What is servicescape?

Environment in which services are delivered and where the firm and customer interact

The range of services provided by the firm

Service Marketing | Quizalize

Define the following terms: BUSINESS PRODUCTION MARKETING FINANCE INDUSTRIAL BUSINESSES COMMERCIAL BUSINESSES SERVICE BUSINESSES INDUSTRY INNOVATION GLOBAL COMPETITION EFFECTIVENESS DOMESTIC GOODS FOREIGN GOODS OUTPUT PRODUCTIVITY DOWNSIZE EMPOWERMENT GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT UNDERGROUND ECONOMY ENTREPRENEUR FRANCHISE FRANCHISOR FRANCHISEE INTRAPRENEUR SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP LIMITED LIABILITY CORPORATION PARTNERSHIP CORPORATION START-UP INVESTOR CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Micromarketing is an advertising strategy that allows a corporation to target a niche group with a particular product or service. With micromarketing, a company defines an audience by a specific trait, such as gender or job title or age range, and then creates campaigns geared toward that specific group. Macro-marketing is a multidisciplinary domain that deals with the impact that marketing has on the economy and society. It specializes in marketing-society interrelationships, such as green marketing, fairness and ethics, social management, market control, consumer conduct, and others. Customer relations refers to the methods, strategies, and processes a company uses to build and maintain customer relationships. Every customer interaction has an impact, and it's more important than ever for companies to consistently meet expectations.s PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT is strategy involves the improvement of current products or services or the development of the new products with the purpose of increasing sales. MARKET DEVELOPMENT is a strategy involves the introduction of existing products or services into a new geographical area or market. STRATEGIC PLANNING a broad process that can address the entire business, or a portion of the business. PLANNING the process of predicting future events and conditions and of determining the best way to attain the goals and objectives of the organization. CUSTOMER VALUE relationship between benefits and the costs including money, stress, and time to sacrifice that is necessary to get those benefits. POLITENESS Saying ”hello”, good afternoon sir/ma’am, and thank you very much are a part of good customer services. PRODUCTION PROCESS it is the process must conform to standards in terms of product quality. RELATIONSHIP MARKETING involves creating, maintaining and enhancing strong relationships with customers and other stakeholders. KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATOR a tool used to check the marketing activities and to track performance to make sure the company is on track to meet specific objectives. REACTIVE salesperson sells the product and encourage the customer to call whenever he or she has any questions or problems. MARKET PENETRATION the objective of this strategy is to increase market share of current products or services in current markets through greater and more intensive marketing efforts. LIQUIDATION this involves selling all of a company’s assets, in parts or as a whole, for their tangible worth. PRICING TEST can be utilized by marketers to calculate a product’s or service’s optimal price, to determine price elasticity. POSITIONING the process of communicating the image of a brand into the minds of consumers. INDUSTRIES business organizations that purchase goods and services for the purpose of producing other products and services or for use in their products and operating processes.

