Social and Economic Expansion in 18th c. Europe

Land was not divided, so the lord of the manor could directly control agricultural techniques and introduce farming innovations.

Land was not divided but worked communally as villages labored in large fields side by side.

Land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges.

Land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.

They were bound to a lord's feudal manor and worked the lord's land as part of a long series of feudal obligations.

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

They were technically free but suffered under a system of debt obligation to feudal lords who prevented them from owning their own land.

They were free to own small plots of land but never enough to fully support themselves, requiring them to continue to work the land of the local lord, who owned a vast majority of it.

created an alliance with the Dutch against the French.

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.

restricted English banks from making foreign loans.

prevented the American colonists from building ships.

He demonstrated that slow oxen that produced more manure were preferred for plowing than swifter-moving horses.

He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research.

He caused a rural rebellion and ultimately the demise of the enclosure movement after burning his fields rather than enclosing them.

He paved the way for peasants to own land--after he became the first non-noblemen to be England's largest landowner.

completely eradicated famine owing to increased supply lines.

banned foreign soldiers from entering towns.

improved water supply and sewage systems.

blocked off roads and canals to prevent the spread of disease.

primarily in regions that saw substantial agricultural innovations.

primarily in prosperous regions that were establishing colonial lands in Asia and the Americas.

only in a few regions that were able to avoid warfare.

in all regions.

The European colonies became an alternate source for food that could be used to overcome poor harvests.

A return to the open-field system evened out food distribution and helped to prevent food shortages.

Advances in agricultural methods produced abundant food supplies and eradicated famine.

Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.

The workers purchased the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capitalist money.

The rural poor worked for law wages.

Rural workers were highly skilled in a number of crafts.

Production in the countryside could be carefully supervised by merchant capitalists.

was reserved for the male head of household.

was somewhat dangerous, and children were forbidden from helping with it.

was considered a woman's job, as were most of the sewing crafts.

generally only occupied one person, leading other family members to farm or seek outside employment.

poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.

merchant capitalists gaining greater authority over workers and forcing them into factories.

the reduction of holidays and festivals by the state in order to create more workdays during the year.

efforts by Protestant and Catholic churches to combat sin by promoting a gospel of prosperity and industry.

provided the foundation for Great Britain's economic growth, since the guilds were strongly supported under British law.

inhibited the development of the economy through its rigid rules and their strict application.

was in the process of collapse as new technologies made guild regulations obsolete

remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules.

The control over slave trade routes to support colonial development i the Caribbean

The ability of each to establish effective systems to supply expanding militaries

The preeminent position in continental Europe with the ability to shape domestic policy in many nations

The position of Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

larger empires and more wars.

more wars and likely fewer people.

greater prosperity and a growing population.

more consumer goods and greater prosperity.

created an exaggerated sense of their "Spanish-ness" to distinguish themselves from the local peoples.

largely abandoned European cultural forms and practices in order to create a new Latin American culture.

had so thoroughly merged with local populations as to be indistinguishable from them.

came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain.

They settled in the colonies but were forbidden from practicing the Jewish faith.

They were welcomed in colonies desperate for European settlers as full citizens equal with Christian settlers.

They were considered heretical people subject to enslavement and lacking all rights.

They faced political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved.