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SO-II Examen Unidad II
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SOII Examen UIII Examen UI SOIIPHOTOSYNTHESIS LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION 1. Photosystem II (PSII) – Light Absorption & Water Splitting • Light energy (photons) excites electrons in chlorophyll molecules. • These high-energy electrons leave PSII and are passed into the electron transport chain (ETC). • Meanwhile, water molecules are split (photolysis) into: o O₂ (released as a by-product into the atmosphere) o H⁺ ions (protons, which build up inside the thylakoid) o Electrons (e⁻), which replace the ones lost by PSII. 2. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • Excited electrons move through protein carriers embedded in the thylakoid membrane. • As they move, their energy pumps H⁺ ions into the thylakoid space, creating a proton gradient (high H⁺ inside, low outside). 3. ATP Production (ATP Synthase) • The buildup of H⁺ ions acts like a “waterfall” of potential energy. • These protons flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase, a protein complex that acts like a turbine. • This flow drives the conversion of ADP + Pi → ATP, which provides energy for the Calvin cycle. 4. Photosystem I (PSI) • Electrons arriving from the ETC enter PSI. • Sunlight excites them again, boosting them to a higher energy level. 5. NADPH Production • The energized electrons are transferred to NADP⁺. • Along with a proton (H⁺), this forms NADPH, another energy carrier. • NADPH is then delivered to the Calvin cycle to help build glucose. End Products of Light-Dependent Reactions: • ATP (energy source for Calvin cycle) • NADPH (reducing power for glucose synthesis) • O₂ (released into the atmosphere as waste) Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) • These reactions do not directly require sunlight. • They occur in the stroma of the chloroplast (the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids). • The inputs are ATP and NADPH (from light-dependent reactions) and CO₂ (from the atmosphere). • The outputs are glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and other carbohydrates. Think of the Calvin cycle as a factory that uses the energy and “raw materials” made in Stage I (ATP & NADPH) to build sugars. The 3 Main Steps of the Calvin Cycle 1. Carbon Fixation • CO₂ from the atmosphere enters the chloroplast and diffuses into the stroma. • Each CO₂ molecule attaches to a 5-carbon sugar called RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate). • This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBisCO (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase — the most abundant enzyme on Earth!). • The result is a short-lived 6-carbon compound, which immediately splits into two 3-carbon molecules called 3-PGA (3-phosphoglycerate). Summary: CO₂ + RuBP → 2 × 3-PGA 2. Reduction Phase • The 3-PGA molecules are “energized” and converted into G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate), a more energy-rich 3-carbon sugar. • This transformation requires: o ATP (provides energy) o NADPH (provides high-energy electrons and hydrogen atoms). • Some of the G3P molecules will eventually be combined to form glucose and other sugars. Summary: 3-PGA + ATP + NADPH → G3P 3. Regeneration of RuBP • Not all G3P molecules leave the cycle. Most of them are used to regenerate RuBP so the cycle can continue. • This regeneration also requires ATP. • For every 3 turns of the cycle, 5 G3P molecules are recycled to regenerate 3 molecules of RuBP. Summary: G3P + ATP → RuBP The Full Cycle Balance • To make one G3P molecule that can exit the cycle (and later form glucose), the cycle must run 3 times, fixing 3 molecules of CO₂. • To make one glucose molecule (C₆H₁₂O₆), the cycle must run 6 times (since glucose needs 6 carbon atoms). Inputs (for 1 glucose): • 6 CO₂ • 18 ATP • 12 NADPH Outputs: • 1 glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) • 18 ADP + 18 Pi • 12 NADP⁺ Day vs Night Clarification • The Calvin Cycle is called light-independent, but that doesn’t mean it only happens at night. • It usually happens during the day because it depends on ATP and NADPH, which are only produced in light-dependent reactions (when sunlight is available). Simplified Analogy • Carbon fixation = The factory brings in CO₂ as raw material. • Reduction = Workers use energy (ATP & NADPH) to shape the raw material into useful products (G3P). • Regeneration = Some products are recycled to keep the factory running (RuBP is re-formed). • Output = After enough cycles, the factory produces glucose, the “food” of the plant.Phương tiện phi ngôn ngữI. Phương tiện giao tiếp phi ngôn ngữ là gì? - Khái niệm: Phương tiện giao tiếp phi ngôn ngữ là những hình ảnh, số liệu, biểu đồ, sơ đồ,… góp phần chuyển tải ý tưởng, quan điểm trong giao tiếp. - Ví dụ về phương tiện giao tiếp phi ngôn ngữ: II. Phân loại phương tiện giao tiếp phi ngôn ngữ Phân loại phương tiện giao tiếp phi ngôn ngữ Các phương tiện giao tiếp phi ngôn ngữ gồm có: + Các tín hiệu của cơ thể: ánh mắt, nụ cười,... + Các tín hiệu bằng hình khối: kí hiệu, công thức, biển báo,... + Các tín hiệu bằng âm thanh: tiếng kêu, tiếng gõ,... III. Chức năng biểu đạt của các phương tiện giao tiếp phi ngôn ngữ Chức năng biểu đạt của các phương tiện phi ngôn ngữ - Số liệu: cung cấp những thông tin cụ thể, chính xác. - Các đường nối giữa các hình vẽ: biểu đạt mối quan hệ giữa các thông tin. - Các biểu đồ, sơ đồ: trình bày thông tin một cách hệ thống. - Các hình vẽ: tăng tính hấp dẫn và trực quan của thông tin,... IV. Tác dụng của phương tiện giao tiếp phi ngôn ngữ Tác dụng của phương tiện phi ngôn ngữ - Bổ trợ, giải thích thêm cho phương tiện ngôn ngữ. - Đôi khi, chỉ cần sử dụng phương tiện phi ngôn ngữ (dùng đèn giao thông, vẫy cờ, ra hiệu vì không tiện nói, mỉm cười thay cho lời nói,...) để giao tiếp mà vẫn đạt hiệu quả. V. Yêu cầu khi sử dụng phương tiện giao tiếp phi ngôn ngữ Yêu cầu khi sử dụng phương tiện phi ngôn ngữ - Lựa chọnliên quan trực tiếp đến các luận điểm của bài viết. - Sử dụng đúng thời điểm. - Đưa ra các chỉ dẫn cần thiết. - Chú thích cho các hình ảnh, sơ đồ,…trong bài viết.Chapter 22 Antihypertensive Drugs Hypertension Defined (JNC-8) Pharmacology Overview 7 main categories of drugs to treat HTN Adrenergic drugs (old friend) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) Diuretics Vasodilators Direct renin inhibitors A. Adrenergic Drugs: 5 Subcategories and where they act A1. Adrenergic neuron blockers (central and peripheral)- we won’t talk about this A2. Alpha1 receptor blockers (peripheral) A3. Alpha2 receptor agonists (central) A4. Beta receptor blockers (peripheral) A5. Combined α and β receptor blockers (peripheral) A2. Peripherally Acting Adrenergic Drug Alpha1 Blockers (we’ve met these) Doxazosin, prazosin, alfuzosin Block alpha1-receptors which causes BP to decrease Reduces peripheral vascular resistance and BP by dilating both arterial and venous blood vessels Main Use: benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Alpha1 Blockers REMEMBER Tamsulosin (Flomax)* is an α1 blocker BUT *Tamsulosin is not used to control BP, just for BPH. A3. Centrally Acting Adrenergic Drugs Alpha 2 agonist Clonidine and methyldopa 1- Stimulate alpha2-adrenergic receptors. in the brain Decreases sympathetic outflow from the CNS which decreases NE production 2. Stimulate alpha2-adrenergic receptors in kidneys remember alpha 2 opposes alpha 1 Dilates peripheral blood vessels → lowers peripheral resistance → Results in decreased BP So ….Clonidine (Catapres) Used primarily for its ability to decrease blood pressure in an urgent setting Also use in opioid withdrawal as previously discussed Oral (multiple times a day), and topical patch formulations Do not stop abruptly as it may lead to rebound hypertension In reality, Clonidine and methyldopa Not prescribed as first-line home antiHTN drugs High incidence of unwanted adverse effects: orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, and dizziness MIGHT be uses as adjunct drugs after other drugs have failed, in conjunction with other antiHTN such as diuretics A4. Adrenergic Drugs Selective Beta 1 Blockers Metoprolol, Atenolol Reduction of HR through β1 receptor blockade (remember adrenergic blocking of this receptor???) HR results in BP Cause reduced secretion of renin = BP A4. Adrenergic Drugs Selective Beta1 Blockers Nebivolol (Bystolic) Uses: hypertension and HF Action: blocks β1 receptors and produces vasodilatation, which results in a decrease in SVR High doses loses selectivity and blocks both β1 and β2 Less sexual dysfunction All BB- Do not stop abruptly; must be tapered over 1 to 2 weeks A4. Adrenergic Drugs NONSelective Beta Blockers Propranolol Acts equally on β1 and β2 Other uses include situational anxiety associated with public speaking, test taking As mentioned on previous slide, nebivolol at high doses becomes beta nonselective A5. Dual-Action Adrenergic Drugs α1 and β Receptor Blockers Dual antihypertensive effects of reduction in heart rate (beta1 receptor blockade) and vasodilation (alpha1 receptor blockade) Examples are carvedilol (common) and labetalol (not as common) A5. Dual-Action Adrenergic Drugs α1 and β Receptor Blockers Carvedilol (Coreg) Widely used drug that is well tolerated Uses: HTN, mild to moderate HF in conjunction with digoxin, diuretics, and ACE inhibitors Contraindications: severe bradycardia or unstable HF, bronchospastic conditions such as asthma, and various cardiac conduction problems Adrenergic Drugs Indications - HTN But also for Glaucoma (topical) BPH: doxazosin, prazosin, and terazosin (2 for 1) Management of severe HF when used with cardiac glycosides and diuretics Contraindications Acute HF- have to stabilize first MOAIs- yeah doesn’t everything interact with MAOIs? Peptic ulcers Severe liver/kidney disease Asthma (with beta blockers) Adrenergic Drugs: Adverse Effects Orthostatic hypotension 1st-dose syncope Rebound hypertension with abrupt discontinuation Most common: Dry mouth, drowsiness, constipation, sedation Interactions- always check for specific drug interactions Can cause additive CNS depression with alcohol, benzodiazepines, opioids Question #1 When administering an alpha-adrenergic drug for hypertension, it is most important for the nurse to assess the patient for the development of what response? Hypotension Hyperkalemia Oliguria Respiratory distress Answer A Hypotension This is a key point in patient education These drugs have strong vasodilating properties and may cause severe hypotension, especially at the beginning of therapy. B. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors aka ACE Inhibitors or ACEi Large group of safe and effective drugs Currently are 10 ACEi Often used as first-line drugs for HF and hypertension May be combined with a thiazide diuretic, loop diuretic, or Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) You need to understand the basics ACE Inhibitors: Review RAAS ACE converts angiotensin I, formed through the action of renin, to angiotensin II Angiotensin 2 is a potent vasoconstrictor and also induces aldosterone secretion by the adrenal glands Aldosterone stimulates sodium resorption (H20 follows Na Both act to raise BP which causes kidneys to reduce renin production ACEi= Great drug to treat HTN BUT contraindicated in pregnancy (2nd,3rd trimester due to fetal renal damage) and breastfeeding first few weeks after birth B. ACE Inhibitors - PRIL Lisinopril (Prinivil) super common, often the 1st drug Enalapril (Vasotec) also common Captopril (Capoten) great if liver disease present Benazepril (Lotensin) Fosinopril (Monopril) Perindopril (Aceon) Quinapril (Accupril) Ramipril (Altace) Trandolapril (Mavik) Primary Effects of the ACE Inhibitors Prevent Na (and H2O) resorption by inhibiting aldosterone secretion (volume reduction) (GO BACK TO RAAS DIAGRAM) blood volume decreases work of the heart preload, or the left ventricular end-diastolic volume which is important in HF ACE SUMMARY OF ACTIVITY 1) Prevent vasoconstriction caused by angiotensin 2 (2) Prevent aldosterone secretion less sodium and water resorption Cardioprotective Effects of ACEi They slow progression of left ventricular hypertrophy (ventricular remodeling) after MI so considered cardioprotective ACE inhibitors have been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with HF Renal Protective Effects of ACEi ACE inhibitors: reduce glomerular filtration pressure by volume reduction Cardiovascular drug of choice for patients with diabetes since it helps protect kidneys by reducing pressure. Sometimes used low dose for kidney protection with DM without HTN B. ACEi Enalapril (Vasotec) Only ACEi available in both oral and IV Enalapril IV does not require cardiac monitoring Oral enalapril: prodrug (metabolized in liver) Improves patient’s chances of survival after an MI Reduces the incidence of HF B. ACEi Captopril (Capoten) Uses: prevention of ventricular remodeling after MI; reduce the risk of HF after MI Shortest half-life Must be administered multiple times throughout the day so this limits its use Not a prodrug so good for patient with liver disease Question #2 A patient with diabetes has a new prescription for the ACE inhibitor lisinopril. She questions this order because