New Trends in Agriculture Extension approaches Extension has been, and still is, under attack from a wide spectrum of politicians and economists over its cost and financing. As a result, Extension Systems have had to make changes, by restating the system’s mission, developing a new vision for the future, and formulating plans for the necessary transition to achieve the desired change. 1. Privatization of Agricultural Extension Service Privatization: Process of funding and delivering the extension services by private individual or organization is called Private Extension. Concept: Privatization of extension refers to services rendered in rural area & allied aspects of extension personnel working in private agencies or organization for which farmers are expected to pay a fee & it can be viewed as supplementary or alternative to public extension services (Sarvanan & Shivalinge 1980). Privatization approaches ➢ Share cropping system ➢ Village extension contract system ➢ Public extension through private delivery ➢ Service for vouchers Strengths of Private Extension System ➢ More demand - driven rather than supply – driven ➢ High quality of services in terms of satisfying information needs of clientele, trained manpower, sustained finances and resource allocation ➢ Provides for an information mix and choices available to farmers ➢ Enhanced efficiency of staff ➢ Assure continuous supply and quality agricultural products ➢ More effective because farmer can select an adviser who is the best able to help ➢ Healthy competition among service provider will lead to better quality and lower costs for service Weakness of Private Extension System ➢ Concentrate on area having favorable physical environment ➢ More face-to-face contacts (person oriented) ➢ Increased dependence of farmers and hence exploitation ➢ No education role ➢ Deprivation of small farmers ➢ Hamper the free flow of information 2. Cyber Extension or e-extension Concepts Cyber space: it is the imaginary or virtual space of computers connected with each other on Networks, across the Globe. Cyber extension: it means 'using the power of online networks, computer communications and digital interactive multimedia to facilitate dissemination of agriculture technology. Cyber Extension thus can be defined as the extension over cyber space. Important tools of cyber extension E-Mail, Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Gopher, Archie and World Wide Web (WWW) Strengths of Cyber Extension ➢ Access to the astounding information and continuously available ➢ Information rich and instantaneously available of information ➢ Interactive communication ➢ The information is available from any point on the globe ➢ Communication is dynamic ➢ Cut steps from traditional process ➢ Save money, time and effort ➢ Multiplicity of purpose Issues and Concerns of Cyber Extension ➢ Lack of Reliable Telecom Infrastructure in Rural Areas ➢ Erratic or no Power Supply ➢ Lack of ICT Trained manpower (willing to serve) in Rural Areas ➢ Lack of content (locally relevant and in local languages) ➢ Lack of Information Services to Rural Clientele ➢ Low Purchasing power of the Rural communities ➢ Lack of Holistic Approaches ➢ Issues of Sustainability Application of cyber extension ➢ Village information shops Dr. M.S. SwaminathanResearch Foundation, Chennai ➢ Information villagers MANAGE in Ranga Reddy District in Andhra pradesh ➢ Gyandoot net initiative of District Dhar, Madhya Pradesh. ➢ Warna wired village of National Informatics Center (NIC) in Kolhapur- Sangli Districts of Maharashtra 3. Market-Led-Extension (MLE) Concepts Market: A congregation of prospective buyers & sellers with a common motive of trading a particular commodity. Extension: It is the spreading/reaching out to the mass Market-led-extension: Agriculture & economics coupled with extension is the perfect blend for reaching at the door steps of common man with the help of technology. Dimensions of market-led extension ➢ Marketing mix: A planned mix of the controllable elements of a product's marketing plan commonly termed as 4Ps: product, price, place, and promotion. These four elements are adjusted until the right combination is found that serves the needs of the product's customers, while generating optimum income. ➢ Marketing plan: A marketing plan is a comprehensive document that outlines a business and marketing efforts for the coming year. It describes business activities involved in accomplishing specific marketing objectives within a set time frame. A marketing plan also includes a description of the current marketing position of a business, a discussion of the target market and a description of the marketing mix that a business will use to achieve their marketing goals. ➢ Market Intelligence: It is the information relevant to a company’s markets, gathered and analyzed specifically for the purpose of accurate and confident decision making. Market intelligence includes the process of gathering data from the company’s external environment, whereas the business intelligence process is primarily based on internal recorded events – such as sales, shipments and purchases. ➢ Market oriented production ➢ Use of Technology Strengths of market-led extension ➢ SWOT analysis of the market ➢ Organization of Farmers’ Interest Groups (FIGs) ➢ Enhancing the interactive and communication skills of the farmers ➢ Establishing marketing and agro-processing linkages ➢ Advice on product planning ➢ Educating the farming community ➢ Direct marketing ➢ Acquiring complete market intelligence ➢ Publication of agricultural market information Production of video films of success stories ➢ Challenges to market-led extension ➢ Gigantic size of extension system ➢ Information technology Diverse conditions ➢ Market intelligence ➢ Reforms in agricultural extension system Government Initiatives ➢ Central warehousing Corporation-1965 ➢ MSP by Commission for Agricultural Cost and Price (CACP) ➢ Food Corporation of India ➢ Then some others as: Cotton Corporation of India (CCI), Jute Corporation of India (JCI), National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), Agriculture and Processed food Export Development Authority (APEDA) etc. 4. Farmer--Led-Extension (FLE) Farmer--led-extension is defined as 'the provision of training by farmers to farmers, often through the creation of a structure of farmer promoters and farmer trainers' (Scarborough et al., 1997). Philosophy and principles ➢ Farmers and local institutions (e.g. producer organizations or village leaders) should play a key role in selecting farmer-trainers and monitoring and evaluating them. This helps make the programmes more accountable to the community or groups that they serve. ➢ Farmer-trainers are ‘of the community’; they communicate in local languages and are more sensitive to local cultures, mannerisms, farming practices, and farmers’ needs. ➢ Farmer-trainers should be selected on the basis of their skills and interest in sharing information, not just on their farming expertise. ➢ Farmer-trainers need strong linkages with and support from development agents (whether government, non-government organization (NGO), or private), the people who train and backstop them. Farmer-trainers generally serve as a complement to existing extension systems, rather than being a substitute for them. ➢ Facilitating organizations and local institutions need to be proactive in ensuring that women as well as men become farmer-trainers. ➢ Simple and appropriate reference materials should be made available to the farmer trainers. Essential Elements of Farmer--led-extension ➢ The group ➢ The Field ➢ The Facilitator ➢ The curriculum ➢ Programme leader ➢ Financing Special features of Farmer--led-extension ➢ All learning is field based & it is primary venue for learning ➢ FLE group learning constantly over the experimentation period ➢ FLE promotes healthy decisions & quality decisions ➢ Farmers conduct their own field studies with comparisons or treatments ➢ Facilitates Farmer-to-Farmer communication ➢ Field staff serve as facilitators ➢ FLE is a unique way to educate farmers ➢ It is an effective platform for sharing of experiences and collectively solving agriculture related problems. 5. Expert system Expert system is an intelligent computer program that uses knowledge and inferences procedures to solve problems (Daniel Hunt, 1986). Objectives of developing expert system ➢ To enhance the performance of agricultural extension personnel and farmer ➢ To make farming more efficient and profitable ➢ To reduce the time required in solving the problems ➢ To maintain the expert system by continuously upgrading the database Advantages of expert system ➢ Solves critical problems by making logical deductions without taking much time ➢ It combines experimental and conventional knowledge with the reasoning skills of specialists ➢ To enhance the performance of average worker to the level of an expert Limitations of expert system ➢ Expensive computer program ➢ Mostly developed not in regional languages ➢ Requires AC power and internet connection all the time ➢ Complex software requires computer skilled personnel Modules of expert system in agriculture ➢ COMAX: Integrated crop management in cotton ➢ SOYEX: Soybean oil extraction expert system ➢ PLANT/ds: Diagnosis of soybean diseases ➢ MAIZE: Maize expert system for field crop management ➢ SEMAGI: Weed control decision making in sunflowers ➢ Rice Crop Doctor: Developed by National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) Difference between conventional and expert system of extension Conventional Extension ➢ Universal approachability of same information is a problem ➢ Information is given whatever is available without considering needs and resources ➢ No Cost benefit analysis ➢ Information flow depends on availability of agent ➢ Require users to draw their own conclusion from facts Expert System of Extension ➢ Universal approachability of same information is possible ➢ Information is chosen based on their needs and resources ➢ Cost benefit analysis ➢ Information through Cyber Cafe at any place at any time ➢ Conclusion is drawn based on the decision given by the expert

