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Sit Ins
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Civil Rights Lesson One - Civil Rights An Introduction, Introduction to Civil Rights The 50s, The Montgomery Bus Boycott, Sit-ins
Dr. King's Memorial Introduction. A memorial in Washington, D.С., honors Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The memorial has a large sculpture of Dr. King and famous words that he said. Who was Dr. King, and why do we remember him? Dr. King was a great leader. He wanted equal rights for all people, no matter their race, or color. The South. Dr. King grew up in Georgia, a state in the South, in the 1930s. Racism was common in the South, and many laws were unfair to black people. The laws kept black people and white people separate from each other. Black children had to go to different schools from white children. Black people had to use different drinking fountains from white people. Laws said black people had to sit at the backs of city buses. The front seats were only for white people. Black people also rode in different railroad cars than white people. Black people weren't allowed to use the same restrooms as white people. Dr. King's Work. Dr. King wanted the unfair laws to change. He wanted the laws to treat people of all races equally. He talked to many people about how to change the laws. Dr. King wanted to use peaceful ways to make changes. He said there was already too much hate in the world to use violence. Dr. King and his followers marched with many people as a peaceful way to fight racism. They hoped to get the unfair laws changed. They also protested racism by peacefully refusing to follow the unfair laws. For example, they held sit-ins. They sat at counters where only white people were allowed to sit. Refusing to move, some people were arrested by the police, including Dr. King. New Laws. Dr. King and his followers worked hard for years. Finally, in 1964, the government changed the unfair laws. The new laws are much fairer. It is now against the law to treat people differently because of their race. Black children and white children can go to the same schools. Everyone can sit where they want on buses and trains, and in restaurants. The same water fountains and restrooms can be used by every race. Dr. King's Dream. Dr. King wanted all people to be free under the law. He wanted laws that were fair to everyone. Hе dreamed that people of every color would get along. When we visit his memorial, we remember Dr. King and his dream of fair laws and free people. We carry on the work that Dr. King began.
The Civil Rights Movement in the United States was a pivotal period in history that aimed to secure equal rights and end segregation and discrimination against Black Americans. Let's explore some key aspects of this important movement: Which movement fought for equal rights for Black Americans? The Civil Rights Movement What was one of the main goals of the Civil Rights Movement? Ending racial segregation and discrimination Who was a prominent leader in the Civil Rights Movement known for his "I Have a Dream" speech? Martin Luther King Jr. Where did the famous bus boycott led by Rosa Parks take place? Montgomery, Alabama What event marked the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement? Rosa Parks' bus boycott Which organization was founded by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against racial segregation and discrimination? SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) The Civil Rights Act of 1964 aimed to: End racial segregation What peaceful protest did Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. lead in Washington D.C.? March on Washington Which event led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965? Bloody Sunday in Selma Who was the first Black student to desegregate an all-white school in the South? Ruby Bridges What impact did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 have on U.S. society? Ended racial segregation in public places The Civil Rights Movement inspired other movements for equality, including the: Women's Rights Movement Which city was the location of a series of nonviolent protests led by Dr. King in 1963? Birmingham The Civil Rights Act of 1968 aimed to prevent: Discrimination in housing What was the purpose of the sit-in movement during the Civil Rights Movement? To protest against racial segregation Who inspired the Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger? Rosa Parks What form of protest did students use during the Civil Rights Movement to challenge segregation at lunch counters? Sit-ins Which Supreme Court case declared state laws establishing separate public schools for Black and White students unconstitutional? Brown v. Board of Education In what state did the famous Selma to Montgomery March for voting rights take place in 1965? Alabama What strategy did Civil Rights activists use to draw attention to their cause, as exemplified by the Birmingham Campaign? Nonviolent direct action
