domini (in the year of our lord)

Before Common Era

Common Era

approximately, about

They were following the herds of animals to the American continents

Inca ruler who tried to expand and unite the empire

Inca language

Stonework

Tax paid with labor instead of money

Was strictly controlled by the government

Record keeping with ropes

The capital city of the Inca Empire

1400 - 1537

No written language

Did not pay mita and had more rights

Paid mita and had little freedom

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in 1537

Connected the entire empire together and kept the empire unified

Inca king who defeated his brother to claim the throne

Yucatan peninsula

Golden age 250-900CE

A building to study the stars

Yes

Had all the power

40 city-states, pyramids, trade, written and number system

Economic burden, war, lack of food, climate change

The Aztec Capital in Central Mexico, today Mexico City

YES!

1325-1521 CE

The Aztecs' floating gardens

Pyramids, Gold, Gems, Cloth, Astronomy, History, Calendar

This is how the Aztecs pleased the gods

Most important person! His duties were law, trade, tribute, and warfare

Collected taxes, judges, went to school to learn about their responsibilities

200,000 people, temples, market, palace, chinampas

Raised roads across water or wet ground

Warfare, Trade, and Tribute. Conquered neighboring tribes and took their gold!

Highly respected, only duty was to fight for their emperor

Could not own land and had no rights

MAYANS! (250-900 CE)

Mostly slaves and prisoners of war

Merchants traded goods, artisans made goods and constructed buildings

First Native Americans to cross into the Americas (38,000 BCE-10,000 BCE)

This bridge formed after the last Ice Age, with sea levels dropping and exposing the land bridge from Asia to the Americas

The people survived by hunting food and gathering wild plants

A giant sheet of moving ice

Before Common Era

Common Era

Before Christ/Anno Domini (Year of the Lord)

Asia was overpopulated/the Ice Age ended and the water levels rose, covering the bridge

Spanish conquistador, defeated the Aztecs

Ruler of the Aztecs who welcomed the Spanish and Cortes

Around (about that time)

Spanish Conquerors who came to the new world