4 min Qu’est-ce que la vente ? L’histoire de la vente remonte de très loin, du temps de la mythologie avec Mercure qui a été considéré comme étant le dieu du commerce. Ainsi, la pratique existe déjà depuis plus de 6 000 ans. Les premières techniques de vente ont vu le jour vers 350 avec Aristote. Il faudra attendre plusieurs siècles avant d’arriver à la méthode de vente telle que nous la définissons aujourd’hui, avec le client placé au centre du processus. Quelques définitions de la vente Dans le cadre d’une vente, un vendeur cède un produit ou un service à un acheteur en contrepartie d’une somme d’argent. Ce qui différencie la vente de la notion de troc ou d’échange. Juridiquement parlant, l’article 1582 du Code civil définit la vente comme étant « une convention par laquelle l’un s’oblige à livrer une chose, et l’autre à la payer ». Le contrat de vente peut être établi par écrit ou verbalement. Il peut alors s’agir d’une prestation ou d’un bien corporel. Toutefois, certains types de vente doivent suivre une réglementation particulière. Notamment la vente de fonds de commerce, la vente à crédit ou encore la vente à domicile. En d’autres termes, la vente désigne l’ensemble des méthodes et des actions effectuées par un commercial, dont le but est de vendre quelque chose à une tierce personne. La vente est ainsi le résultat d’un accord ou d’une négociation entre le vendeur et l’acheteur. Que peut-on vendre ? La vente ne se limite pas seulement à un produit. Il est possible de fournir des services, des prestations, des formations et bien plus encore. Le domaine de la vente est très vaste. En effet, on peut amener une personne à acheter une vision ou un avis politique, la convaincre de choisir un projet plutôt qu’un autre et ce ne sont que des exemples parmi tant d’autres. Quelle différence y a-t-il entre la vente et le marketing ? On a tendance à confondre ces deux termes. Or, le marketing et la vente désignent deux disciplines différentes – bien que complémentaires – et ayant le même but. Celui de générer des revenus pour améliorer le chiffre d’affaires d’une entreprise. À ce titre, l’un ne va pas sans l’autre. Les activités de marketing Le marketing se concentre davantage sur le marché. Autrement dit, le responsable marketing se focalisera plus sur les besoins des clients et des prospects et sur l’élaboration d’une solution pour répondre à leurs attentes. Ainsi, il fera en sorte que la vente ait lieu. Pour ce faire, il se chargera du matériel promotionnel allant des simples brochures à l’organisation de salons. Le marketeur se voit ainsi attribuer deux missions. Premièrement, présenter une proposition attrayante en se basant sur les besoins des consommateurs qui sont identifiés à l’avance. Et deuxièmement, créer et entretenir une relation durable et de confiance avec eux. Les activités de vente ou « sales » L’agent marketing attire le client vers un produit ou une marque. Quand cela est fait, c’est au vendeur de prendre le flambeau. Ce dernier prend contact avec la clientèle dans le but d’une acquisition par celle-ci. Le plus dur dans le travail du commerçant est de transformer les leads ou prospects en véritables clients. La vente est la discipline qui conduit le prospect à l’acte d’achat. Pour être plus clair, le marketing vise à attirer le prospect dans la boutique tandis que la vente l’amène à faire des achats pour qu’il devienne un client. Quelles sont les différentes formes de vente ? Dans un cadre BtoB ou BtoC, on distingue de nombreuses formes de vente régies ou non par une réglementation spécifique. Les ventes hors établissement Appelées également « contrats hors établissement », les ventes hors établissement ont lieu lorsque le contrat est réglé en dehors de l’établissement commercial. Le démarchage à domicile et le porte-à-porte en font partie. Toutefois, pour éviter les abus qui sont de plus en plus fréquents, des dispositions ont été prises pour protéger le consommateur. La vente en liquidation Également réglementée, la vente en liquidation est effectuée lorsqu’un commerçant doit déstocker sa marchandise ou écouler un assortiment de biens à cause d’une circonstance déterminée. Elle ne peut se faire que pendant deux mois tout au plus et doit s’accompagner d’une publicité et d’une réduction de prix, parfois à perte. Elle est autorisée dans le cas où le commerçant souhaiterait suspendre, arrêter ou changer d’activité. Les ventes en soldes Tous les semestres, les entreprises sont autorisées à vendre leurs produits à un prix très réduit. Les périodes de soldes sont réglementées par le Livre VI du CDE (Code du droit économique) afférent aux pratiques du marché et à la protection du consommateur. Elles se situent du 3 au 31 janvier inclus et du 1er au 31 juillet inclus. Comme pour le cas de la liquidation, il se peut que l’entreprise effectue une vente à perte. Le e-commerce ou le commerce électronique La vente par Internet ou la vente en ligne est régie par une réglementation relative au contrat et à la vente à distance. L’entreprise conclut la vente par l’intermédiaire de réseaux informatiques et, à ce titre, un paiement électronique peut être nécessaire. En tant que commercialisation à distance, aucune présence physique simultanée des deux parties n’est indispensable. Les ventes aux enchères ou les ventes publiques À la différence des autres formes de vente, l’enchère publique met en place une méthode de mise en concurrence transparente, car le bien est attribué au plus offrant. L’organisation d’une vente publique est aussi gérée par le Livre VI du CDE. Les réglementations concernant les contrats à distance ainsi que la vente hors établissement peuvent ainsi être appliquées. Il existe des locaux spécialement destinés pour ce type de vente et seuls des biens usagés peuvent être mis en vente.

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