1. Sit down – Sit on a chair or lower your body. Example: "Please sit down and relax." (Сядьте и расслабьтесь.) 2. Lie down – Recline or rest horizontally. Example: "You should lie down if you're tired." (Тебе следует прилечь, если ты устал.) 3. Turn down – Refuse an offer or reduce volume/heat. Example: "She turned down the job offer." (Она отказалась от предложения о работе.) 4. Slow down – Reduce speed. Example: "Slow down! The road is icy." (Сбавь скорость! Дорога скользкая.) 5. Calm down – Become less angry or anxious. Example: "Calm down and tell me what happened." (Успокойся и расскажи, что случилось.) 6. Break down – Stop working (machine) or lose control emotionally. Example: "My car broke down yesterday." (Моя машина сломалась вчера.) 7. Write down – Record something on paper. Example: "Write down the phone number." (Запиши номер телефона.) 8. Put down – Place something on a surface or insult someone. Example: "Put down the book on the table." (Положи книгу на стол.) 9. Bring down – Reduce (prices, temperature) or make someone sad. Example: "The news brought her down." (Новость расстроила ее.) 10. Cut down – Reduce consumption (e.g., food, expenses). Example: "I need to cut down on sugar." (Мне нужно сократить потребление сахара.) 11. Let down – Disappoint someone. Example: "He let me down by not coming." (Он меня подвел, не прийдя.) 12. Shut down – Close a business or turn off a machine. Example: "The factory shut down last year." (Фабрика закрылась в прошлом году.) 13. Knock down – Demolish or hit someone to the ground. Example: "They knocked down the old building." (Они снесли старое здание.) 14. Settle down – Start living a stable life or calm down. Example: "They want to settle down and have kids." (Они хотят остепениться и завести детей.) 15. Go down – Decrease or descend. Example: "The price of gas went down." (Цена на бензин снизилась.) 16. Come down – Move from a higher place or become cheaper. Example: "Come down the stairs carefully." (Спускайся по лестнице осторожно.) 17. Hold down – Keep a job or suppress something. Example: "He holds down two jobs." (Он работает на двух работах.) 18. Burn down – Destroy by fire.
Some Arctic Dinos Lived in Herds
By Sid Perkins
Just as interesting, however, is how this was discovered. Scientists didn’t look at a single fossil bone.
Instead, they analyzed a large number of preserved footprints on a mountainside located toward the
southern end of central Alaska.
Anthony Fiorillo works at the Perot Museum of Nature and Science in Dallas, Texas. As a vertebrate
paleontologist, he studies the fossils of creatures with backbones. In 2007, he was part of a research
team exploring Denali National Park. “We rounded the corner and there they were,” he recalls.
Thousands of footprints had been preserved in stone. “It was amazing.”
Dinosaurs died out more than 65 million years ago (not
counting birds, their modern-day relatives). So, it’s a bit
surprising that scientists know so much about these
ancient creatures. Now, a new study reveals that a certain
type of duckbilled dinosaur lived in the Arctic year-round.
These animals also traveled in herds that included many
age groups, they find. The creatures even appear to have
gone through a “teenage growth spurt.”
Those tracks pepper a steep patch of exposed rock about twice as
long as a football field and up to 60 meters (roughly 200 feet) wide.
They sit at least 160 kilometers (100 miles) north of the Gulf of Alaska.
Between 69 million and 72 million years ago, that now-rocky material
was muddy sediment on a floodplain near a seacoast, Fiorillo explains.
The hadrosaurs walked across the squishy mud. Later, the footprints
they left turned to stone.
Previous studies suggested adult duckbills took care of their young,
says Fiorillo. The new evidence that these dinosaurs truly traveled in
herds with multiple age groups confirms that parents cared for their
young well beyond the time they left the nest, his team concludes. The
researchers published their findings June 30 in Geology.
© Science News for Students
Thousands of tracks cover this
rocky mountainside in Alaska’s
Denali National Park. They
provide a wealth of information
about the size, age and lifestyle
of certain dinosaurs.
COURTESY OF PEROT MUSEUM OF
NATURE AND SCIENCE
EVIDENCE FOR HERDS O F DINOSAURS
Small meat-eating dinosaurs called theropods had left behind a few of the tracks that Fiorillo’s team
found in Denali. Birds had left some others. But the vast majority came from creatures called
hadrosaurs. These large plant-eating duckbilled dinosaurs had been quite common during the
Cretaceous Period. That helps explain one of their nicknames: “cattle of the Cretaceous.”