her provider has never told her that she has hypertension. What is the best explanation for this order? The doctor knows best The patient is confused This medication has cardioprotective properties This medication has a protective effect on the kidneys for patients with diabetes Answer D ACE inhibitors have been shown to have a protective effect on the kidneys because they reduce glomerular filtration pressure. This property makes them the cardiovascular drug of choice for patients with diabetes. Question #3 A patient with a history of pancreatitis and cirrhosis is also being treated for hypertension. Which drug will most likely be ordered for this patient? Clonidine Prazosin Diltiazem Captopril Answer D Captopril Captopril is not a prodrug; therefore, it does not need to be metabolized by the liver to be effective. This is an advantage in patients with liver disease. ACE Inhibitors: Adverse Effects *Dry, nonproductive cough, which reverses when therapy is stopped. This is a class effect Dizziness- Note: First-dose hypotensive effect may occur Headache & Fatigue Possible hyperkalemia ** Angioedema: rare but potentially fatal Not safe in pregnancy-are contraindicated during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy because of increased risk of fetal renal damage C. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB) Considered an alternative to ACEi Less likely to cause a dry cough and hyper K+ that is common with ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers: Mechanism of Action Go back to RAAS diagram! ARBs affect primarily 2 places 1. Vascular smooth muscle - blocks vasoconstriction 2. Adrenal gland -Selectively blocks the binding of Ang 2 to certain Ang 2 receptors inhibiting secretion of aldosterone Lowers volume retention and BP Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers -ARTAN Losartan (Cozaar)- very common Eprosartan (Teveten) Valsartan (Diovan) Irbesartan (Avapro) Candesartan (Atacand) Olmesartan (Benicar) Telmisartan (Micardis) Azilsartan (Edarbi) C. ARB Losartan (Cozaar) Beneficial in patients with HTN and HF Used with caution in patients with kidney or liver dysfunction and in patients with renal artery stenosis ***Not safe for breastfeeding women and should not be used in pregnancy (Cat C 1st trimester, Cat D 2nd-3rd trimester), potential fetal toxicity Appear to be equally effective for the treatment of hypertension and well tolerated ARBs less likely to cause cough and hyperK+ but can still happen Evidence that ARBs are associated with lower mortality after MI than ACE inhibitors Never take ACEi and ARBs at the same time* 5. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB) Primary use: HTN, angina, some dysrhythmias Cause smooth muscle relaxation by blocking the binding of calcium to its receptors, preventing muscle contraction Results in: Relaxed blood vessels to the heart Decreased peripheral smooth muscle tone Decreased SVResistance Decreased BP E. Diuretics First-line antiHTN in JNC 8 guidelines Decreases fluid volume The results from diuresis: preload, Peripheral resistance Overall effect Decreased workload of the heart and decreased BP Thiazide diuretics are the most commonly used diuretics for HTN Ie hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), chlorthalidone We will discuss diuretics further in the chapter on diuretics F. Vasodilators Directly relax arterial or venous smooth muscle (or both) Results in: Decreased SVR Decreased afterload Peripheral vasodilation Indicated for treatment of HTN May be used in combination with other drugs F. Vasodilators Hydralazine (Apresoline) Orally: routine cases of essential hypertension Injectable: hypertensive emergencies BiDil: specifically indicated as an adjunct for treatment of HF in African-American patients F. Vasodilators Sodium Nitroprusside (Nitropress) *Sodium nitroprusside and IV diazoxide are reserved for the management of hypertensive emergencies. Contraindications: severe HF, known inadequate cerebral perfusion (especially during neurosurgical procedures) F. Vasodilators Adverse Effects Hydralazine: dizziness, headache, tachycardia, edema, dyspnea, N/V/D, vitamin B6 deficiency, rash Sodium nitroprusside: hypotension, bradycardia, decreased platelet aggregation, rash G. Direct Renin Inhibitors Aliskirin (Tekturna) Blocks the RAS pathway at the point of activation. Inhibiting renin production prevents the downstream production of Ang II (potent vasoconstrictor) Adverse effects: N/V, severe hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia… Contraindicated in patients with DM taking ACEi or ARB Miscellaneous Antihypertensives Eplerenone (Inspra) Newer class of drugs called selective aldosterone blockers (remember RAAS?) Reduces BP by blocking the actions of aldosterone at its corresponding receptors in the kidney, heart, blood vessels, and brain Indications: routine treatment of hypertension and for post-MI HF Contraindicated if serum potassium levels are high (above 5.6 mEq/L) A Special Form of HTN Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension Sildenafil and Tadalafil Commonly used for erectile dysfunction Used for pulmonary hypertension but with different trade names Sildenafil: Revatio* (Viagra for ED) Tadalafil: Adcirca* (Cialis for ED)BÀI 9: HÀNH TRANG CUỘC SỐNG Tiết 96 THỰC HÀNH TIẾNG VIỆT SỬ DỤNG PHƯƠNG TIỆN PHI NGÔN NGỮ (tiếp theo) I. MỤC TIÊU 1. Năng lực a. Năng lực chung: - Năng lực thu thập thông tin liên quan đến văn bản - Năng lực đọc - hiểu văn bản - Năng lực trình bày suy nghĩ - Năng lực tự học, tạo lập văn bản. - Ứng dụng CNTT linh hoạt qua các phần mềm hỗ trợ b. Năng lực đặc thù: Bài học góp phần phát triển năng lực văn học và năng lực ngôn ngữ: - HS nhận biết và sử dụng kết hợp giữa phương tiên ngôn ngữ và phương tiện phi ngôn ngữ như một số loại biểu đồ, sơ đồ cơ bản (biểu đồ tròn, biểu đồ Venn, biểu đồ thời gian, sơ đồ cây…) 2. Phẩm chất Có ý thức làm chủ bản thân, đóng góp tích cực cho bài học. II. THIẾT BỊ DẠY HỌC VÀ HỌC LIỆU 1. Thiết bị dạy học: Máy tính bỏ túi, máy chiếu, Laptop, Giấy bìa A3; bút dạ, nam châm bảng; phấn màu 2. Học liệu: - Một số mảnh ghép hình, sơ đồ, lược đồ về biển giao thông, khu du lịch, chương trình học đại học… III. TIẾN TRÌNH DẠY HỌC Hoạt động 1: KHỞI ĐỘNG a. Mục tiêu: Tạo tâm thế thoải mái và gợi dẫn cho học sinh về nội dung bài học b. Nội dung: Trò chơi ghép hình với tên gọi: Hình nào tên đó c. Sản phẩm: - Mỗi nhóm tạo được một bức ghép hình hoàn chỉnh. - HS nêu đúng ý nghĩa, chức năng của tấm hình d. Tổ chức thực hiện: Bước 1: GV giao nhiệm vụ học tập + Phân lớp thành 4 nhóm + Mỗi nhóm nhận một số mảnh ghép (trong túi bất kì, các hình khác nhau) + 1 bạn được xem trước