Question 1

Which of the following is an example of target hardening?

Accepted Answer

Locking windows at home

Answer

zero tolerance policing

Answer

Displacement

Answer

Surveillance

Question 2

What was the effect of the crackdown on 'squeegee merchants'?

Accepted Answer

50% fall in homicide rate

Answer

28% fall in homicide rate

Answer

25% fall in homicide rate

Answer

55% fall in homicide rate

Question 3

Who said the success of zero tolerance methods was overblown?

Accepted Answer

Young

Answer

Kelling

Answer

Durkheim

Answer

Foucault

Question 4

What did Chaiken say happened when there was a crackdown on subway robberies in New York?

Accepted Answer

Displacement

Answer

50% fall in homicides

Answer

Broken windows

Answer

Surveillance

Question 5

Which word means "a central watchtower in prison in the middle of all the cells"?

Accepted Answer

Panopticon

Answer

Surveillance

Answer

Disciplinary power

Answer

Zero tolerance

Question 6

What did Norris find about CCTV?

Accepted Answer

It was ineffective

Answer

It changed people's behaviour

Answer

It worked well

Answer

Its success was overblown

Question 7

What did Goffman criticise Foucault for?

Accepted Answer

Overestimating control of panopticon

Answer

Ignoring root causes of crime

Answer

Displacing crime elsewhere

Answer

Not deterring offenders

Question 8

What are the two main justifications for punishment?

Accepted Answer

Reduction in crime, Retribution

Answer

Reduction in crime, Rehabilitation

Answer

Reduction in crime, Restitution

Answer

Expressive view, Retribution

Question 9

Which view of punishment means: "a means to an end"?

Accepted Answer

Instrumental view

Answer

Marxist view

Answer

Functionalist view

Answer

Expressive view

Question 10

Which perspective argues punishment should uphold social solidarity?

Accepted Answer

Functionalism

Answer

Social Action

Answer

Marxism

Answer

Foucault

Question 11

According to Functionalists, what is the purpose of justice in modern society?

Accepted Answer

Restitution

Answer

Retribution

Answer

Rehabilitation

Answer

Supporting capitalism

Question 12

Who argued that the form of punishment in society mirrors its economic system?

Accepted Answer

Rusche and Kirchheimer

Answer

Durkheim

Answer

Garland

Answer

Downes

Question 13

Who said we are in an era of mass incarceration?

Accepted Answer

Garland

Answer

Simon

Answer

Goffman

Answer

Downes

Question 14

Which term means "advocating increasing sentence lengths and harsher prison environments"?

Accepted Answer

Populist punitiveness

Answer

Mass incarceration

Answer

Enlightenment

Answer

Displacement

Question 15

Which of the following is not a reason for the increase in incarceration?

Accepted Answer

Sovereign Power

Answer

Ideology

Answer

Racism

Answer

War on drugs

Question 16

Who came up with the idea that a victim is a social construct?

Accepted Answer

Christie

Answer

Miers

Answer

Garland

Answer

Newburn and Rock

Question 17

What did Newburn and Rock find?

Accepted Answer

Homeless people 12x more likely to have experienced violence

Answer

Homeless people 5x more likely to have experienced violence

Answer

Homeless people 8x more likely to have experienced violence

Answer

Homeless people 10x more likely to have experienced violence

Question 18

What percentage of homicide victims are male?

Accepted Answer

70%

Answer

50%

Answer

90%

Answer

60%

Question 19

Give one example of a crime women are more likely to experience?

Accepted Answer

Domestic violence

Answer

Assault

Answer

Homicide

Answer

Theft

Question 20

Which approach to victimology has been accused of victim-blaming?

Accepted Answer

Positivist

Answer

Conflict

Answer

Critical

Answer

Displacement

Question 21

What did Von Hentig find about victims?

Accepted Answer

They shared 13 characteristics

Answer

They were all unique

Answer

They should be blamed for the crime

Answer

They were victims of crimes of passion

Question 22

What is victim precipitation?

Accepted Answer

When the victim has done something to trigger the events prior to the homicide.

Answer

Ignoring wider structural factors in victimology

Answer

Victim-blaming

Answer

Victim-raining

Question 23

What is structural powerlessness?

Accepted Answer

Inequalities in society which reduce the power of individuals

Answer

Having no control over your life

Answer

Victim-blaming

Answer

The victim is a construct

Question 24

What type of crimes did Tombs and Whyte study?

Accepted Answer

Safety crimes

Answer

Homicides

Answer

Petty crimes

Answer

Green crimes

Question 25

What term means: "failure to identify the individual as a victim"?

Accepted Answer

De-labelling

Answer

Victim-blaming

Answer

Conflict approach

Answer

Social Construct

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