For the new study, the researchers focused only on the hadrosaur tracks. More than half of the
footprints were preserved so well that they had clear impressions of the skin on the dinosaurs’ feet.
Most tracks had a similar level of preservation. That suggests all were probably left within a short
period. Other fossils in the nearby rocks, including insect burrows, suggest these hadrosaurs had left
their footprints during the summer. These are trace fossils — evidence of ancient life other than a
preserved carcass or bone.
At the time these dinosaurs lived, Fiorillio says, the average temperature in the warmest months was
between 10° and 12° Celsius (50° and 54° Fahrenheit). That’s about what conditions are like today
along the border between Canada and the lower 48 U.S. states, he notes.
The team measured a large sample of the duckbills’ footprints. They fell into four distinct size ranges.
The largest tracks, presumably made by adults, measured about 64 centimeters (25 inches) across. The
smallest tracks, 8 centimeters (3 inches) wide, were likely left by young duckbills. They would have
been no more than a year old. Tracks of two other size groups were probably made by juveniles and
near-adults.
These data suggest the community of hadrosaurs included four different age groups.
© Science News for Students
A hadrosaur footprint made
roughly 70 million years ago. For
scale, the long blue bar at right is
10 centimeters long; each small
blue or white bar measures 1
centimeter.
COURTESY OF PEROT MUSEUM OF NATURE
AND SCIENCE
© Science News for Students
THESE DINOSAURS DIDN’T MIGRATE
About 84 percent of the tracks sampled for the new study had been left by older hadrosaurs — adults or
near-adults. Roughly 13 percent came from the youngest members of the herd. And a mere 3 percent
came from herd members considered to be juveniles, says Fiorillo. The rarity of tracks by these tweens
suggests that the young of this species had a rapid growth spurt. If true, they would have spent relatively
little time at this vulnerable size — and therefore left very few tracks.
“What’s really neat is how many small tracks there are,” notes Anthony Martin. An ichnologist — or
expert in trace fossils — he works at Emory University in Atlanta, Ga.
Other scientists had analyzed fossil bones from duckbills. These studies had hinted that the equivalent of
adolescent hadrosaurs would have experienced growth spurts. But the new findings are “the best
evidence that I’ve seen,” says Eric Snively. He’s a vertebrate paleontologist at the University of Wisconsin-
La Crosse. “This is a great study,” he adds, “and further evidence that juvenile hadrosaurs grew up in an
eye-blink.”
Also previously, researchers had proposed that Arctic dinosaurs migrated farther south for the winter.
That’s because even if the region was much warmer than it is today, nights in the high Arctic would have
been 24 hours long. So, with no sunshine for several months, Alaska would have had long periods of very
bleak, chilly weather.
But finding juveniles in the herd
strongly suggests that these
dinosaurs remained in the Arctic all
year. That’s because adolescents and
preadolescents wouldn’t have had
the strength or stamina to make
those long treks, Fiorillo maintains.
Field work is often harsh. Paleontologists studying the dinosaur
footprints here on an Alaskan mountainside sometimes worked
in cold and fog.
COURTESY OF PEROT MUSEUM OF NATURE AND SCIENCE
© Science News for Students
The presence of very young dinosaurs might have been expected, he notes: If this were a nesting region,
the babies would have hatched sometime just before summer. And remember, that’s when these tracks
were left. But that wouldn’t explain the juveniles, he says.
The team’s findings “suggest that these dinosaurs were overwintering in Alaska somehow,” says Snively.
At the time, the average temperature in the region remained above freezing even during the winter, he
notes. But, he adds, “this study raises interesting issues about how the dinosaurs could live in the region
when it was pretty dark for several months at a time.”