hình ảnh gốc (trong 1 giây) ghi nhớ và cùng đội lắp ghép lại như hình Bước 2: Thực hiện nhiệm vụ - Các nhóm cùng có 3 phút để hoàn thành bức hình gốc, các thành viên cùng phối hợp thực hiện VD: Hình 1 Hình 2 Hình 3 Hình 4 Bước 3: Báo cáo kết quả * Trình bày và nêu ý nghĩa của bức hình (1 phút) - Bức 1: Biển báo giao thông đường bộ (Các biển cấm) + Giúp người đi đường thực hiện đúng luật giao thông - Bức 2: Quy trình sử dụng khẩu trang + Giúp biết cách sử dụng đúng, hạn chế tối đa lây nhiễm bệnh - Bức 3: Sơ đồ tuyến đường xe buýt của bạn + Giúp người đi đường tìm đúng tuyến nhanh nhất - Bức 4: Lược đồ thành phố Hà Nội + Giúp mọi người có hiểu biết về địa giới hành chính, xác định được vị trí địa bàn sinh sống và làm việc. Bước 4: Kết luận, nhận định - HS đánh giá nhóm nào nhanh nhất, hoàn chỉnh nhất và nêu đầy đủ ý nghĩa nhất. - GV: Công bố đáp án, điểm số và biểu dương đội xuất sắc. =>Kết luận: Các hình ảnh này đều cung cấp thông tin cho người đọc, nhận biết những quy định, cách thức, vị trí, để hiểu đúng, hiểu rõ nội dung hơn nữa. Đây là cách trình bày trực quan, dễ hiểu, dễ nhớ, dễ thực hiện Hoạt động 2: HÌNH THÀNH KIẾN THỨC a. Mục tiêu: - Nhận biết các yếu tố, các đặc điểm của một sơ đồ - Hiểu được nội dung thông tin của văn bản đó - Nêu được tác dụng của sơ đồ - Vận dụng để giải quyết bài tập b. Nội dung: Bài 1 -SGK trang 111 c. Sản phẩm: - HS nêu được tác dụng của các PT phi ngôn ngữ d. Tổ chức thực hiện: Hoạt động của GV Dự kiến sản phẩm Hoạt động 1: Bài tập 1 Bước 1. Giao nhiệm vụ học tập - Quan sát sơ đồ - Nhận xét các vấn đề sau: Nhóm 1: Nhận xét sự thay đổi phương diện Tài chính Nhóm 2: Tìm sự thay đổi về phương diện Sở thích Nhóm 3: Nhận xét thay đổi về phương diện Cống hiến Nhóm 4: Tìm sự thay đổi về phương diện Công việc Nhóm 5: Nhận xét thay đổi về phương diện Gia đình - Nêu nội dung của sơ đồ và tác dụng của các phương tiện phi ngôn ngữ trong sơ đồ. Bước 2. Thực hiện nhiệm vụ - Các nhóm thảo luận trao đổi trong 3 phút - Đại diện nhóm trả lời trong 1 phút; nhóm khác có thể bổ sung thông tin - Cá nhân tự ghi chép lại nội dung. Bước 3. Báo cáo, thảo luận Học sinh chia sẻ bài làm và báo cáo phần tìm hiểu Bước 4. Kết luận, nhận định - HS biết đọc nội dung của biểu đồ, nêu đầy đủ ngắn gọn thông tin - GV đánh giá nhóm và đại diện nhóm, rút KN Hoạt động 2: Bài tập 2 Bước 1. Giao nhiệm vụ học tập + Vẽ sơ đồ biểu thị các yếu tố: Thời gian, sự kiện, thành tựu, mong muốn, những ngã rẽ…Biểu thị được các lĩnh vực trong cuộc sống theo lựa chọn cá nhân… + Trình bày nội dung bản sơ đồ đó trước nhóm/ lớp (trên các slide- PP/bảng/ hoặc trên giấy vẽ A4) Bước 2. Thực hiện nhiệm vụ - Bài làm theo hình thức cá nhân ( vì là cuộc đời riêng mỗi người) - Thời gian thực hiện: 7 phút (gồm vẽ và trình bày) Bước 3. Báo cáo, thảo luận - HS trình bày sản phẩm cá nhân: Hình thức sơ đồ có thể tương tự như bài 1, hoặc biểu đồ thời gian (trang 112) có thể chia theo nhóm hình thức giống nhau Bước 4. Kết luận, nhận định - HS có thể nhận xét, tìm đại diện làm tốt nhất của nhóm mình. - GV nhận xét bài làm, tinh thần làm việc để rút KN Bài tập 1: Nhóm 1: Tài chính có mục tiêu rõ ràng, lâu dài, sử dụng vào những việc lớn trong cuộc sống, với kế hoạch từ năm thứ 10 (mua nhà) và tích lũy tài sản ngày càng lớn vào năm thứ 15 (sổ TK 2 tỉ) Nhóm 2: Sở thích cá nhân có sự thay đổi từ chơi bóng (năm thứ 5) du lịch (năm thứ 10) và vẽ tranh (năm thứ 15)- đa dạng, phong phú theo sở trưởng. Nhóm 3: Càng ngày việc làm từ thiện càng phát triển, có cống hiến nhiều cho cộng đồng (tăng dần theo giai đoạn 5 năm) Nhóm 4: Công việc ngày càng tiến bộ, có mục tiêu rõ ràng, phát triển bền vững Nhóm 5: Xây dựng gia đình khi sự nghiệp đã vững vàng, thời điểm thuận lợi. Nhận xét chung: Sơ đồ cho thấy bản kế hoạch rất rõ ràng, có mục tiêu cụ thể, có tính tiến triển- khả thi và rất chặt chẽ. Giúp người lập KH tập trung phấn đấu xây dựng cho sự nghiệp, tận hưởng cuộc sống và hài hòa mọi mặt. (toàn diện) Phương tiện phi ngôn ngữ được sử dụng hợp lí, ngắn gọn, dễ hiểu… Bài tập 2: Một bản vẽ minh họa: TÔI TRONG TƯƠNG LAI Hoạt động 3: Luyện tập a. Mục tiêu: - Tăng cường kĩ năng giải quyết vấn đề + Xác định được mục đích giao tiếp của văn bản + Lựa chọn các thông tin cần trực quan thành sơ đồ + Lựa chọn loại sơ đồ, biểu đồ phù hợp - Rèn năng lực diễn đạt, trình bày; Có thể ứng dụng công nghệ tin học vào thực hành b. Nội dung: - Thiết kế một biểu đồ hoặc sơ đồ dựa trên thông tin từ đoạn trích SGK (trang 111) - Quan sát và nêu nội dung, tác dụng của biểu đồ cơ cấu dân số Yên Bái c. Sản phẩm: - Bài 3: Bản thiết kế Sơ đồ tư duy/ sơ đồ cây (từ văn bản bằng ngôn ngữ chuyển hóa thành phi ngôn ngữ) - Từ văn bản phi ngôn ngữ (biểu đồ) để đọc thông tin d. Tổ chức thực hiện: B1: Chuyển giao nhiệm vụ - Lớp chia 4 nhóm: + Nhóm 1, 2 (Bài 3): Thảo luận phương án, thiết kế một sơ đồ phù hợp dựa trên thông tin từ đoạn trích (trang 111) + Nhóm 3,4: Quan sát và nêu nội dung, tác dụng của biểu đồ cơ cấu dân số Yên Bái (trang 112), tìm công cụ phần mềm để làm biểu đồ tương tự. - Đại diện nhóm trình bày sản phẩm B2: Thực hiện nhiệm vụ - Đọc kĩ yêu cầu nhiệm vụ. - Thảo luận và phân công nhiệm vụ cho thành viên - Thời gian thực hiện 5 phút/ trình bày 2 phút B3: Báo cáo thảo luận Nhóm 1,2 - Bài 3: Trình bày bằng sơ đồ tư duy hoặc sơ đồ cây (tham khảo bản vẽ trên PP) Nhóm 3,4- Nêu nội dung đọc được từ biểu đồ - Nêu tác dụng và nhận xét: + Người đọc dễ tra cứu thông tin, biết cách so sánh + Các số liệu chính xác, đầy đủ, thông tin rõ ràng + Hình thức khoa học, đúng kiểu dạng phù hợp với yêu cầu, có tính thẩm mĩ - Một số ứng dụng để vẽ biểu đồ: Phần mềm PP; Dia, OrgChatting… Gợi ý: B4: Kết luận, nhận định - Nhóm 1,2: nhận xét sản phẩm nhóm 3, 4 - Nhóm 3,4: nhận xét sản phẩm nhóm 1, 2 - GV nhận xét chung; nêu kết luận và rút KN Hoạt động 4: Hướng dẫn học sinh tự học ở nhà 1. Bài cũ - Hoàn thiện bài tập 2. Bài mới Chuẩn bị bài viết: viết bài luận về bản thân - Đọc bài viết tham khảo - Tìm hiểu các bước viết bài luận về bản thân• There are two groups of animals which are important in agriculture. • The groups are domestic and wild animals. 1. Domestic animals • These are animals which are trained to live with people in their homes. • Some examples includes : Uses of domestic animals • Source of food, for example milk, eggs and meat. • For cultural purposes, for example paying lobola. • Some are used for transport and labour. • Domestic animals can also be a source of income. 