The voice in the text that tells the story or, in nonfiction, the author/speaker

In fiction, it is generally the narrator - NOT necessarily the author

The time and place of the piece as well as the context that gave rise to the writing, the event that triggered the response

Consider the historical background of the piece and how it fits into this context.

The group of readers/ listeners to whom a piece is directed. It may be one person, a small group, or a large group

Generally, there is a primary and a secondary one. The primary one is the particular individual or group the speaker is addressing while the secondary one is the individual or group other than the intended primary one who will also hear or read the text.

The reason behind the creation of the text. In fiction, it is usually the theme.

Consider if the speaker is trying to inform, explain, or persuade in the text. What does the speaker want the audience to think, do, feel, say, or choose as a result of reading/listening to the piece?

The general topic, content, and ideas contained in the text.

The attitude of the speaker towards the subject.

It can be determined by examining the author's diction (word choice), syntax (sentence structure), and imagery.

The art of using language effectively and persuasively. It is the study of the effective use of language.

It examines WHAT someone has to say about a subject and HOW language is used to effectively communicate the ideas.

Refers to the trustworthiness or credibility of the writer or speaker

Concerned with how the writer or speaker's character is established

Aristotle believed that these three things helped inspire confidence in the writer or speaker:

Refers to the appeal to reason

It includes the specific, explicit reasons that the writer or speaker provides and the evidence to support that position.

Refers to the appeal to emotions

The psychological aspect of rhetoric that establishes a state of reception in the audience.

It causes the audience to respond emotionally but also to identify with the writer or speaker's point of view (to feel what the writer or speaker feels).

The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines

A question that is posed for emphasis, not requiring an answer

An indirect reference to literature, history, or popular culture

a direct comparison of two unlike things

a comparison of two unlike things using the words "like" or "as"

"But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity" is an example of

"It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked “insufficient funds" is an example of

"We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro’s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one" is an example of

"In the following pages I offer nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments, and common sense; and have no other preliminaries to settle with the reader, than that he will divest himself of prejudice and prepossession, and suffer his reason and his feelings to determine for themselves" is an example of Paine's use of

" Arms, as the last resource, decide the contest; the appeal was the choice of the king, and the continent hath accepted the challenge" is an example of Paine's use of

"Should a thought so fatal and unmanly possess the colonies in the present contest, the name of ancestors will be remembered by future generations with detestation" is an example of Paine's use of

"The least fracture now will be like a name engraved with the point of a pin on the tender rind of a young oak; the wound will enlarge with the tree, and posterity read it in full grown characters" is an example of

"Small islands not capable of protecting themselves, are the proper objects for kingdoms to take under their care; but there is something very absurd, in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island. In no instance hath nature made the satellite larger than its primary planet, and as England and America, with respect to each other, reverses the common order of nature, it is evident they belong to different systems" is an example of Paine's use of

"I am not induced by motives of pride, party, or resentment to espouse the doctrine of separation and independence; I am clearly, positively, and conscientiously persuaded that it is the true interest of this continent to be so" is an example of Paine's use of

" But different men often see the same subject in different lights; and, therefore, I hope that it will not be thought disrespectful to those gentlemen, if entertaining, as I do, opinions of a character very opposite to theirs, I shall speak forth my sentiments freely, and without reserve" is an example of Henry's use of

"We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth—and listen to the song of the siren till she transforms us into beasts" is an example of Henry's use of

" Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss" is an example of

"Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called in to win back our love?" is an example of

"I ask gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array if its purpose be not to force us to submission? Can gentlemen assign any other possible motives for it? Has Great Britain any enemy, in this quarter of the world to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies? No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us: they can be meant for no other" is an example of Henry's use of

The tone of Henry's statement "Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called in to win back our love? " is BEST described as

"We have petitioned—we have remonstrated–we have supplicated—we have prostrated ourselves before the throne" is an example of

"They tell us, sir, that we are weak—unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house? " is an example of

"There is no retreat, but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged, their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable—and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come! " is an example of Henry's use of

Henry's famous line "give me liberty, or give me death!" is an example of

Sojourner Truth's famous line "And ain’t I a woman?" is an example of

"If my cup won’t hold but a pint, and yours holds a quart, wouldn’t you be mean not to let me have my little half measure full?" is an example of

"If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again!" is an example of

"in Europe they were as so many useless plants, wanting vegetative mold, and refreshing showers; they withered, and were mowed down by want, hunger, and war; but now by the power of transplantation, like all other plants they have taken root and flourished! " is an example of

Who is the stated speaker in DeCrevecoeur's "Letters from an American Farmer"?

Who is the stated audience in DeCrevecoeur's "Letters from an American Farmer"?

Who is the implied speaker in DeCrevecoeur's "Letter from an American Farmer"?

Who is the implied audience for DeCrevecoeur's "Letter from an American Farmer"?

What is the subject of DeCrevecoeur's "Letter from an American Farmer"?

What is the purpose of DeCrevecoeur's "Letter from an American Farmer"?

What is the primary tone of DeCrevecoeur's "Letter from an American Farmer"?