Where’s the Joey? What's a Joey? A joey is a baby marsupial (mar-SOO-pee-ul). A marsupial is an unusual type of animal. Its babies are carried in a pouch, or pocket, on the mother's belly. As it grows, the little joey stays hidden inside the pouch. Safe inside, the tiny joey drinks milk and grows while it is carried around. Even after it can walk, the joey may still ride in mom's pouch. There are over three hundred types of marsupials. Most of them live in Australia (aw-STRAYL-yuh) and eat plants. Let's look at a few kinds of marsupials and their joeys. A Jumping Joey This joey stays in its mother's pouch for eight months while it grows very tall. Its feet and tail grow very long. too. Can you guess what it is? It's a red kangaroo! A red kangaroo is the largest marsupial. It can stand over six feet tall and weigh 200 lbs (91 kg). It can jump 30 feet (9 m) with each leap! A Joey That Lives in a Tree When grown, this little joey will look like a furry teddy bear with big ears. It will live most of its life sitting in trees and eating leaves. Can you guess what it is? It's a koala! A koala lives, eats, and sleeps in eucalyptus (yoo-kuh-LIP-tus) trees. It is happy just to sit anp eat lots of leaves every day. A koala usually only walks around at night. Joey the Screamer This marsupial mom might carry three or four noisy joeys in her pouch at one time. Her little joeys can scream very loudly. What are they? They are Tasmanian devils! The Tasmanian devil gets its name from its loud screams, sharp teeth, bad smell, and wild look. It is a meat-eater, and lives only on the island of Tasmania (taz-MAY-nee-uh). Protecting the Marsupials Most marsupials eat plants, and many, like the koala, live quietly in forests. When those forests are cut down, their homes, food, and safety are lost. Other marsupials have lost their sources of food to herds of grazing cows or growing cities. Marsupials Are Special Animals Most marsupials and their joeys live in only one place on Earth. We need to protect their special habitats and food sources-so we will always know where the joeys are.
How Glooskap Found Summer Long ago, it grew very cold. Ice and snow covered the land. Fires could not keep people warm, and corn could not grow. Glooskap, the leader of the people, had to do something. Glooskap traveled far to the north. Everywhere he looked was cold and white with snow. He came to a house made of solid ice where a giant named Winter lived. Winter greeted Glooskap and invited him inside his house. Winter began to tell stories of the time when he ruled the Earth. Soon Glooskap fell asleep under Winter's spell. But Glooskap's messenger, Tatler, woke him. "Wake up, Glooskap!" said the bird. "In the south, you will find a woman who can defeat Winter," said Tatler. Glooskap traveled far to the south. He came to a land where it was warm and sunny. Grass grew and flowers bloomed in the beautiful land. Glooskap saw spirits dancing in a circle. At the center of the circle was Summer. She wore a crown of flowers in her long brown hair. Glooskap asked Summer to come north with him. She followed him to Winter's house of ice. Winter invited them in and asked them to sit down. He began to tell stories again. But Winter's spells could not capture Summer. She began to chant her own spell, and sweat ran down Winter's face. "I am stronger than you," said Summer. "You must leave this land and thaw your icy breath," she said. 10 Winter wept, and his tears became rivers of melted snow and ice. The corn grew, and flowers bloomed again. Summer told Winter, "You will have your own land in the north. It will always be winter there. You may come and visit other lands for part of the year. But in the spring, I will drive you out." Since that day, Winter has ruled for part of the year. But every spring, Summer drives him away. Sometimes it seems as if winter will never end. But Summer is stronger than Winter. Spring will always come.
Whose Eggs Are These? Many animals lay eggs. Eggs can be strange and beautiful. These eggs are in a nest of twigs and soft grass. They are a beautiful sky blue. Do you know whose eggs these are? These are robin eggs. These tiny eggs are on the bottom of a leaf. They can be round like pearls, or they can be spiny. Whose eggs are these? They are butterfly eggs. There are many eggs in this tiny case. It looks like light brown cotton candy, but it is made of silk. Whose eggs are these? They are spider eggs. You can find them near spider webs. These large eggs aren’t in a nest or case. They sit on cold rocks. But feathers help keep them warm. Whose eggs are these? These are penguin eggs. Penguins keep eggs warm with their feet and feathers. This strange egg floats in the ocean. It is inside a small, tough case. Whose egg could this be? This is a shark egg. These eggs float on a pond. There are tiny fish-shaped things inside each egg. Whose eggs are these? They are not fish eggs. They are frog eggs. The fish-shaped things are tadpoles.