2 . Wild animals • These are animals which are found in game reserves and in the forests • They are also called game animals. • Examples of wild animals are: Uses of wild animals • Some of the wild animals give us meat, hides and ivory. • Wild animals attract visitors from other countries, so the country gets money. Wednesday 06 September 2023 Exercise: Domestic animals 1. What is a domestic animal? [2] 2. What is a wild animal? [2] 3. Name any 4 domestic animals that you know. [4] 4. State any 2 uses of domestic animals. [2] 5. Name any 3 wild animals that you know. [3] 6. Give 2 uses of wild ani mals. [2] 7. Wild animals can also be called animals. [1] • Animals, like human beings need good food to help them to grow and reproduce. • The main sources of food for animals include stock feeds, pastures, veld grass, crop remains and cereal grains. • These foods contain the most needed essential nutrients. Nutrient Function carbohydrates Gives energy Fats Give energy and warmth Proteins Helps in growth and repair of body parts Minerals Help in the formation of bones and teeth Vitamins Help develop good sight, improve fertility and help animals fight diseases Water Transports food in the body, cools the body and remove waste from the body. • Livestock are domesticated animals that are kept for food, use or for sale. • Small livestock has many uses. • They are a good source of food. • They also give us manure to use in gardens. • We get clothes and medicine as well from small livestock • Examples of small livestock are rabbits, sheep, goats and all form of poultry Poultry • All animals that are kept by farmers which have wings and feathers and lay eggs are called poultry. • They are a good source of white meat, eggs and manure. • They are also a source of income when we well them and their products. • Poultry includes chicken, guinea fowl, ducks, turkey, pigeons and quail birds. Rabbits • Rabbits have 3 known uses which are: They are kept for meat Kept for pelts. (pelt is animal skin used to make blankets, hats and jackets) They are used at agricultural shows • Rabbits are cheap to buy, easy to keep and feed. • They take about 4 months to mature. • Rabbits are fed using green vegetables and rabbit pellets. Wednesday 20 September 2023 Small livestock 1. Give 3 examples of small livestock. [3] 2. State 3 things that are provided by small livestock. [3] 3. What are the 2 uses of rabbits? [2] 4. Pelts are used to make _________________ [1] 5. State any 4 examples poultry. [4] 6. Rabbits take ___________ months to mature. [1] 7. What is poultry? • Apiculture is the keeping of bees in order for them to produce honey for sale. • Apiculture is very important because: (i) Provides honey - a valuable nutritional food (ii) Provides bees wax - which has many uses in industry Uses of wax For making candles Polish furniture Make crayons Prevent tools from rusting (iii) Honey bees are excellent pollinating agents, thus increasing agricultural yields. BEE COLONY Inhabitants of the bee colony and their roles • A honey bee colony typically consists of three kinds of adult bees: workers, drones and the queen 1. Workers • Workers are the smallest and constitute the majority of bees occupying the colony. • They do not lay eggs. • Workers have specialized structures, such as brood food glands, scent glands, wax glands, and pollen baskets. • these allow them to perform all the labors of the hive. Roles of the worker bees they forage for nectar, pollen, water, and plant sap. They clean and polish the cells. feed the brood. care for the queen. remove debris. handle incoming nectar. build beeswax combs. guard the entrance. 2. Drones • Drones (male bees) are the largest bees in the colony. • They are generally present only during late spring and summer. • The drone’s head is much larger than that of either the queen or worker. • Drones have no stinger, pollen baskets, or wax glands. • Their main function is to mate with the queen. 3 . Queen • Each colony has only one queen. • The queen is the largest of the bees in a bee colony. • The Queen Bee plays a vital role in the hive because she is the only female with fully developed ovaries. • She produces both fertilized and unfertilized eggs. • Queens lay the greatest number of eggs in the spring and early summer. • The queen also produce chemical scents that help regulate the unity of the colony. 1. What is apiculture? [2] 2. Give 3 reasons why apiculture is important in Zimbabwe. [3] 3. Name the 3 inhabitants of the bee colony. [3] 4. Briefly explain the roles of each inhabitant named in number 3. • Apart from using hand tools, farmers also use some farm implements and machinery to carry out their field work. • Machines help farmers do their work more easily and quickly. • The most common implements used by farmers to grow, harvest and transport their produces are: mouldboard plough Cultivator Scotch cart Harrow Planter Maize sheller combine harvesters Boom sprayers Disc harrow Spike toothed harrow KNAPSACK SPRAYER • Farming is a business. • Communal farmers grow crops and keep animal mainly for their own use. • If there is any extra they sell to get money. • Commercial farmers grow crops and keep animals for sale. • Crops and animals produced are called farm produce. • There are places were farmers have to sell their produce. • Farmers can take their produce to local markets. • A market is a place where buying and selling occurs. • Some of the local markets includes: A shopping centre A school A nearest bus stop A local village A school Local Grain Marketing Board depot (GMB) Types of farm produce Beef Fruits Mutton Eggs Vegetables Pork Milk Chicken Cereals/grains beansYaama I'm Jack Evans and you're watching BTN. Here's what's coming up. We uncover the story behind this famous photo, learn about First Nations seasons and find out the history of Book Week. What is Statehood? Reporter: Tatenda Chibika INTRO: But first, the Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has announced that Australia will join other countries in recognising Palestine as an independent state. So, what does that mean? Tatenda found out. Anthony Albanese, Prime Minister: Australia will recognise the state of Palestine. Australia will recognise the right of the Palestinian people to a state of their own. We will work with the international community to make this right a reality. Tatenda Chibika, Reporter: That's the moment our Prime Minister said Australia would recognise Palestine as an independent state at the upcoming United Nations General assembly next month. It's something other countries, including France and Canada, have said they'll be doing too. So, what does that mean exactly? To be considered an independent state under international law a place needs to have its own land or territories with defined borders, it needs to have people who permanently live there, have a working government and it has to be able to talk and make deals with other countries. Once a place meets all those rules, it can ask to be recognised by other independent states and countries. But a big step in becoming an independent state is being fully recognised by the United Nations. To do that you first need to get approval from at least nine members of the UN's Security Council. That's a group of countries responsible for maintaining international peace and security. But even then, that tick of approval can still be blocked by one of the Security Council's five permanent members Russia, China, the UK, the US and France. If the Security Council approves, the decision then goes to the UN's General Assembly where at least two thirds of the UN's 193 members have to agree to make it official. Yeah, it's a pretty complex process which is why we've only seen a handful of countries recognised by the UN in recent years like South Sudan and Montenegro. Others like Kosovo are only 'partially' recognised which means they have some recognition but not enough to become a full member state at the UN. Right now, Palestine is recognised by more than 140 countries — that's more than two thirds of the UN General Assembly. So, why hasn't it become a UN member state yet? Well, it came pretty close last year when 12 members of the Security Council voted in favour of it. VANESSA FRAZIER, AMBASSADOR OF MALTA, APRIL 2024 UNSC PRESIDENT: I shall now put the draft resolution to the vote. But the US, a close ally to Israel, used its special powers to block Palestine from becoming a member state. VANESSA FRAZIER: Those against? At the time, the U.S said Palestine and Israel needed to come to an agreement on their own first. Throughout the years, there have been attempts to figure out a way for both Palestine and Israel to exist peacefully alongside each other but that hasn't happened yet. And now Israel has said that recognising Palestine as an independent state would be rewarding Hamas the group in charge of Gaza which was responsible for the terror attacks on October 7th, 2023. But the Palestinian Authority which governs parts of the West Bank says Hamas won't have a role in any future state of Palestine which will exist peacefully alongside Israel. Australia, like the US, had previously said that it wanted Israel and Palestine to figure out things by themselves first but because of how the war has been going the Australian government is worried that if it continues to wait, there might not be a Palestinian state to recognise. ANTHONY ALBANESE, PRIME MINISTER: There has been too many lives lost, both Israeli's and Palestinians and the world is saying we need a solution to this conflict, we need to end the cycle of violence and the way to do that is to have a two-state solution. News Quiz Russia's President Vladimir Putin stepped foot on American Soil for the first time in a decade to meet with US President Donald Trump. What state did they meet in? Alabama, Alaska or Arizona?It's Alaska. The two leaders met to discuss a way to end the war in Ukraine but weren't able to make any final agreements. DONALD TRUMP, US PRESIDENT: There were many, many points that we agreed on. Most of them, I would say, a couple of big ones, that we haven't quite got there, but we've made some headway. There's no deal until there's a deal. A lot of people criticised the two world leaders for not including Ukraine's president Volodymyr Zelenskyy in the meeting. But that didn't seem to worry Mr Trump who said the meeting was a success and Mr Putin even invited the US President to meet up again in Russia. DONALD TRUMP: We'll see you again very soon. Thank you very much, Vladimir. VLADIMIR PUTIN, RUSSIAN PRESIDENT: Next time in Moscow. DONALD TRUMP: Oh, that's an interesting one. No, no, no. I'll get a little heat on that one. Last week thousands of people marked the 80th anniversary of VJ Day. What does VJ Day commemorate? The victory of Allied forces in Europe, the surrender of Japan and the end of World War II or the dropping of the first atomic bomb? VJ Day or Victory over Japan day commemorates the surrender of Japan and the end of World War II on the 15th of August 1945. Around the world, and here in Australia, people marked the anniversary with ceremonies remembering those who fought in the war. REPORTER: Who will you be remembering today? VETERAN: Oh, a lot of fellows that I knew that never made it home. Scientists in the UK have created toothpaste that includes which of these ingredients? Hair, eye lashes or fingernails? Yeah, they're all a bit random and gross but the answer is hair. According to scientists from King's College in London, hair could be the key to good oral health because it contains a protein called Keratin which they say when mixed with saliva forms a crystal-like protective coating similar to enamel. And Swifties rejoice because Taylor Swift has announced her 12th Studio album. It's called life of a show what? Is it show pony, show girl or show bag? It's Life of a Showgirl and it'll be released October 3rd. Vincent Lingiari Reporter: Joseph Baronio INTRO: Now to this very famous photograph. It was taken 50 years ago and depicts a really significant moment in Australian history. Joe found out about the story behind it. On the 16th of August 1975, this famous photo was taken. It shows the former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam pouring sand into the hand of Aboriginal leader Vincent Lingiari. A simple gesture that symbolised handing the land at Wave Hill in the Northern Territory back to the Gurindji people. But the journey to get there was far from simple. It started back in the 1960s. At the time, Wave Hill was the biggest cattle station in the world, controlled by British landowner Lord Vestey. The Gurindji people, who had lived on the land for generations, worked for Vestey, but they weren't paid fairly, and conditions were tough. NEWS REPORTER: The station's 100 aboriginal stockmen, with their 100 dependents, are camped in the dry bed of the Victoria River with little shade from 90-degree heat, dust and flies. Eventually, Gurindji leader Vincent Lingiari said it was time to act. VINCENT LINGIARI: I said, "What was it before Lord Vestey born and I was born?" It was blackfella country. So, on August 23rd, 1966, Mr Lingiari and his fellow Aboriginal workers went on strike. It became known as the Wave Hill Walk Off. They moved their camp away from the Wave Hill station to a sacred site called Daguragu on Wattie Creek. They wanted to set up their own cattle station, and said they wouldn't move until their land was returned to them. For years, petitions and negotiations went on between the Gurindji people, the NT Administration, and the Australian Government in Canberra. CLAPPERS: 31. 32. 33. DAVID QUINN, ABSCOL: Well, it's basic justice that their land is recognised. PROTESTORS: Equal rights! As the news spread across the country, thousands of Aussies joined the campaign, including the leader of the Labor Party, Gough Whitlam, who made this promise during his 1972 election campaign. GOUGH WHITLAM: We will legislate to give Aborigines land rights. Not just because their case is beyond argument, but because all of us as Australians are diminished, while the Aborigines are denied their rightful place in this nation. Later that year, Gough Whitlam became Prime Minister. (Song From Little Things Big Things Grow, Song by Kev Carmody and Paul Kelly, 1993) From little things big things grow,from little things big things grow… But it wasn't until 1975, 9 years after the Wave Hill Walk Off started, that he followed through with his promise. Eight years went by, eight long years of waiting'Til one day a tall stranger appeared in the landAnd he came with lawyers and he came with great ceremony GOUGH WHITLAM: I solemnly hand to you these deeds as proof in Australian law that these lands belong to the Gurindji people. And through Vincent's fingers poured a handful of sandFrom little things big things grow 50 years on, and The Wave Hill Walk Off is seen as a pivotal moment in Australia's history. It led to significant legal and social changes for First Nations people, which is something many agree is worth celebrating. First Nations Seasons Reporter: Saskia Mortarotti INTRO: Recently, Melbourne's Lord Mayor suggested ditching the four-season calendar that most of us are familiar with and adopting a six-season Wurundjeri calendar instead saying it gives a better description of what the weather's actually like there. Sas found out more about the different seasonal calendars used by First Nations people. SASKIA MORTAROTTI, REPORTER: Right now, in most of the country, it's pretty cold. COLD GIRL: Think of somewhere warm. What? It's 32 degrees in Darwin in the middle of winter? But ah, yeah. There are some places where it's, well, quite warm. Which makes you wonder whether the weather actually matches the seasons. You see, Australia is pretty big, and we have lots of different weather patterns. Which is something First Nations people have tracked for thousands of years with their own seasonal calendars. KARL WINDA TELFER, CULTURAL CREATIVE KANYANYAPILLA: Why have we got four seasons when you know that don't make any sense here. It doesn't relate to the country here. This is Karl Telfer. He's an artist and storyteller who produced the Kuri Kurru exhibition at the Museum of Discovery in Adelaide that explores the 6 different seasons of the Kaurna Meyunna. SASKIA MORTAROTTI: So, how do you know when you're in one of those six seasons? KARL WINDA TELFER: Well, there are stars that rise. So, you know, there are certain stars, like in Parnatti, for example. There's a star called Parna, and we know what that star is. So, that talks to us about, okay, the time now is going to be cold on the ground. First Nations calendars like the Kaurna one don't just tell us what's happening with the weather; they're also used to track when certain plants and animals are around. KARL WINDA TELFER: It teaches you about what plants you can, you know, what you can eat what you can't and all that what is ready certain times a year and fruit everything, bird shows you the right time to eat the fruit, perfect time, if you try and go get them the next week they're gone. Karl says we can also use these calendars to see how the environment has changed over time. KARL WINDA TELFER: Kudlilla is the season we're in now and Kudlilla that talks about like the rain but we're not having enough rain these days, well, these times. And this is due to climate and the climate changing. There are many different First Nations seasonal calendars around the country. Like Ngan'gi calendar from the Northern Territory which has 13 seasons that follow the life cycle of the native spear grass. Or the Wurundjeri Calendar in Victoria which has 6 seasons. And recently, Melbourne's Lord Mayor, Nicholas Reece, said Melbourne, or Naarm, would be better off adopting the Wurundjeri calendar because it's more in tune to what's happening with the weather. Something many, including Karl, think we should be doing right across the country. KARL WINDA TELFER: I'm talking about the English four seasons. So, this is totally different systems that we're talking about and weather patterns and currents and all sorts of different things, because it's the sea country too. So, my question is, well, why do we have that? If that doesn't work, you know? Quiz How many seasons are there in the Tiwi Island Calendar? 1, 2 or 3? It's 3, although they also have 13 minor seasons. Book Week Reporter: Wren Gillett INTRO: This week, kids across Australia have been dressing up as their favourite characters to celebrate Book Week. Wren finds out why Book Week began 80 years ago and why it's still important today for getting young Aussies into reading. STUDENT: I read an hour every night, maybe even two hours some nights. STUDENT: My favourite book series are the Harry Potter series and the Keeper of the Lost City series. STUDENT: Probably Bad Guys and Weirdo. STUDENT: I like the Amulet, I've been reading that. STUDENT: I love reading Dork Diaries and Exploding Endings. Whether it's Fantasy, mystery, history — whatever you're into. Book week is a time to celebrate, well, books. STUDENT: Me and my friends are dressing up as Inside Out. STUDENT: I was thinking SpongeBob. STUDENT: I'm dressing up as Winnie the Pooh and it's just a fun way to express what kind of books you like. And guess what, book week has actually been a thing for many, many years. WREN GILLETT, REPORTER: Once upon a time, in a land not so far away, literacy lovers noticed a problem. The year was 1945. The second World War had just ended, and kids were mainly reading books from overseas, in particular the UK. Because, at the time, there weren't many Aussie authors writing books for children. WREN GILLETT: So, a group of passionate teachers, librarians, booksellers, publishers, and book-loving volunteers, decided to create what we now know as The Children's Book Council of Australia. Familiar logo, right? Together, they launched book week, all in an effort to get Aussie kids' reading more. And it seemed to work. The 1960s saw a boom in Australian children's books being published. REPORTER: How many books do you read a week? STUDENT: Well, it really depends on the week. If there's exams, I might read only one or two. But if there's no exams and if I've got plenty of time, I might read up to five or six. WREN GILLETT: But today, it's a slightly different story. Studies show that less than one in five eight to 18-year-olds are reading in their free time, and that only one in three actually enjoy reading for fun. WREN GILLETT: Why do you reckon we're seeing this trend? STUDENT: People are getting sucked into screens and they're like spending hours just scrolling through TikTok and stuff, and they're getting so attached to it that they don't feel the need to pick up books and read them. Yeah, there's a lot of different things competing for our attention these days, but many think books are still worth our time. PETER HELLIER, AUSSIE COMEDIAN AND AUTHOR: Books are the exact opposite of boring. And if you think they're boring, I'm sorry, but you're wrong. This is Peter Hellier, he's a pretty famous Aussie comedian, actor, and the author behind these books. And he's just released another one called Detective Galileo, about a trail horse who dreams of solving crimes. PETER HELLIER: He joins the police force and quickly finds out that the horses don't actually solve the crimes, it's the police officers who solve the crime. So he promptly gets thrown out of the force and begins his own detective agency, which I'm reliably told is the only detective agency in the world run by a horse. Peter actually started writing books when he was a kid. PETER HELLIER: I started writing when I was six, seven, eight years old. In fact, I started my own publishing company called Better Books. And I would write these books, and then I would get a parent or one of my parents or teachers to type them up. And I would read them in front of the class. And, you see, each has the logo, the Better Books logo, there it is — the famous Better Books logo. WREN GILLETT: You weren't mucking around. PETER HELLIER: There all on all of them. There we go. There we go. Many, Including Peter, say there's plenty to get from a good book. They help us learn new words and phrases, get a better understanding of the world around us, and strengthen our imaginations. PETER HELLIER: Books can take you absolutely anywhere. They can take you to countries that you never dreamed about going. Countries that exist, countries that don't exist. Reading just makes the world a much bigger place. It's why for the past 80 years, schools around the country have been taking part in book week. STUDENT: Reading is a place where you can have your own world just to yourself. STUDENT: It's like watching a movie inside your head, but you can choose how it goes. STUDENT: Picking up a book is a good idea, maybe you should start with something that you're interested with and then you can start exploring from there. Quiz What is the title of the book that took out this year's Book of the year Award for younger readers? It's Laughter is the Best Endingby Maryam Master. Some other winners included I'm not really here by Gary Loneborough which took out book of the year for older readers and best picture book went to The Truck Cat, by Deborah Frenkel. Sport Australia's men's national basketball team — the Boomers — have won their third Asia Cup in a row, with an epically narrow victory over China. COMMENTATOR: It is Australia who are celebrating! China started strong, leading 25-17 at quarter time. But Aussie Xavier Cooks led a fierce comeback, shooting 30 points and collecting nine rebounds, earning him the title of MVP. And there seriously couldn't have been a tighter finish. Just as the final buzzer went off, China missed a shot that would have won them the game, leaving Australia with a 90-89 victory. COMMENTATOR: An unbelievable finish. The 2025 AFLW season kicked off last week, and so did a new trick. Yeah, 19-year-old Ash Centra from Collingwood, pulled out this move in the warm-up before their season-opener to Carlton, and since then, a lot of people have been trying to do it, with some success, kind of? FOOTY PLAYER: No, I'm not doing it on camera. But despite the epic warmup, Carlton did end up beating Collingwood by 24 points. Now, the moves from these athletes in China weren't quite so graceful but give 'em a break, okay, they're robots. For the first time ever, humanoid robots from all over the world, competed in their very own games, which featured, soccer, boxing, running, and ahh, lots of falling over. Lots. Luckily though, they did bring their own cheer squad. Young Rapper Reporter: Rylie INTRO: Finally, we're going to meet another winner of this year's Heywire competition — which asks young people in regional areas to share their stories. Rylie's going to tell us how music helped to transform his life. Check it out. Mum and I were homeless. We lived at a caravan park, in motels and tents around Warrnambool. It wasn't pretty. I'm First Nations, and I remember feeling like, my own country is failing me right now. So, we camped right along here. I remember pitching a tent right here and this was actually around the same time I started to get into music which was a good way for me to have something to look forward to. I was raised by the SoundCloud era, listening to a lot of trap music. When I was in school, I'd rap along to songs by Juice World, then I started to make my own. My first track was recorded on my phone. It was bad but a lot of fun to make. Some kids in my school heard it and shamed me. That put me off music for the next couple of years, until a friend of mine bought a microphone and encouraged me to give it another go. There was something about that mic and the energy of the crew around me that gave me confidence. It lit a fire in me. Over time, I was able to focus my flow. My songs are about escapism, living the life, being a success. I rap about stuff that takes me to a better place in my head. I'm manifesting my future. My stage name is Hundo Milli, it's short for hundreds of millions. Money's not really the end goal; it's more about having the freedom to dream big. Mum taught me to never stop believing. Even when times were tough, she kept pushing for us to get housing and eventually we did. We're some of the lucky ones. Today, I'm in a Melbourne studio recording my next single. I remember living in my tent dreaming about this very moment and now I'm here, doing what I love. Ain't nothing going to stop me. Closer Well, that's all we've got for you today, but we'll be back before you know it. In the meantime, you can head to our website, there's plenty to see and do. You can also catch Newsbreak every weeknight and there's BTN High for all you highschoolers out there. Have an awesome week and I'll see you next time. Bye.